密云水库二级保护区生态承载力研究与分析
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摘要
[目的]文章针对南调水入密云水库后北京水源地环境保护和生态产业发展之间面临的新的挑战,确定水源保护区具有操作性的承载空间分布和产业规模控制方案,为这一区域持续发展提供决策支持。[方法]通过构建密云水库保护区生态承载与敏感性分析指标、模型及分级标准,提取生态系统敏感和具有关键生态功能的区域,并从生态用地最小范围角度体现区域生态承载力的底线。[结果](1)密云水库保护区近30年来生态环境保护政策措施实施较好,生态状况较优,生态承载力极度敏感区为零,但是由于库区周边承载了86个村庄、8. 5万人,生态承载能力下降,不敏感区为零,轻度敏感区只占总面积的3%,中高度敏感区域占库区总面积的80%;(2)密云水源保护区高度敏感的区域为1. 2万hm2,包括库区5乡镇的27个村庄,生态承载能力极弱,划定为库区最小生态用地,原则上种植业不使用化肥、农药,不进行规模养殖畜牧业;(3)密云水源保护区中轻度敏感的区域为2. 5万hm2,包括库区7乡镇的59个村庄,生态承载尚有空间,可养殖牛939头、生猪9 599头、羊7 999只、鸡60万只,折合羊单位为3. 6万只,占库区现有养殖总量的32%,需要在现有基础上削减68%。[结论]确定了密云水源保护区生态承载禁限养殖区和非禁限区及其畜禽养殖允许量,而不是一律退出,为该区域健康发展提供了科学参考依据。
In view of the new challenges between the environmental protection and the development of ecological industry in the water source area of Beijing after the S-N water transfer project( Middle Route),this research aims to determine the minimum range of ecological land and the operational spatial distribution of carrying capacity in Miyun water source,which provides decision support for sustainable development of this region. Through the construction of ecological carrying capacity and sensitivity analysis indicators,models and classification criteria of Miyun Reservoir Reservoir Reserve,the sensitive and key ecological function areas of ecosystem were extracted,and the bottom line of regional ecological carrying capacity was reflected from the perspective of the minimum scope of ecological land use. Results showed that the sensitive area of ecological carrying capacity was zero,so the ecological condition of Miyun Reservoir was better,because of the ecological environmental protection policies and measures had been carried out well in recent 30 years. But because there are still 86 villages and 8 5000 people in Miyun Reservoir protection area,the ecological carrying capacity decreased,the insensitive area of ecological carrying capacity was also zero,the low-grade sensitive area of ecological carrying capacity accounted for only 3%of the total areas,the middle and highly sensitive area accounted for 80% of the total areas in Miyun Water Source Protection Area. The highly sensitive area is 12 000 hm2,including Shicheng,Fengjiayu and Bulaotun etc. 5 townships,27 villages,of which the ecological carrying capacity was very weak,and it was designated as the smallest ecological land in the reservoir areas. In principle,chemical fertilizers,pesticides and livestock raising on a large scale were forbidden; The low-grade and middle sensitive area was 25 000 hm2,including 59 villages in 7 townships,of which there was still space for ecological loading. The allowable amounts of ecological carrying capacity for livestock and poultry breeding had been determined,that was 939 cattle,9 599 pigs,7 999 sheep,600 000 chickens and equal to 36 000 sheep units were allowed to be raised in these 59 villages,of which 68% of the current aquaculture industry needs to be reduced to 32% on the existing basis. The results have determined the restricted ecological carrying zone and non-prohibited area and also the allowable amount of livestock and poultry breeding in Miyun Water Reservoir,which provides scientific references for the healthy development of this region.
In view of the new challenges between the environmental protection and the development of ecological industry in the water source area of Beijing after the S-N water transfer project( Middle Route),this research aims to determine the minimum range of ecological land and the operational spatial distribution of carrying capacity in Miyun water source,which provides decision support for sustainable development of this region. Through the construction of ecological carrying capacity and sensitivity analysis indicators,models and classification criteria of Miyun Reservoir Reservoir Reserve,the sensitive and key ecological function areas of ecosystem were extracted,and the bottom line of regional ecological carrying capacity was reflected from the perspective of the minimum scope of ecological land use. Results showed that the sensitive area of ecological carrying capacity was zero,so the ecological condition of Miyun Reservoir was better,because of the ecological environmental protection policies and measures had been carried out well in recent 30 years. But because there are still 86 villages and 8 5000 people in Miyun Reservoir protection area,the ecological carrying capacity decreased,the insensitive area of ecological carrying capacity was also zero,the low-grade sensitive area of ecological carrying capacity accounted for only 3%of the total areas,the middle and highly sensitive area accounted for 80% of the total areas in Miyun Water Source Protection Area. The highly sensitive area is 12 000 hm2,including Shicheng,Fengjiayu and Bulaotun etc. 5 townships,27 villages,of which the ecological carrying capacity was very weak,and it was designated as the smallest ecological land in the reservoir areas. In principle,chemical fertilizers,pesticides and livestock raising on a large scale were forbidden; The low-grade and middle sensitive area was 25 000 hm2,including 59 villages in 7 townships,of which there was still space for ecological loading. The allowable amounts of ecological carrying capacity for livestock and poultry breeding had been determined,that was 939 cattle,9 599 pigs,7 999 sheep,600 000 chickens and equal to 36 000 sheep units were allowed to be raised in these 59 villages,of which 68% of the current aquaculture industry needs to be reduced to 32% on the existing basis. The results have determined the restricted ecological carrying zone and non-prohibited area and also the allowable amount of livestock and poultry breeding in Miyun Water Reservoir,which provides scientific references for the healthy development of this region.
引文
[1]许联芳，杨勋林，王克林，等．生态承载力研究进展．生态环境，2006,15(5):1111-1116.
[2] GUEVARAJ C. Productivity, management and development problems in the arid rangeland central Mendoza plains. Journal of Arid Environments,1997,35:575-600.
[3] CAREY D I. Development based on carrying capacity. Global Environmental Change,1993,3(2):140-148.
[4]程国栋．承载力概念的演变及西北水资源承载力的应用框架．冰川冻土，2002,24(4):361-367.
[5] PARK R,BURGESS E. 1922. Introduction to the Science of Sociology. American Anthropologist,24(2):215.
[6] Meadows D H,Meadows D L,Randers J,et al. The limits to Growth:A Report for the Club of Rome’s Project on the Predicament of Mankind. New York:Universe Books,1972.
[7] FAO. Potential Population Supporting Capacities of Lands in Developing World. Rome:Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations,1982.
[8] UNESCO&FAO. Carrying Capacity Assessment with a Pilot Study of Kenya:a Resource Accounting Methodology for Exploring National Options for sustainable development. Rome:Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations,1985.
[9]叶有华，韩宙，孙芳芳．小尺度资源环境承载力预警评价研究———以大鹏半岛为例．生态环境学报，2017,26(8):1275-1283.
[10]付金存，李豫新，徐匆匆．城市综合承载力的内涵辨析与限制性因素发掘．城市发展研究，2014,21(3):106-111.
[11]封志明，杨艳昭，江东．自然资源资产负债表编制与资源环境承载力评价．生态学报，2016,36(22):7140-7145.
[12]封志明，杨艳昭，游珍．基于分县尺度的中国人口分布适宜度研究．地理学报，2014,69(6):723-737.
[13]周璞，王昊，刘天科．自然资源环境承载力评价技术方法优化研究———基于中小尺度的思考与建议．国土资源情报，2017,18(2):19-24.
[14]密云县志．北京出版社，1998.
[15]胡艳霞．密云库区生态型产业关键技术研究与示范．北京市科委科技课题结题报告，2018,3.
[16]孟祥飞．基于Gis与Vensim软件的土地综合承载力研究———以石家庄市为例．河北师范大学，中国优秀硕士学位论文全文数据库，2011.
[17]杨勋林．基于GIS和SD模型的桂西北石山区生态承载力研究．湖南师范大学硕士学位论文，2003.
[18]林京浩．延边经济生态环境现状、存在问题及其对策研究．延边大学硕士学位论文，2014.
[19]陈建军．吉林省土壤侵蚀敏感性评价．水土保持通报，2005,25(3):49-53.
[20]马志尊，张凤嵋，邢仁良，等．海河流域鲁北平原风沙区水土流失现状与防治对策研究．海河水利，2006(2):19-22.
[21]王奇，陈海丹，王会．基于土地氮磷承载力的区域畜禽养殖总量控制研究．中国农学通报，2011,27(3):279-284.
[22]张百平，姚永慧，朱运海，等．区域生态安全研究的科学基础与初步框架．地理科学进展，2005,24(6):1-7.
[23]付可，胡艳霞，谢建治，等．基于非点源污染的密云水源保护区水环境容量核算及其分配．中国农业资源与区划，2016,37(4):10-17.
[24]胡艳霞，周连第，魏长山，等．水源保护地土壤养分空间变异特征及其影响因素分析．土壤通报，2013,44(5):1184-1191.
(1)月降雨量取自密云水务局2015年度6~9月雨季集中分布月份的人工雨量测报数据
(1)资料来源:《全国规模化畜禽养殖业污染情况调查及防治对策》。禽类系数是一个饲养周期的产生量，对应于年出栏量
[2] GUEVARAJ C. Productivity, management and development problems in the arid rangeland central Mendoza plains. Journal of Arid Environments,1997,35:575-600.
[3] CAREY D I. Development based on carrying capacity. Global Environmental Change,1993,3(2):140-148.
[4]程国栋．承载力概念的演变及西北水资源承载力的应用框架．冰川冻土，2002,24(4):361-367.
[5] PARK R,BURGESS E. 1922. Introduction to the Science of Sociology. American Anthropologist,24(2):215.
[6] Meadows D H,Meadows D L,Randers J,et al. The limits to Growth:A Report for the Club of Rome’s Project on the Predicament of Mankind. New York:Universe Books,1972.
[7] FAO. Potential Population Supporting Capacities of Lands in Developing World. Rome:Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations,1982.
[8] UNESCO&FAO. Carrying Capacity Assessment with a Pilot Study of Kenya:a Resource Accounting Methodology for Exploring National Options for sustainable development. Rome:Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations,1985.
[9]叶有华，韩宙，孙芳芳．小尺度资源环境承载力预警评价研究———以大鹏半岛为例．生态环境学报，2017,26(8):1275-1283.
[10]付金存，李豫新，徐匆匆．城市综合承载力的内涵辨析与限制性因素发掘．城市发展研究，2014,21(3):106-111.
[11]封志明，杨艳昭，江东．自然资源资产负债表编制与资源环境承载力评价．生态学报，2016,36(22):7140-7145.
[12]封志明，杨艳昭，游珍．基于分县尺度的中国人口分布适宜度研究．地理学报，2014,69(6):723-737.
[13]周璞，王昊，刘天科．自然资源环境承载力评价技术方法优化研究———基于中小尺度的思考与建议．国土资源情报，2017,18(2):19-24.
[14]密云县志．北京出版社，1998.
[15]胡艳霞．密云库区生态型产业关键技术研究与示范．北京市科委科技课题结题报告，2018,3.
[16]孟祥飞．基于Gis与Vensim软件的土地综合承载力研究———以石家庄市为例．河北师范大学，中国优秀硕士学位论文全文数据库，2011.
[17]杨勋林．基于GIS和SD模型的桂西北石山区生态承载力研究．湖南师范大学硕士学位论文，2003.
[18]林京浩．延边经济生态环境现状、存在问题及其对策研究．延边大学硕士学位论文，2014.
[19]陈建军．吉林省土壤侵蚀敏感性评价．水土保持通报，2005,25(3):49-53.
[20]马志尊，张凤嵋，邢仁良，等．海河流域鲁北平原风沙区水土流失现状与防治对策研究．海河水利，2006(2):19-22.
[21]王奇，陈海丹，王会．基于土地氮磷承载力的区域畜禽养殖总量控制研究．中国农学通报，2011,27(3):279-284.
[22]张百平，姚永慧，朱运海，等．区域生态安全研究的科学基础与初步框架．地理科学进展，2005,24(6):1-7.
[23]付可，胡艳霞，谢建治，等．基于非点源污染的密云水源保护区水环境容量核算及其分配．中国农业资源与区划，2016,37(4):10-17.
[24]胡艳霞，周连第，魏长山，等．水源保护地土壤养分空间变异特征及其影响因素分析．土壤通报，2013,44(5):1184-1191.
(1)月降雨量取自密云水务局2015年度6~9月雨季集中分布月份的人工雨量测报数据
(1)资料来源:《全国规模化畜禽养殖业污染情况调查及防治对策》。禽类系数是一个饲养周期的产生量，对应于年出栏量