太行山脉不同量级降雨侵蚀力时空变化特征
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摘要
基于太行山脉及其周边地区76个气象监测站点1954-2016年逐日降雨数据,建立了基于不同量级侵蚀性年降雨量模拟年降雨侵蚀力的简易模型,并采用气候倾向率、小波周期分析、重心模型、Co-Kriging插值、Mann-kendall非参数趋势检验以及突变分析等方法,分析了不同量级降雨侵蚀力时空变化特征及其影响因素。结果表明:(1)太行山脉地区年降雨侵蚀力简易模型为y=0.182x11.095+5.463x20.982+9.401x31.017+15.258x4-26.753,且多年降雨侵蚀力呈小幅上升趋势,10年间上升了2.4 MJ·mm·hm-2·h-1·a-1,同时存在约20年的主周期和6年的小周期变化,并在1996年发生显著突变;中雨和大雨侵蚀力63年间均呈上升趋势,而暴雨和特大降雨侵蚀力呈下降趋势;春秋两季主要受中雨和大雨侵蚀力的影响,而夏季则主要受特大降雨侵蚀力的影响。(2)太行山脉地区各量级降雨侵蚀力最大值主要分布于太行山脉东南部以及五台山地区,最小值主要分布于地区的东北部;运用重心模型发现各量级降雨侵蚀力重心在春夏季节整体向东部以及东北部地区进行迁移,而秋冬季节则向南部以及西南地区迁移,形成一个循环,且与冬夏季风的控制时间相符。(3)太行山脉地区不同量级降雨侵蚀力与侵蚀性降雨量均呈显著正相关(P<0.01),大雨和特大降雨侵蚀力分别与纬度、海拔呈显著负相关(P<0.05),这主要与副热带高压移动、地形、海拔以及自然地理环境等因素有关。
This paper is mainly based on daily rainfall data from 76 meteorological monitoring stations in the Taihang Mountains and its surrounding areas from 1954 to 2016. A simple model is established to simulate the annual rainfall erosivity based on different magnitudes of aggressive annual rainfall. The climatic trend rate, wavelet period analysis, center of gravity model, Co-Kriging interpolation, Mann-Kendall non-parametric trend test and mutation analysis were used to analyze the spatial and temporal variations of rainfall erosivity and their influencing factors. The results show that:(1) The simple model of annual rainfall erosivity in the Taihang Mountains area is y=0.182 x11.095+5.463 x20.982+9.401 x31.017+15.258 x4-26.753, and the erosivity of rainfall over years showed a slight upward trend, and it increased by 2.4 MJ·mm·hm-2·h-1·a-1 in 10 years. There is also a major cycle of about 20 a and a small cycle of 6 a, and significant mutations occurred in 1996. The eclipse of moderate rain and heavy rain showed an upward trend in 63 years, while the violent rain and extraordinary rainfall erosivity showed a downward trend. The spring and autumn seasons are mainly affected by moderate and heavy rain erosivity, while summer is mainly affected by excessive rainfall erosivity.(2) The maximum rainfall erosivity of all magnitudes is mainly distributed in the southeastern part of the Taihang Mountains and the Wutai Mountain areas. The minimum is mainly distributed in the northeastern part of the study area. Using the center of gravity model, we found that the gravity center of each magnitude of rainfall migrating migrates to the east and northeast in spring and summer, while that of the autumn and winter seasons migrates to the south and southwest, forming a cycle that is consistent with the control time of the winter and summer monsoons.(3) There was a significant positive correlation between rainfall erosivity and erosive rainfall in different magnitudes in the Taihang Mountains(P<0.01). Heavy rain and extraordinarily heavy rainfall erosivity were significantly negatively correlated with latitude and altitude(P<0.05). This is mainly related to factors such as subtropical high pressure movement, topography, elevation and natural geographical environment.
This paper is mainly based on daily rainfall data from 76 meteorological monitoring stations in the Taihang Mountains and its surrounding areas from 1954 to 2016. A simple model is established to simulate the annual rainfall erosivity based on different magnitudes of aggressive annual rainfall. The climatic trend rate, wavelet period analysis, center of gravity model, Co-Kriging interpolation, Mann-Kendall non-parametric trend test and mutation analysis were used to analyze the spatial and temporal variations of rainfall erosivity and their influencing factors. The results show that:(1) The simple model of annual rainfall erosivity in the Taihang Mountains area is y=0.182 x11.095+5.463 x20.982+9.401 x31.017+15.258 x4-26.753, and the erosivity of rainfall over years showed a slight upward trend, and it increased by 2.4 MJ·mm·hm-2·h-1·a-1 in 10 years. There is also a major cycle of about 20 a and a small cycle of 6 a, and significant mutations occurred in 1996. The eclipse of moderate rain and heavy rain showed an upward trend in 63 years, while the violent rain and extraordinary rainfall erosivity showed a downward trend. The spring and autumn seasons are mainly affected by moderate and heavy rain erosivity, while summer is mainly affected by excessive rainfall erosivity.(2) The maximum rainfall erosivity of all magnitudes is mainly distributed in the southeastern part of the Taihang Mountains and the Wutai Mountain areas. The minimum is mainly distributed in the northeastern part of the study area. Using the center of gravity model, we found that the gravity center of each magnitude of rainfall migrating migrates to the east and northeast in spring and summer, while that of the autumn and winter seasons migrates to the south and southwest, forming a cycle that is consistent with the control time of the winter and summer monsoons.(3) There was a significant positive correlation between rainfall erosivity and erosive rainfall in different magnitudes in the Taihang Mountains(P<0.01). Heavy rain and extraordinarily heavy rainfall erosivity were significantly negatively correlated with latitude and altitude(P<0.05). This is mainly related to factors such as subtropical high pressure movement, topography, elevation and natural geographical environment.
引文
[1]刘斌涛,陶和平,宋春风,等.1960-2009年中国降雨侵蚀力的时空变化趋势.地理研究,2013,32(2):245-256.[LIU BT,TAO H P,SONG C F,et al.Temporal and spatial trends of rainfall erosivity in china from 1960 to 2009.Geographical Research,2013,32(2):245-256.]
[2]赖成光,陈晓宏,王兆礼,等.珠江流域1960-2012年降雨侵蚀力时空变化特征.农业工程学报,2015,31(8):159-168.[LAI C G,CHEN X H,WANG Z L,et al.Spatial and temporal variation characteristics of rainfall erosivity in the Pearl River Basin from 1960 to 2012.Transactions of the CSAE,2015,31(8):159-168.]
[3]WISCHMEIER W H,SMITH D D.Predicting Rainfall Erosion Losses:A Guide to Conservation Planning.Washington:Agriculture Handbook,1978.
[4]BAGHERZADEH A.Estimation of soil losses by universal soil losses equation model using GIS at Mashhad Plain,Northeast of Iran.Arabian Journal of Geosciences,2012,7(1):211-220.
[5]史东,梅江东,卢喜平,等.重庆涪陵区降雨侵蚀力时空分布特征.农业工程学报,2008,24(9):16-22.[SHI D,MEI JD,LU X P,et al.Temporal and spatial distribution characteristics of rainfall erosivity in Fuling district of Chongqing.Transactions of the CSAE,2008,24(9):16-22.]
[6]赵平伟,郭萍.1980-2013年滇西北地区降雨侵蚀力变化特征.地理科学,2015,35(10):1306-1312.[ZHAO P W,GUO P.Characteristics of rainfall erosivity in Northwest Yunnan from 1980 to 2013.Scientia Geographica Sinica,2015,35(10):1306-1312.]
[7]冯若昂,刘加珍,陈永金,等.山东省多年降雨侵蚀力及其增长率变化分析.自然灾害学报,2017,26(5):83-93.[FENG R A,LIU J Z,CHEN Y J,et al.Analysis of rainfall erosivity and its growth rate in Shandong province.Journal of Natural Disasters,2017,26(5):83-93.]
[8]YU B.Rainfall erosivity and its estimation for Australia's tropics.Australian Journal of Soil Research,1998,36(1):143-165.
[9]刘斌涛,陶和平,宋春风,等.基于重心模型的西南山区降雨侵蚀力年内变化分析.农业工程学报,2012,28(21):113-120.[LIU B T,TAO H P,SONG C F,et al.Analysis of annual variation of rainfall erosivity in southwest mountainous areas based on gravity center model.Transactions of the CSAE,2012,28(21):113-120.]
[10]刘春利,杨勤科,谢红霞.延河流域降雨侵蚀力时空分布特征.环境科学,2010,31(4):850-858.[LIU C L,YANG QK,XIE H X.Spatial and temporal distribution characteristics of rainfall erosivity in Yanhe River Basin.Environmental Science,2010,31(4):850-858.]
[11]汪言在,苟诗薇.重庆市降雨侵蚀力空间格局及其变化.地理科学,2013,33(1):116-123.[WANG Y Z,GOU S W.Spatial pattern and its change of rainfall erosivity in Chongqing.Scientia Geographica Sinica,2013,33(1):116-123.]
[12]李薇,谈明洪.太行山区不同坡度NDVI变化趋势差异分析.中国生态农业学报,2017,25(4):509-519.[LI W,TANM H.Analysis of the variation trend of NDVI trends of different slopes in Taihang Mountain Area.Chinese Journal of Eco-Agriculture,2017,25(4):509-519.]
[13]钟科元,郑粉莉.1960-2014年松花江流域降雨侵蚀力时空变化研究.自然资源学报,2017,32(2):278-291.[ZHONG K Y,ZHENG F L.Spatial and temporal changes of rainfall erosivity in the Songhua River Basin from 1960 to2014.Journal of Natural Resources,2017,32(2):278-291.]
[14]KLEIN TANK A M G,WIJINGAARD J B,VAN ENGELEN A.Climate of Europe:Assessment of Observed Daily Temperature and Precipitation Extremes.Knml,De Bilt,Netherlands,2002.
[15]中华人民共和国水利部.第一次全国水利普查水土保持情况公报.2013-05.[Ministry of Water Resources of the People's Republic of China.First national water conservancy survey on soil and water conservation.2013-05.]
[16]章文波,谢云,刘宝元.利用日降雨量计算降雨侵蚀力的方法研究.地理科学,2002,22(6):705-711.[ZHANG W B,XIE Y,LIU B Y.Study on the method of calculating rainfall erosivity using daily rainfall.Scientia Geographica Sinica,2002,22(6):705-711.]
[17]边柳,高强,张海军.河南省降雨侵蚀力空间分布特征.中国水土保持,2009,1(3):23-26.[BIAN L,GAO Q,ZHANG H J.Spatial distribution characteristics of rainfall erosivity in Henan province.Soil and Water Conservation in China,2009,1(3):23-26.]
[18]KEO SOKSAMNANG,何洪鸣,赵宏飞,等.黄土高原50年来降雨侵蚀力变化及其对土壤侵蚀的影响.水土保持研究,2018,25(2):1-7.[KEO S,HE H M,ZHAO H F,et al.Changes of rainfall erosivity and its effects on soil erosion over the past 50 years on the Loess Plateau.Research of Soil and Water Conservation,2018,25(2):1-7.]
[19]马良,姜广辉,左长清,等.江西省50余年来降雨侵蚀力变化的时空分布特征.农业工程学报,2012,28(21):61-68.[MA L,JIANG G H,ZUO C Q,et al.Spatial and temporal distribution characteristics of rainfall erosivity changes in Jiangxi province for more than 50 years.Transactions of the CSAE,2012,28(21):61-68.]
[20]史展,陶和平,刘斌涛,等.基于GIS的岷江流域降雨侵蚀力时空特征分析.水土保持通报,2013,33(2):97-102.[SHI Z,TAO H P,LIU B T,et al.Temporal and spatial characteristics of rainfall erosivity in Minjiang River Basin based on GIS.Bulletin of Soil and Water Conservation,2013,33(2):97-102.]
[21]陈世发.ENSO对韶关市1951-2013年降雨侵蚀力影响研究.地理科学,2016,36(10):1573-1581.[CHEN S F.Study on the influence of ENSO on the rainfall erosivity of Shaoguan city from 1951 to 2013.Scientia Geographica Sinica,2016,36(10):1573-1581.]
[22]宋小燕,穆兴民,高鹏,等.松花江哈尔滨站近100年来径流量变化趋势.自然资源学报,2009,24(10):1803-1809.[SONG X Y,MU X M,GAO P,et al.Trends of runoff variation from 1990 to 2005 at Harbin station of Songhua River.Journal of Natural Resources,2009,24(10):1803-1809.]
[23]范俊甫,何惠馨,郭兵.1980-2015年黄河流域降雨侵蚀力时空变化分析.地球信息科学学报,2018,20(2):196-204.[FAN J F,HE H X,GUO B.Spatial and temporal variations of rainfall erosivity in the Yellow River Basin from 1980 to2015.Journal of Geo-Information Science,2018,20(2):196-204.]
[24]李素霞.河北省太行山迎风区降雨径流特征.水文,2009,29(3):93-95.[LI S X.Characteristics of rainfall and runoff in the windward area of Taihang Mountain,Hebei province.Journal of China Hydrology,2009,29(3):93-95.]
[2]赖成光,陈晓宏,王兆礼,等.珠江流域1960-2012年降雨侵蚀力时空变化特征.农业工程学报,2015,31(8):159-168.[LAI C G,CHEN X H,WANG Z L,et al.Spatial and temporal variation characteristics of rainfall erosivity in the Pearl River Basin from 1960 to 2012.Transactions of the CSAE,2015,31(8):159-168.]
[3]WISCHMEIER W H,SMITH D D.Predicting Rainfall Erosion Losses:A Guide to Conservation Planning.Washington:Agriculture Handbook,1978.
[4]BAGHERZADEH A.Estimation of soil losses by universal soil losses equation model using GIS at Mashhad Plain,Northeast of Iran.Arabian Journal of Geosciences,2012,7(1):211-220.
[5]史东,梅江东,卢喜平,等.重庆涪陵区降雨侵蚀力时空分布特征.农业工程学报,2008,24(9):16-22.[SHI D,MEI JD,LU X P,et al.Temporal and spatial distribution characteristics of rainfall erosivity in Fuling district of Chongqing.Transactions of the CSAE,2008,24(9):16-22.]
[6]赵平伟,郭萍.1980-2013年滇西北地区降雨侵蚀力变化特征.地理科学,2015,35(10):1306-1312.[ZHAO P W,GUO P.Characteristics of rainfall erosivity in Northwest Yunnan from 1980 to 2013.Scientia Geographica Sinica,2015,35(10):1306-1312.]
[7]冯若昂,刘加珍,陈永金,等.山东省多年降雨侵蚀力及其增长率变化分析.自然灾害学报,2017,26(5):83-93.[FENG R A,LIU J Z,CHEN Y J,et al.Analysis of rainfall erosivity and its growth rate in Shandong province.Journal of Natural Disasters,2017,26(5):83-93.]
[8]YU B.Rainfall erosivity and its estimation for Australia's tropics.Australian Journal of Soil Research,1998,36(1):143-165.
[9]刘斌涛,陶和平,宋春风,等.基于重心模型的西南山区降雨侵蚀力年内变化分析.农业工程学报,2012,28(21):113-120.[LIU B T,TAO H P,SONG C F,et al.Analysis of annual variation of rainfall erosivity in southwest mountainous areas based on gravity center model.Transactions of the CSAE,2012,28(21):113-120.]
[10]刘春利,杨勤科,谢红霞.延河流域降雨侵蚀力时空分布特征.环境科学,2010,31(4):850-858.[LIU C L,YANG QK,XIE H X.Spatial and temporal distribution characteristics of rainfall erosivity in Yanhe River Basin.Environmental Science,2010,31(4):850-858.]
[11]汪言在,苟诗薇.重庆市降雨侵蚀力空间格局及其变化.地理科学,2013,33(1):116-123.[WANG Y Z,GOU S W.Spatial pattern and its change of rainfall erosivity in Chongqing.Scientia Geographica Sinica,2013,33(1):116-123.]
[12]李薇,谈明洪.太行山区不同坡度NDVI变化趋势差异分析.中国生态农业学报,2017,25(4):509-519.[LI W,TANM H.Analysis of the variation trend of NDVI trends of different slopes in Taihang Mountain Area.Chinese Journal of Eco-Agriculture,2017,25(4):509-519.]
[13]钟科元,郑粉莉.1960-2014年松花江流域降雨侵蚀力时空变化研究.自然资源学报,2017,32(2):278-291.[ZHONG K Y,ZHENG F L.Spatial and temporal changes of rainfall erosivity in the Songhua River Basin from 1960 to2014.Journal of Natural Resources,2017,32(2):278-291.]
[14]KLEIN TANK A M G,WIJINGAARD J B,VAN ENGELEN A.Climate of Europe:Assessment of Observed Daily Temperature and Precipitation Extremes.Knml,De Bilt,Netherlands,2002.
[15]中华人民共和国水利部.第一次全国水利普查水土保持情况公报.2013-05.[Ministry of Water Resources of the People's Republic of China.First national water conservancy survey on soil and water conservation.2013-05.]
[16]章文波,谢云,刘宝元.利用日降雨量计算降雨侵蚀力的方法研究.地理科学,2002,22(6):705-711.[ZHANG W B,XIE Y,LIU B Y.Study on the method of calculating rainfall erosivity using daily rainfall.Scientia Geographica Sinica,2002,22(6):705-711.]
[17]边柳,高强,张海军.河南省降雨侵蚀力空间分布特征.中国水土保持,2009,1(3):23-26.[BIAN L,GAO Q,ZHANG H J.Spatial distribution characteristics of rainfall erosivity in Henan province.Soil and Water Conservation in China,2009,1(3):23-26.]
[18]KEO SOKSAMNANG,何洪鸣,赵宏飞,等.黄土高原50年来降雨侵蚀力变化及其对土壤侵蚀的影响.水土保持研究,2018,25(2):1-7.[KEO S,HE H M,ZHAO H F,et al.Changes of rainfall erosivity and its effects on soil erosion over the past 50 years on the Loess Plateau.Research of Soil and Water Conservation,2018,25(2):1-7.]
[19]马良,姜广辉,左长清,等.江西省50余年来降雨侵蚀力变化的时空分布特征.农业工程学报,2012,28(21):61-68.[MA L,JIANG G H,ZUO C Q,et al.Spatial and temporal distribution characteristics of rainfall erosivity changes in Jiangxi province for more than 50 years.Transactions of the CSAE,2012,28(21):61-68.]
[20]史展,陶和平,刘斌涛,等.基于GIS的岷江流域降雨侵蚀力时空特征分析.水土保持通报,2013,33(2):97-102.[SHI Z,TAO H P,LIU B T,et al.Temporal and spatial characteristics of rainfall erosivity in Minjiang River Basin based on GIS.Bulletin of Soil and Water Conservation,2013,33(2):97-102.]
[21]陈世发.ENSO对韶关市1951-2013年降雨侵蚀力影响研究.地理科学,2016,36(10):1573-1581.[CHEN S F.Study on the influence of ENSO on the rainfall erosivity of Shaoguan city from 1951 to 2013.Scientia Geographica Sinica,2016,36(10):1573-1581.]
[22]宋小燕,穆兴民,高鹏,等.松花江哈尔滨站近100年来径流量变化趋势.自然资源学报,2009,24(10):1803-1809.[SONG X Y,MU X M,GAO P,et al.Trends of runoff variation from 1990 to 2005 at Harbin station of Songhua River.Journal of Natural Resources,2009,24(10):1803-1809.]
[23]范俊甫,何惠馨,郭兵.1980-2015年黄河流域降雨侵蚀力时空变化分析.地球信息科学学报,2018,20(2):196-204.[FAN J F,HE H X,GUO B.Spatial and temporal variations of rainfall erosivity in the Yellow River Basin from 1980 to2015.Journal of Geo-Information Science,2018,20(2):196-204.]
[24]李素霞.河北省太行山迎风区降雨径流特征.水文,2009,29(3):93-95.[LI S X.Characteristics of rainfall and runoff in the windward area of Taihang Mountain,Hebei province.Journal of China Hydrology,2009,29(3):93-95.]
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