所有制结构、市场化与区域环境污染——基于中国省际面板数据的实证检验
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摘要
通过构建空间动态面板和双门槛效应模型,利用1998—2013年中国省际面板数据探讨了所有制结构对环境污染的影响,并且分析了在不同市场化进程中这种影响的差异。研究发现,区域之间环境污染的空间溢出效应显著为正,环境污染空间分布具有明显的"路径依赖"特征并形成了三个不同的集聚区域;不同所有制对环境污染的影响差异较大,国有企业对环境污染的影响呈现倒U型,私有及外资企业的影响显著为正;不同市场化条件下所有制结构对环境污染的影响呈现出显著的区间效应。因此,各地区应加强地区间联合治理,全面协调地区间的经济和环境政策,促进资源在各地区的有效配置,并根据市场化的不同特征制定不同的政策,在公有制基础上,完善市场机制,逐步实现所有制的混合化,进而实现所有制、市场经济体制以及生态环境的协调发展。
By building a spatial dynamic panel and a double threshold effect model, based on provincial panel data in China from 1998 to 2013, this paper analyzes effects of ownership structure on environmental pollution. Empirical results show that the spatial spillover effect of environmental pollution among regions is significantly positive, and the spatial distribution of environmental pollution has strong path-dependence characteristics and makes for three different agglomeration zones. Effects of different ownership structure on environmental pollution have great differences. Impact of the state-owned ownership on environmental pollution presents inverted U-shaped curve, and effects of private and foreign ownership on environmental pollution are significantly positive. The effect of ownership structure on environmental pollution presents a significant interval effect in different market conditions. Therefore, all regions should strengthen joint governance between regions, comprehensively coordinate regional economic and environmental policies, promote the effective allocation of resources in various regions, and formulate different policies according to different characteristics of marketization. On the basis of public ownership, all regions should improve market mechanisms, gradually realize the integration of ownership, to achieve the coordinated development of ownership, market economic system and ecological environment.
By building a spatial dynamic panel and a double threshold effect model, based on provincial panel data in China from 1998 to 2013, this paper analyzes effects of ownership structure on environmental pollution. Empirical results show that the spatial spillover effect of environmental pollution among regions is significantly positive, and the spatial distribution of environmental pollution has strong path-dependence characteristics and makes for three different agglomeration zones. Effects of different ownership structure on environmental pollution have great differences. Impact of the state-owned ownership on environmental pollution presents inverted U-shaped curve, and effects of private and foreign ownership on environmental pollution are significantly positive. The effect of ownership structure on environmental pollution presents a significant interval effect in different market conditions. Therefore, all regions should strengthen joint governance between regions, comprehensively coordinate regional economic and environmental policies, promote the effective allocation of resources in various regions, and formulate different policies according to different characteristics of marketization. On the basis of public ownership, all regions should improve market mechanisms, gradually realize the integration of ownership, to achieve the coordinated development of ownership, market economic system and ecological environment.
引文
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[19]LEE M D P.Does ownership form matter for corporate social responsibility?A longitudinal comparison of environmental performance between public,private,and joint-venture firms[J].Business and society review,2009(4):435-456.
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[21]邓玉萍,许和连.外商直接投资、集聚外部性与环境污染[J].统计研究,2016(9):47-54.
[22]卢现祥,许晶.企业所有制结构与区域工业污染——基于中国2003—2009年的省级面板数据研究[J].中南财经政法大学学报,2012(1):78-83+143-144.
[23]陈强.高级计量经济学及Stata应用[M].北京:高等教育出版社,2010.
[24]ELHORST J P.Dynamic spatial panels:models,methods,and inferences[J].Journal of geographical systems,2012(1):5-28.
[25]HANSEN B E.Threshold effects in non-dynamic panels:estimation,testing,and inference[J].Journal of econometrics,1999(2):345-368.
[26]WANG H,WHEELER D.Equilibrium pollution and economic development in China[J].Environment and development economics,2003(3):451-466.
[27]王小鲁,樊纲,余静文.中国分省份市场化指数报告(2016)[M].北京:社会科学文献出版社,2017.
[28]李佳佳,罗能生.制度安排对中国环境库兹涅茨曲线的影响研究[J].管理学报,2017(1):100-110.
[2]COLE D H.Pollution and property:comparing ownership institutions for environmental protection[M].Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,2002.
[3]SINDEN A.The tragedy of the commons and the myth of a private property solution[J].University of Colorado law review,2007(78):533-553.
[4]EARNHART D,LíZAL L.Direct and indirect effects of ownership on firm-level environmental performance[J].Eastern European economics,2007(4):66-87.
[5]LEE C G.Foreign direct investment,pollution and economic growth:evidence from Malaysia[J].Applied economics,2009(13):1709-1716.
[6]耿强,杨蔚.中国工业污染的区域差异及其影响因素——基于省级面板数据的GMM实证分析[J].中国地质大学学报(社会科学版),2010(5):12-16.
[7]杨帆,周沂,贺灿飞.产业组织、产业集聚与中国制造业产业污染[J].北京大学学报(自然科学版),2016(3):563-573.
[8]ANDERSON T L.Enviro-capitalism vs.enviro-socialism[J].Kansas journal of law and public policy,1994(4):35-40.
[9]WANG H,WHEELER D.Endogenous enforcement and effectiveness of China's pollution levy system[M].World Bank Publications,2000.
[10]张小蒂,李晓钟.我国出口商品结构变化的实证分析[J].数量经济技术经济研究,2002(8):109-112.
[11]吴延兵.国有企业双重效率损失研究[J].经济研究,2012(3):15-27.
[12]MARKUSEN J R,VENABLES A J.Foreign direct investment as a catalyst for industrial development[J].European economic review,1999(2):335-356.
[13]HOFFMANN R,LEE C G,RAMASAMY B.FDI and pollution:a granger causality test using panel data[J].Journal of international development,2005(3):311-317.
[14]DEAN J M,LOVELY M E,WANG H.Are Foreign investors attracted to weak environmental regulations?Evaluating the evidence from China[J].Journal of development economics,2009(1):1-13.
[15]FREDRIKSSON P G,LIST J A,MILLIMET D L.Bureaucratic corruption,environmental policy and inbound US FDI:theory and evidence[J].Journal of public economics,2003(7):1407-1430.
[16]GRAY W B,SHADBEGIAN R J.‘Optimal’ pollution abatement:whose benefits matter,and how much?[J].Journal of environmental economics and management,2004(3):510-534.
[17]COLE M A,ELLIOTT R J R,SHIMAMOTO K.Globalization,firm-level characteristics and environmental management:a study of Japan[J].Ecological economics,2006(3):312-323.
[18]李斌,彭星,陈柱华.环境规制、FDI与中国治污技术创新——基于省际动态面板数据的分析[J].财经研究,2011(10):92-102.
[19]LEE M D P.Does ownership form matter for corporate social responsibility?A longitudinal comparison of environmental performance between public,private,and joint-venture firms[J].Business and society review,2009(4):435-456.
[20]包群,陈媛媛,宋立刚.外商投资与东道国环境污染:存在倒U型曲线关系吗?[J].世界经济,2010(1):3-17.
[21]邓玉萍,许和连.外商直接投资、集聚外部性与环境污染[J].统计研究,2016(9):47-54.
[22]卢现祥,许晶.企业所有制结构与区域工业污染——基于中国2003—2009年的省级面板数据研究[J].中南财经政法大学学报,2012(1):78-83+143-144.
[23]陈强.高级计量经济学及Stata应用[M].北京:高等教育出版社,2010.
[24]ELHORST J P.Dynamic spatial panels:models,methods,and inferences[J].Journal of geographical systems,2012(1):5-28.
[25]HANSEN B E.Threshold effects in non-dynamic panels:estimation,testing,and inference[J].Journal of econometrics,1999(2):345-368.
[26]WANG H,WHEELER D.Equilibrium pollution and economic development in China[J].Environment and development economics,2003(3):451-466.
[27]王小鲁,樊纲,余静文.中国分省份市场化指数报告(2016)[M].北京:社会科学文献出版社,2017.
[28]李佳佳,罗能生.制度安排对中国环境库兹涅茨曲线的影响研究[J].管理学报,2017(1):100-110.