毛乌素沙地固沙林发育过程中土壤有机碳库稳定性特征
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摘要
为揭示固沙林发育过程中土壤固碳效应与有机碳库稳定性特征,基于时空替代法,采集陕北毛乌素沙地治沙区从半固定沙地到林龄分别为22、32、53年乔木和灌木林地表层土壤,分析了土壤总有机碳、氧化活性碳和惰性有机碳含量,以及矿化碳排放、分解比例的变异特征.结果表明:相比半固定沙地,22～53年灌木和乔木林土壤总有机碳增幅来自惰性碳,分别为3.5～6.2和3.2～7.7 g·kg~(-1),来自氧化活性碳的分别为2.8～3.4和1.3～2.8 g·kg~(-1),并且灌木和乔木林土壤氧化活性碳所占比例未发生显著变化,分别维持在37.0%和26.8%,但土样经恒温培养60 d后,该比例分别下降至25.7%和17.4%.培养结束时,2种林地22～53年土壤有机碳矿化率无显著差异;所有固沙林样地矿化碳的损失有76.9%～98.7%来自于氧化活性碳,仅1.3%～23.5%来自于惰性碳.与最高碳分解速率相比,土壤碳累积释放量与β-葡萄糖苷酶、脱氢酶活性的相关性更强,但酶活性在32～53年林地无显著差异.综上,随着固沙林林龄增加,土壤有机碳趋向少排多存碳的稳定性特征,乔木固沙林固碳效果优于灌木固沙林.
The study aimed to reveal the cumulative effects and stability characteristics of soil organic carbon(SOC) during forest development at the Mu Us sandy land, China. Using space for time substitution, surface soil samples were collected from semi-fixed sandy lands and restored arbor and shrub lands with the ages of 22, 32 and 53 years in the Yulin sand control region in Northern Shaanxi Province. The content of total organic carbon(TOC), oxidizable labile organic carbon, and resistant carbon and the characteristics of mineralized carbon emission and decomposition ratio were analyzed. The results showed that the increment of TOC for 22 to 53 years shrub and arbor lands from resistant carbon were 3.5-6.2 g·kg~(-1 )and 3.2-7.7 g·kg~(-1), and from oxidized labile carbon were 2.8-3.4 g·kg~(-1) and 1.3-2.8 g·kg~(-1), respectively, compared with semi-fixed sand land. The ratio of soil oxidizable labile carbon in shrub land and arbor land were stable and maintained at 37.0% and 26.8%, respectively. However, the ratio decreased to 25.7% and 17.4% after incubated at a constant temperature for 60 days. The mineralization rate of shrub and arbor lands with 22-53 years was not significant at the ending of soil incubation. Carbon losses from oxidized liable carbon were 76.9%-98.7%, and only 1.3%-23.5% from resistant carbon in all sand-fixing forest plots. Compared with the maximum carbon emission rate, the soil cumulative carbon release exhibited a higher correlation with soil enzyme activities of β-glucosidase and dehydrogenase, but the enzyme activities did not change from 32-53 years. In conclusion, SOC pool showed stable characteristics of lower emission and higher sequestration with the increases of sand-fixing forest stand age. The carbon fixation effect of arbor sand-fixing forest was better than that of shrub sand-fixing forest.
The study aimed to reveal the cumulative effects and stability characteristics of soil organic carbon(SOC) during forest development at the Mu Us sandy land, China. Using space for time substitution, surface soil samples were collected from semi-fixed sandy lands and restored arbor and shrub lands with the ages of 22, 32 and 53 years in the Yulin sand control region in Northern Shaanxi Province. The content of total organic carbon(TOC), oxidizable labile organic carbon, and resistant carbon and the characteristics of mineralized carbon emission and decomposition ratio were analyzed. The results showed that the increment of TOC for 22 to 53 years shrub and arbor lands from resistant carbon were 3.5-6.2 g·kg~(-1 )and 3.2-7.7 g·kg~(-1), and from oxidized labile carbon were 2.8-3.4 g·kg~(-1) and 1.3-2.8 g·kg~(-1), respectively, compared with semi-fixed sand land. The ratio of soil oxidizable labile carbon in shrub land and arbor land were stable and maintained at 37.0% and 26.8%, respectively. However, the ratio decreased to 25.7% and 17.4% after incubated at a constant temperature for 60 days. The mineralization rate of shrub and arbor lands with 22-53 years was not significant at the ending of soil incubation. Carbon losses from oxidized liable carbon were 76.9%-98.7%, and only 1.3%-23.5% from resistant carbon in all sand-fixing forest plots. Compared with the maximum carbon emission rate, the soil cumulative carbon release exhibited a higher correlation with soil enzyme activities of β-glucosidase and dehydrogenase, but the enzyme activities did not change from 32-53 years. In conclusion, SOC pool showed stable characteristics of lower emission and higher sequestration with the increases of sand-fixing forest stand age. The carbon fixation effect of arbor sand-fixing forest was better than that of shrub sand-fixing forest.
引文
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[24] Zhang Y-L (张玉兰),Chen L-J (陈利军).Evolvement of soil properties during reversal of desertification:Research progress.Chinese Journal of Ecology (生态学杂志),2010,29(7):1440-1450 (in Chinese)
[25] Li J (李娇).Capacity and Mechanism of Soil Carbon Sequestration at Typical Sand-Fixed Forests in Mu Us Sand Land of Yulin.Master Thesis.Yangling:Northwest A&F University,2017 (in Chinese)
[26] Dong Y-H (董扬红),Zeng Q-C (曾全超),Li Y-Y (李娅芸),et al.The characteristics of soil active organic carbon composition under different vegetation types on the Loess Plateau.Acta Agrestia Sinica (草地学报),2015,23(2):277-284 (in Chinese)
[27] Ma J-Y (马建业),Tong X-G (佟小刚),Li Z-B (李占斌),et al.Carbon sequestration in soil particle-sized fractions during reversion of desertification at Mu Us sand land.Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology (应用生态学报),2016,27(11):3487-3492 (in Chinese)
[28] Yang H-L (杨合龙),Sun Z-J (孙宗玖),Yang J (杨静),et al.Effects of enclosure periods on soil active organic carbon and carbon pool management index in Seriphidium transiliense desert grassland.Pratacultural Science (草业科学),2015,32(12):1945-1952 (in Chinese)
[29] Hu YF,Peng JJ,Yuan S,et al.Influence of ecological restoration on vegetation and soil microbiological properties in alpine-cold semi-humid desertified land.Ecological Engineering,2016,94:88-94
[30] Weng B-Q (翁伯琦),Zheng X-Z (郑祥洲),Ding H (丁洪),et al.Effects of vegetation restoration on soil carbon and nitrogen cycles:A review.Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology (应用生态学报),2013,24(12):3610-3616 (in Chinese)
[2] Lal R.Offsetting China’s CO2 emission by soil carbon sequestration.Climate Change,2004,65:263-275
[3] Stockmann U,Adams MA,Crawford JW,et al.The knowns,known unknowns and unknowns of sequestration of soil organic carbon.Agriculture,Ecosystems and Environment,2013,164:80-99
[4] Humberto BC,Lal R,Post WM,et al.Organic carbon influences on soil particle density and rheological pro-perties.Soil Science Society of America Journal,2006,70:1407-1414
[5] Yang HT,Li XR,Wang ZR,et al.Carbon sequestration capacity of shifting sand dune after establishing new vegetation in the Tengger Desert,Northern China.Science of the Total Environment,2014,478:1-11
[6] Wang YG,Li Y,Ye XH,et al.Profile storage of orga-nic/inorganic carbon in soil:From forest to desert.Science of the Total Environment,2010,408:1925-1931
[7] Tong X-G (佟小刚),Han X-H (韩新辉),Wu F-Q (吴发启),et al.Variance analysis of soil carbon sequestration under three typical forest lands converted farmland in a Loess hill area.Acta Ecologica Sinica (生态学报),2012,32(20):121-128 (in Chinese)
[8] Pan J-J (潘剑君),Hao G-C (郝珖存),Meng J-J (孟静娟).A preliminary study on characteristics of soil organic carbon decomposition in China.Soils (土壤),2011,43(4):505-514 (in Chinese)
[9] Jiang F-Y (姜发艳),Sun H (孙辉),Lin B (林波),et al.Soil organic carbon mineralization of subalpine spruce plantation in western Sichuan Province.Chinese Journal of Soil Science (土壤通报),2011,42(1):91-97 (in Chinese)
[10] Yang T (杨添),Dai W (戴伟),An X-J (安晓娟),et al.Organic carbon and carbon mineralization characteristics in nature forestry soil.Environmental Science (环境科学),2014,35(3):1105-1110 (in Chinese)
[11] Chen L,Zhang JB,Zhao BZ,et al.Carbon mineralization and microbial attributes in straw amended soils as affected by moisture levels.Pedosphere,2014,24:167-177
[12] Craine JM,Gelderman TM.Soil moisture controls on temperature sensitivity of soil organic carbon decomposition for a mesic grassland.Soil Biology and Biochemistry,2011,43:455-457
[13] Bajgai Y,Hulugalle N,Kristiansen P,et al.Developments in fractionation and measurement of soil organic carbon:A review.Open Journal of Soil Science,2013,3:356-360
[14] Tong X-G (佟小刚),Han X-H (韩新辉),Li J (李娇),et al.Process and sequestration rate of carbon in soil particle-size fractions following conversion of cropland to forest in Loess Hilly Region.Transactions of the Chinese Society for Agricultural Machinery (农业机械学报),2016,47(8):117-124 (in Chinese)
[15] Qi Y-X (祁有祥),Zhao T-N (赵廷宁).The summation of combating and controlling desertification in China.Journal of Beijing Forestry University (北京林业大学学报),2006,5(S1):51-58 (in Chinese)
[16] Zhang X (张霄).“China’s wisdom” in combating desertification.China Today (今日中国),2017,66(10):58-61 (in Chinese)
[17] Gao C (郜超),Gao R (高荣),Qi J-Z (漆建忠),et al.Research and demonstration on management and development technology of Mu Us sandy land in Shaanxi Province.Protection Forest Science and Techno-logy (防护林科技),2016(9):75-77 (in Chinese)
[18] Su Y-Z (苏永中),Zhao H-L (赵哈林),Zhang T-H (张铜会),et al.Carbon mineralization potential in soils under different degraded sandy land.Acta Ecologica Sinica (生态学报),2004,24(2):372-378 (in Chinese)
[19] Su YZ,Wang XF,Yang R,et al.Effects of sandy desertified land rehabilitation on soil carbon sequestration and aggregation in an arid region in China.Journal of Environmental Management,2010,91:2109-2116
[20] Li Z-G (李振高),Luo Y-M (骆永明),Teng Y (滕应).Soil and Environmental Microbiology.Beijing:Science Press,2008:395-417 (in Chinese)
[21] Yu L,Qiang DZ,Tian FP,et al.soil organic carbon and inorganic carbon accumulation along 30 years grassland restoration chronosequence in semi-arid regions.Land Degradation and Development,2017,28:189-198
[22] Schimel JP,Weintraub MN.The implications of exoenzyme activity on microbial carbon and nitrogen limitation in soil:A theoretical model.Soil Biology and Biochemistry,2003,35:549-563
[23] Li J,Tong XG,Mukesh KA,et al.Dynamics of soil microbial biomass and enzyme activities along a chronosequence of desertified land revegetation.Ecological Engineering,2018,111:22-30
[24] Zhang Y-L (张玉兰),Chen L-J (陈利军).Evolvement of soil properties during reversal of desertification:Research progress.Chinese Journal of Ecology (生态学杂志),2010,29(7):1440-1450 (in Chinese)
[25] Li J (李娇).Capacity and Mechanism of Soil Carbon Sequestration at Typical Sand-Fixed Forests in Mu Us Sand Land of Yulin.Master Thesis.Yangling:Northwest A&F University,2017 (in Chinese)
[26] Dong Y-H (董扬红),Zeng Q-C (曾全超),Li Y-Y (李娅芸),et al.The characteristics of soil active organic carbon composition under different vegetation types on the Loess Plateau.Acta Agrestia Sinica (草地学报),2015,23(2):277-284 (in Chinese)
[27] Ma J-Y (马建业),Tong X-G (佟小刚),Li Z-B (李占斌),et al.Carbon sequestration in soil particle-sized fractions during reversion of desertification at Mu Us sand land.Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology (应用生态学报),2016,27(11):3487-3492 (in Chinese)
[28] Yang H-L (杨合龙),Sun Z-J (孙宗玖),Yang J (杨静),et al.Effects of enclosure periods on soil active organic carbon and carbon pool management index in Seriphidium transiliense desert grassland.Pratacultural Science (草业科学),2015,32(12):1945-1952 (in Chinese)
[29] Hu YF,Peng JJ,Yuan S,et al.Influence of ecological restoration on vegetation and soil microbiological properties in alpine-cold semi-humid desertified land.Ecological Engineering,2016,94:88-94
[30] Weng B-Q (翁伯琦),Zheng X-Z (郑祥洲),Ding H (丁洪),et al.Effects of vegetation restoration on soil carbon and nitrogen cycles:A review.Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology (应用生态学报),2013,24(12):3610-3616 (in Chinese)
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