高拱坝枢纽工程泄洪调度方式对雾化的影响分析
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摘要
结合已建典型高拱坝枢纽工程泄洪雾化原型观测、数值模拟及物理模型试验成果,分析高拱坝枢纽部分孔口开启泄洪的雾化规律,探讨通过泄洪调度方式减轻泄洪雾化所带来危害的途径,保证电站枢纽安全有效运行。结果表明,坝身表、深(中)孔泄洪时雾雨区分布与下游水舌入水流速、水舌入水面积以及入水角度密切相关,其中入水流速对深(中)孔泄洪雾雨区分布的影响更加明显。当库水位和泄洪量一定时,泄洪洞运行雾化雨强及其影响范围最小,且雾化影响区集中在远离坝体的下游河段,而深(中)孔单独运行雾化雨强及其纵向影响范围明显大于表孔和泄洪洞单独运行工况,雾雨区垂向范围受泄洪调度方式影响较小。
Based on the prototype observation data, numerical simulation and physical model test results of atomization caused by the flood discharging of typical high arch dams, we analyze the atomization law of the high arch dams when the flood discharging outlets(tunnels) are partially open, and probe into the ways to minigate the hazards caused by the atomization through flood discharge dispatching, so as to ensure the safe and effective operation of the hydro-power stations. The analysis results show that the distribution of atomized rain area generated by the crest outlets or bottom(mid-level) outlets flood discharging is closely related to the flow inflowing velocity, and the area and angle of the downstream water jet, and the influences of the inflowing velocity on the distribution of the atomized rain area given by the bottom(mid-level) outlets flood discharging are more obvious. When the reservoir water level and discharge amount are constant, the atomized rainfall intensity and its influence range of the flood discharging tunnel operation are the smallest, and the atomization influence area is concentrated in the lower reaches far from the dam body, while the atomized rainfall intensity and its influence range caused by the bottom(mid-level) outlets flood discharge are significantly larger than those of the crest outlet flood discharge or spillway tunnel operation. The analysis results can provide references for the reasonable flood discharge dispatching of high arch dam projects.
Based on the prototype observation data, numerical simulation and physical model test results of atomization caused by the flood discharging of typical high arch dams, we analyze the atomization law of the high arch dams when the flood discharging outlets(tunnels) are partially open, and probe into the ways to minigate the hazards caused by the atomization through flood discharge dispatching, so as to ensure the safe and effective operation of the hydro-power stations. The analysis results show that the distribution of atomized rain area generated by the crest outlets or bottom(mid-level) outlets flood discharging is closely related to the flow inflowing velocity, and the area and angle of the downstream water jet, and the influences of the inflowing velocity on the distribution of the atomized rain area given by the bottom(mid-level) outlets flood discharging are more obvious. When the reservoir water level and discharge amount are constant, the atomized rainfall intensity and its influence range of the flood discharging tunnel operation are the smallest, and the atomization influence area is concentrated in the lower reaches far from the dam body, while the atomized rainfall intensity and its influence range caused by the bottom(mid-level) outlets flood discharge are significantly larger than those of the crest outlet flood discharge or spillway tunnel operation. The analysis results can provide references for the reasonable flood discharge dispatching of high arch dam projects.
引文
[1] 陈惠玲,柴恭纯.泄流运行方式对拱坝挑流雾化影响初步研究[R].南京:南京水利科学研究院,1989.(CHEN Huiling,CHAI Gongchun.Preliminary study on influences of discharge operation mode on spray atomization of arch dams[R].Nanjing:Nanjing Hydraulic Research Institute,1989.(in Chinese))
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[3] 刘昉.挑流泄洪雾化数学模型改进与影响因素分析研究[D].天津:天津大学,2004.(LIU Fang.The improve of mathematic model for spray caused by jet from flip bucket and study on affecting factor[D].Tianjin:Tianjin University,2004.(in Chinese))
[4] 黄财元.高拱坝泄洪雾化数学模型及人工神经网络模型研究[D].天津:天津大学,2005.(HUANG Caiyuan.Study on the mathematic model and artificial neural networks model of high arch dam atomization by jumping jet[D].Tianjin:Tianjin University,2005.(in Chinese))
[5] 刘昉,练继建,张晓军,等.挑流水舌入水喷溅试验研究[J].水力发电学报,2010,29(4):113- 117.(LIU Fang,LIAN Jijian,ZHANG Xiaojun,et al.Experimental study of atomization and splashing caused by a ski-jump jet into scour pool[J].Journal of Hydroelectric Engineering,2010,29(4):113- 117.(in Chinese))
[6] 尹大芳,饶宏玲,苏玮.二滩拱坝的泄洪消能设计[J].水电站设计,1998,14(3):27- 31.(YIN Dafang,RAO Hongling,SU Wei.Flood discharge and energy dissipation design of Ertan arch dam[J].Design of Hydroelectric Power Station,1998,14(3):27- 31.(in Chinese))
[7] CHOO Y J,KANG B S.A study on the velocity characteristics of the liquid elements produced by two impinging jet[J].Experiments in Fluids,2003(34):655- 661.
[8] LASHERAS J C,VILLERMAUC E,HOPFINGER E J.Break- up and atomization of a round water jet by a high- speed annular air jet[J].Journal of Fluid Mechanics,1998(357):351- 379.
[9] 杨智鸿,王愈.泄洪雾化研究综述[J].中国水运,2008,8(7):153- 155.(YANG Zhihong,WANG Yu.Advances in research on flood discharge atomization[J].China Water Transport,2008,8(7):153- 155.(in Chinese))
[10] 练继建,刘昉,黄财元.环境风和地形因素在挑流泄洪雾化数学模型中的影响[J].水利学报,2005,36(10):1147- 1152.(LIAN Jijian,LIU Fang,HUANG Caiyuan.Numerical study on effects of environmental wind and terrain on spray caused by jet from flip bucket[J].Journal of Hydraulic Engineering,2005,36(10):1147- 1152.(in Chinese))
[11] 周辉,吴时强,陈慧玲.泄洪雾化的影响及其分区和分级防护初探[C]//第二届全国水利学与水利信息学学术大会,2005.(ZHOU Hui,WU Shiqiang,CHEN Huiling.Study on the influence of flood discharge atomization and its zoning and grading protection[C]//The Second National Symposium on Water Conservancy and Water Informatics,2005.(in Chinese))
[12] 周辉,陈慧玲.挑流泄洪雾化降雨的模糊综合评判方法[J].水利水运工程学报,1994(1/2):165- 170.(ZHOU Hui,CHEN Huiling.Method of fuzzy synthetic evaluation for atomization- rain of jet overflow[J].Hydro- Science and Engineering,1994(1/2):165- 170.(in Chinese))
[13] WU S Q,WU X F,ZHOU H,et al.Analysis and application of the scale effect of flood discharge atomization model[J].Science China Technological Sciences,2011,54(1):64- 71.
[14] 张东,刘继广,刘之平,等.二滩水电站表孔水力学原型观测[C]//2000全国水工水力学学术讨论会论文.成都:中国水力发电工程学会水工水力学专业委员会,2000:94- 99.(ZHANG Dong,LIU Jiguang,LIU Zhiping,et al.Prototype observation of surface holes hydraulics for Ertan Hydropower Station[C]// 2000 National Symposium on Hydraulic and Hydraulics.Chengdu:Hydraulic Engineering Committee of China Hydroelectric Engineering Society,2000:94- 99.(in Chinese))
[15] 南京水利科学研究院.雅砻江锦屏一级水电站枢纽泄洪雾化模型试验研究报告[R].南京:南京水利科学研究院,2003.(Nanjing Hydraulic Research Institute.Model test report on flood discharge atomization for Jinping I Hydropower Station at Yalong River[R].Nanjing:Nanjing Hydraulic Research Institute,2003.(in Chinese))
[16] 陈惠玲,黄国情.溪洛渡水电站枢纽泄洪雾化物理模型试验报告[R].南京:南京水利科学研究院,2002.(CHEN Huiling,HUANG Guoqing.Model test report on flood discharge atomization for Xiluodu hydropower station[R].Nanjing:Nanjing Hydraulic Research Institute,2002.(in Chinese))
[17] 陈惠玲,柴恭纯,刘春阳.小湾水电站泄洪雾化研究报告[R].南京:南京水利科学研究院,1995.(CHEN Huiling,CHAI Gongchun,LIU Chunyang.Report on flood discharge atomization for Xiaowan Hydropower Station[R].Nanjing:Nanjing Hydraulic Research Institute,1995.(in Chinese))
[2] 刘宣烈,安刚,姚仲达.泄洪雾化机理和影响范围的探讨[J].天津大学学报,1991(特刊):30- 36.(LIU Xuanlie,AN Gang,YAO Zhongda.The investigation on the mechanism and sphere of influence of atomization by discharge flow[J].Journal of Tianjin University,1991(Special issue):30- 36.(in Chinese))
[3] 刘昉.挑流泄洪雾化数学模型改进与影响因素分析研究[D].天津:天津大学,2004.(LIU Fang.The improve of mathematic model for spray caused by jet from flip bucket and study on affecting factor[D].Tianjin:Tianjin University,2004.(in Chinese))
[4] 黄财元.高拱坝泄洪雾化数学模型及人工神经网络模型研究[D].天津:天津大学,2005.(HUANG Caiyuan.Study on the mathematic model and artificial neural networks model of high arch dam atomization by jumping jet[D].Tianjin:Tianjin University,2005.(in Chinese))
[5] 刘昉,练继建,张晓军,等.挑流水舌入水喷溅试验研究[J].水力发电学报,2010,29(4):113- 117.(LIU Fang,LIAN Jijian,ZHANG Xiaojun,et al.Experimental study of atomization and splashing caused by a ski-jump jet into scour pool[J].Journal of Hydroelectric Engineering,2010,29(4):113- 117.(in Chinese))
[6] 尹大芳,饶宏玲,苏玮.二滩拱坝的泄洪消能设计[J].水电站设计,1998,14(3):27- 31.(YIN Dafang,RAO Hongling,SU Wei.Flood discharge and energy dissipation design of Ertan arch dam[J].Design of Hydroelectric Power Station,1998,14(3):27- 31.(in Chinese))
[7] CHOO Y J,KANG B S.A study on the velocity characteristics of the liquid elements produced by two impinging jet[J].Experiments in Fluids,2003(34):655- 661.
[8] LASHERAS J C,VILLERMAUC E,HOPFINGER E J.Break- up and atomization of a round water jet by a high- speed annular air jet[J].Journal of Fluid Mechanics,1998(357):351- 379.
[9] 杨智鸿,王愈.泄洪雾化研究综述[J].中国水运,2008,8(7):153- 155.(YANG Zhihong,WANG Yu.Advances in research on flood discharge atomization[J].China Water Transport,2008,8(7):153- 155.(in Chinese))
[10] 练继建,刘昉,黄财元.环境风和地形因素在挑流泄洪雾化数学模型中的影响[J].水利学报,2005,36(10):1147- 1152.(LIAN Jijian,LIU Fang,HUANG Caiyuan.Numerical study on effects of environmental wind and terrain on spray caused by jet from flip bucket[J].Journal of Hydraulic Engineering,2005,36(10):1147- 1152.(in Chinese))
[11] 周辉,吴时强,陈慧玲.泄洪雾化的影响及其分区和分级防护初探[C]//第二届全国水利学与水利信息学学术大会,2005.(ZHOU Hui,WU Shiqiang,CHEN Huiling.Study on the influence of flood discharge atomization and its zoning and grading protection[C]//The Second National Symposium on Water Conservancy and Water Informatics,2005.(in Chinese))
[12] 周辉,陈慧玲.挑流泄洪雾化降雨的模糊综合评判方法[J].水利水运工程学报,1994(1/2):165- 170.(ZHOU Hui,CHEN Huiling.Method of fuzzy synthetic evaluation for atomization- rain of jet overflow[J].Hydro- Science and Engineering,1994(1/2):165- 170.(in Chinese))
[13] WU S Q,WU X F,ZHOU H,et al.Analysis and application of the scale effect of flood discharge atomization model[J].Science China Technological Sciences,2011,54(1):64- 71.
[14] 张东,刘继广,刘之平,等.二滩水电站表孔水力学原型观测[C]//2000全国水工水力学学术讨论会论文.成都:中国水力发电工程学会水工水力学专业委员会,2000:94- 99.(ZHANG Dong,LIU Jiguang,LIU Zhiping,et al.Prototype observation of surface holes hydraulics for Ertan Hydropower Station[C]// 2000 National Symposium on Hydraulic and Hydraulics.Chengdu:Hydraulic Engineering Committee of China Hydroelectric Engineering Society,2000:94- 99.(in Chinese))
[15] 南京水利科学研究院.雅砻江锦屏一级水电站枢纽泄洪雾化模型试验研究报告[R].南京:南京水利科学研究院,2003.(Nanjing Hydraulic Research Institute.Model test report on flood discharge atomization for Jinping I Hydropower Station at Yalong River[R].Nanjing:Nanjing Hydraulic Research Institute,2003.(in Chinese))
[16] 陈惠玲,黄国情.溪洛渡水电站枢纽泄洪雾化物理模型试验报告[R].南京:南京水利科学研究院,2002.(CHEN Huiling,HUANG Guoqing.Model test report on flood discharge atomization for Xiluodu hydropower station[R].Nanjing:Nanjing Hydraulic Research Institute,2002.(in Chinese))
[17] 陈惠玲,柴恭纯,刘春阳.小湾水电站泄洪雾化研究报告[R].南京:南京水利科学研究院,1995.(CHEN Huiling,CHAI Gongchun,LIU Chunyang.Report on flood discharge atomization for Xiaowan Hydropower Station[R].Nanjing:Nanjing Hydraulic Research Institute,1995.(in Chinese))