国内外石化行业火炬污染排放控制标准与规范研究
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摘要
火炬系统是石油化工、冶金等行业为处理生产工艺中产生的或剩余的易燃有害气体的控制措施,是保证工艺设备安全运行的重要保障,同时也是降低环境污染的重要措施.火炬燃烧排放的CO_2、NO_x及未完全燃烧的VOCs (挥发性有机物)是造成环境污染的重要原因,而目前国内仍没有较为成熟的控制火炬排放的标准,因此形成火炬排放与控制的标准规范已成为绿色生态建设的重要环节.通过对火炬分类及系统组成、燃烧气体的流量和热值控制、引燃火焰及燃烧火焰的检测和监控、系统排放的检测和监控等方面的分析,以及对国外〔如US EPA(美国环境保护局)、美国南加州、欧盟等地区〕的火炬标准与国内的火炬标准规范进行对比,并以上海市火炬的统计结果为基础,提出了对于上海市火炬排放控制标准与规范的基本框架建议.框架内容主要包括4个方面:①监测泄放气的流量、压力,控制泄放气与辅助气的比例,使燃烧气体的热值达到完全燃烧的范围;②监测引燃火焰和燃烧火焰,保证火炬的运行;③监测火炬的可见排放;④加强火炬的监管力度,定时检维修.
The flare system is a control measure for petrochemical,metallurgical and other industries to deal with the flammable and harmful gases generated or remaining in the production process. It is an important guarantee for ensuring the safe operation of process equipment,and reducing environmental pollution. However,CO_2,NO_x and other incompletely combusted organic matter emitted by flare combustion are still important causes of environmental pollution. At present,there is still no mature standard for controlling flare emission in China. Therefore,the formation of standard specifications for flare emission and control has become an important part of green ecological construction. This paper expounds the systematic composition,classification and emission characterization factors of the flare,and compares the flare standards in foreign countries and regions,such as the US EPA,southern California,the European Union,and other regions with the domestic flare standards through the comparison and analysis of classification and system composition of the flare,the control of gas flow and heat value,the pilot flame and combustion flame detection and monitoring,emissions detection and monitoring,etc. This paper puts forward some suggestions on the basic framework of Shanghai flare emission control standards and regulations. The framework is based on the statistical analysis results of the flare in Shanghai,which mainly includes the following aspects:( 1) To monitor the flow and pressure of gas discharge,control the ratio of gas discharge and auxiliary gas,and make the calorific value of combustion gas reach the range of complete combustion.( 2) To monitor the ignition flame and combustion flame,ensure the flare's operation.( 3) To monitor the visible emissions of the flare.( 4) To strengthen the intensity of supervision of the flare,regular inspection and maintenance.
The flare system is a control measure for petrochemical,metallurgical and other industries to deal with the flammable and harmful gases generated or remaining in the production process. It is an important guarantee for ensuring the safe operation of process equipment,and reducing environmental pollution. However,CO_2,NO_x and other incompletely combusted organic matter emitted by flare combustion are still important causes of environmental pollution. At present,there is still no mature standard for controlling flare emission in China. Therefore,the formation of standard specifications for flare emission and control has become an important part of green ecological construction. This paper expounds the systematic composition,classification and emission characterization factors of the flare,and compares the flare standards in foreign countries and regions,such as the US EPA,southern California,the European Union,and other regions with the domestic flare standards through the comparison and analysis of classification and system composition of the flare,the control of gas flow and heat value,the pilot flame and combustion flame detection and monitoring,emissions detection and monitoring,etc. This paper puts forward some suggestions on the basic framework of Shanghai flare emission control standards and regulations. The framework is based on the statistical analysis results of the flare in Shanghai,which mainly includes the following aspects:( 1) To monitor the flow and pressure of gas discharge,control the ratio of gas discharge and auxiliary gas,and make the calorific value of combustion gas reach the range of complete combustion.( 2) To monitor the ignition flame and combustion flame,ensure the flare's operation.( 3) To monitor the visible emissions of the flare.( 4) To strengthen the intensity of supervision of the flare,regular inspection and maintenance.
引文
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[13] BENARD P,MUSTAFA V,HAY D R. Safety assessment of hydrogen disposal on vents and flare stacks at high flow rates[J].International Journal of Hydrogen Energy,1999,24(5):489-495.
[14] LANGMAN A S,NATHAN G J. Influence of a combustion-driven oscillation on global mixing in the flame from a refinery flare[J].Experimental Thermal and Fluid Science,2011,35(1):199-210.
[15] MCDANIEL M. Flare efficiency study[R]. Austin:EngineeringScience,Inc.,1983:61-64.
[16] VASA N J. Application of differential absorption lidar system for CO2monitoring at different wavelengths around 1. 6 micron and 2micron[J].Proceedings of SPIE,2006,6409:640909-640917.
[17] SINGH K D,GANGADHARAN P,DABADE T,et al. Parametric study of ethylene flare operations using numerical simulation[J].Engineering Applications of Computational Fluid Mechanics,2014,8(2):211-228.
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[23]中国石化工程建设公司.SH 3009—2013石油化工可燃性气体排放系统设计规范[S].中华人民共和国工业和信息化部,2001.
[24]中国工程建设标准化协会化工分会.GB 51029—2014火炬工程施工及验收规范[S].北京:中国计划出版社,2015.
[25]石化股份炼调〔2010〕7号.中国石油化工股份有限公司炼油火炬系统安全运行指导意见(试行)[S].北京:中国石油化工股份有限公司炼油事业部,2010.
[26]抚顺石油化工研究院,中国环境科学研究院.GB 31570—2015石油炼制工业污染物排放标准[S].北京:中国环境科学出版社,2015:7.
[27]抚顺石油化工研究院,中国环境科学研究院.GB 31571—2015石油化学工业污染物排放标准[S].北京:中国环境科学出版社,2015:7.
[28] American Petroleum Institute.Flare details for general refinery and petrochemical service[S]. Washington DC:American Petroleum Institute,2008.
[29] South Coast Air Quality Management District.Rule 1118,control of emissions from refinery flares[S]. Gary Virgia:South Coast Air Quality Management District,2005.
[30] European Commission. Reference document on best available techniques for mineral oil refineries[S]. Brussels:European Commission,2003.
[31] European Commission Integrated Pollution Prevention and Control.Reference document on best available technique for larger volume organic chemistry industry[S]. Brnssles:European Commission Integrated Pollution Prevention and Control,2003.
[32]台湾“行政院环境保护署”.公私场所应设置连续自动监测设施及与主管机关连线之固定污染源修正草案总说明[S].台湾:台湾“行政院”公报,2017.
[33]国家环境保护局.GB 16297—1996大气污染物综合排放标准[S].北京:中国标准出版社,1997.
[34]中国环境科学研究院,中国环境监测总站.GB 3095—2012环境空气质量标准[S].北京:中国环境科学出版社,2012.
[2]陈朝晖.炼油厂火炬系统工艺设计分析[J].化工管理,2016(29):277.
[3] LEAHEY D,KATHERINE P. Theoretical and observational assessments of flare efficiencies[J]. Air&Waste Management Association,2001,51:1610-1616.
[4] KHALIPOURR R,KARIMI I A. Evaluation of utilization alternatives for stranded natural gas[J].Energy,2012,40(1):317-328.
[5] TADE M O. Process control and optimization in energy utilization and environmental protection[J]. Asia-Pacific Journal of Chemical Engineering,2010,8(3/4):333-350.
[6] COMODI G,RENZI M,ROSSI M,et al. Energy efficiency improvement in oil refineries through flare gas recovery technique to meet the emission trading targets[J].Energy,2016,109:1-12.
[7] ZAHEDI G,ELKAMEL A,LOHI A,et al. Hybrid artificial neural network:first principle model formulation for the unsteady state simulation and analysis of a packed bed reactor for CO2,hydrogenation to methanol[J]. Chemical Engineering Journal,2005,115(1):113-120.
[8]刘书华.高架火炬与地面火炬的比较[J].化工设计,2012,22:28-30.
[9] ELVIDGE C D,ZISKIN D,BAUGH K E,et al.A fifteen year record of global natural gas flaring derived from satellite data[J].Energies,2009,2:595-622.
[10] US Environmental International Corporation. Cost analysis of HRVOC controls on polymer plants and flares[R]. Texas:Texas Comission on Environmental Quality,2009:1-98.
[11] 40 CFR 63 Subpart CC.National emission standards for hazardous air pollutants petroleum refineries[S]. Washington DC:US EPA,2017.
[12] SINGH K D,DABADE T,VAID H,et al. Computational fluid dynamics modeling of industrial flares operated in stand-by mode[J].Industrial&Engineering Chemistry Research,2012,51(39):12611-12620.
[13] BENARD P,MUSTAFA V,HAY D R. Safety assessment of hydrogen disposal on vents and flare stacks at high flow rates[J].International Journal of Hydrogen Energy,1999,24(5):489-495.
[14] LANGMAN A S,NATHAN G J. Influence of a combustion-driven oscillation on global mixing in the flame from a refinery flare[J].Experimental Thermal and Fluid Science,2011,35(1):199-210.
[15] MCDANIEL M. Flare efficiency study[R]. Austin:EngineeringScience,Inc.,1983:61-64.
[16] VASA N J. Application of differential absorption lidar system for CO2monitoring at different wavelengths around 1. 6 micron and 2micron[J].Proceedings of SPIE,2006,6409:640909-640917.
[17] SINGH K D,GANGADHARAN P,DABADE T,et al. Parametric study of ethylene flare operations using numerical simulation[J].Engineering Applications of Computational Fluid Mechanics,2014,8(2):211-228.
[18]庄盛智.实地量测废气燃烧塔之处理效率及操作参数探讨[D].台湾:成功大学,2012.
[19] HARIG R,MATZ G,RUSCH P,et al. New scanning infrared gas imaging system(SIGIS 2)for emergency response forces[J].Proceedings of SPIE:the International Society for Optical Engineering,2005,5995:174-181.
[20]南京化学工业公司设计院.HGJ 38—1990化工厂火炬及排气筒塔架设计规定[S].北京:化学工业部,1991.
[21]化工部工艺系统设计技术中心站.HGT 20570—1995工艺系统工程设计技术规定[S].北京:化学工业部,1996.
[22]中国寰球工程公司.HG/T 20570. 12—1995火炬系统设置[S].北京:化学工业部,1996.
[23]中国石化工程建设公司.SH 3009—2013石油化工可燃性气体排放系统设计规范[S].中华人民共和国工业和信息化部,2001.
[24]中国工程建设标准化协会化工分会.GB 51029—2014火炬工程施工及验收规范[S].北京:中国计划出版社,2015.
[25]石化股份炼调〔2010〕7号.中国石油化工股份有限公司炼油火炬系统安全运行指导意见(试行)[S].北京:中国石油化工股份有限公司炼油事业部,2010.
[26]抚顺石油化工研究院,中国环境科学研究院.GB 31570—2015石油炼制工业污染物排放标准[S].北京:中国环境科学出版社,2015:7.
[27]抚顺石油化工研究院,中国环境科学研究院.GB 31571—2015石油化学工业污染物排放标准[S].北京:中国环境科学出版社,2015:7.
[28] American Petroleum Institute.Flare details for general refinery and petrochemical service[S]. Washington DC:American Petroleum Institute,2008.
[29] South Coast Air Quality Management District.Rule 1118,control of emissions from refinery flares[S]. Gary Virgia:South Coast Air Quality Management District,2005.
[30] European Commission. Reference document on best available techniques for mineral oil refineries[S]. Brussels:European Commission,2003.
[31] European Commission Integrated Pollution Prevention and Control.Reference document on best available technique for larger volume organic chemistry industry[S]. Brnssles:European Commission Integrated Pollution Prevention and Control,2003.
[32]台湾“行政院环境保护署”.公私场所应设置连续自动监测设施及与主管机关连线之固定污染源修正草案总说明[S].台湾:台湾“行政院”公报,2017.
[33]国家环境保护局.GB 16297—1996大气污染物综合排放标准[S].北京:中国标准出版社,1997.
[34]中国环境科学研究院,中国环境监测总站.GB 3095—2012环境空气质量标准[S].北京:中国环境科学出版社,2012.
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