降雨引起的干湿交替对土壤呼吸的影响:进展与展望
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摘要
土壤呼吸是全球陆地生态系统碳循环重要组成部分,降雨作为扰动因子对土壤呼吸动态的改变将直接影响全球碳平衡。探讨降雨对土壤呼吸的作用机制是陆地生态系统碳循环和碳收支研究的重要内容。本文综述了近年来国内外学者关于降雨引起的干湿交替对土壤呼吸影响机制的研究进展,阐述了土壤水分对土壤呼吸的影响及其机理。土壤水分在适宜范围内促进土壤呼吸,过高或过低均抑制土壤呼吸;降雨引起的干湿交替通过改变土壤水分影响土壤呼吸。一方面,干旱条件下,降雨引起的干湿交替主要通过短时间置换土壤中CO_2、增加土壤微生物呼吸底物、提高微生物活性、增强凋落物分解速率等途径提高土壤呼吸速率。另一方面,湿度较高的土壤经过短时间降雨迅速达到水分饱和或积水状态,降雨引发的干湿交替通过限制O_2进入土壤,形成厌氧环境,抑制微生物和根系呼吸。此外,降雨引发的干湿交替还通过地表积水淹没部分植株,降低植物叶面积,减少光合产物,显著抑制根系呼吸。为更准确估算降雨变化影响土壤呼吸对陆地生态系统碳平衡的干扰,提出了未来降雨对土壤呼吸影响研究需重点关注的3个方面:(1)降雨对土壤呼吸影响的微生物响应机制;(2)区分土壤自养呼吸和异养呼吸对降雨的响应机制;(3)降雨对土壤呼吸影响模型研究。
Soil respiration is an important part of the carbon cycle in terrestrial ecosystems. The changes of soil respiration caused by rainfall directly affect global carbon balance. Therefore,it is important to explore the mechanism underlying the effects of rainfall on soil respiration,which is necessary for understanding the carbon cycle and carbon budget of terrestrial ecosystems. Here,we summarized the research progress on the mechanism of drying-wetting cycle caused by rainfall on soil respiration. Soil respiration can be promoted at intermediate moisture conditions,but suppressed in both wetter and drier conditions. Drying-wetting cycles caused by rainfall affect soil respiration by changing soil moisture. On one hand,under the condition of drought,drying-wetting cycle caused by rainfall improve soil respiration rate by short-term replacement of CO_2 in soil,increases of soil microbial respiratory substrate, increases of microbial activity, and enhancement of litter decomposition. On the other hand,soils with high moisture could reach saturation more quickly or even be waterlogged after a short period of rainfall. Drying-wetting cycle caused by rainfall can significantly suppress soil respiration through restricting the entrance of O_2 to the soil,forming an anaerobic environment,and inhibiting microbial and root respiration. In addition,drying-wetting cycle caused by rainfall could significantly inhibit root respiration by flooding part of the plant,reducing plant leaf area and photosynthetic products. In order to accurately estimate the interference of soil respiration on carbon budget of terrestrial ecosystems,future studies on the effects of rainfall on soil respiration should focus on three aspects:( 1)microbiological response mechanisms underlying the effects of rainfall on soil respiration;( 2)differentiating response mechanisms of soil autotrophic respiration and heterotrophic respiration to rainfall; and( 3) modeling the effect of rainfall on soil respiration.
Soil respiration is an important part of the carbon cycle in terrestrial ecosystems. The changes of soil respiration caused by rainfall directly affect global carbon balance. Therefore,it is important to explore the mechanism underlying the effects of rainfall on soil respiration,which is necessary for understanding the carbon cycle and carbon budget of terrestrial ecosystems. Here,we summarized the research progress on the mechanism of drying-wetting cycle caused by rainfall on soil respiration. Soil respiration can be promoted at intermediate moisture conditions,but suppressed in both wetter and drier conditions. Drying-wetting cycles caused by rainfall affect soil respiration by changing soil moisture. On one hand,under the condition of drought,drying-wetting cycle caused by rainfall improve soil respiration rate by short-term replacement of CO_2 in soil,increases of soil microbial respiratory substrate, increases of microbial activity, and enhancement of litter decomposition. On the other hand,soils with high moisture could reach saturation more quickly or even be waterlogged after a short period of rainfall. Drying-wetting cycle caused by rainfall can significantly suppress soil respiration through restricting the entrance of O_2 to the soil,forming an anaerobic environment,and inhibiting microbial and root respiration. In addition,drying-wetting cycle caused by rainfall could significantly inhibit root respiration by flooding part of the plant,reducing plant leaf area and photosynthetic products. In order to accurately estimate the interference of soil respiration on carbon budget of terrestrial ecosystems,future studies on the effects of rainfall on soil respiration should focus on three aspects:( 1)microbiological response mechanisms underlying the effects of rainfall on soil respiration;( 2)differentiating response mechanisms of soil autotrophic respiration and heterotrophic respiration to rainfall; and( 3) modeling the effect of rainfall on soil respiration.
引文
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邓琦,刘世忠,刘菊秀,等.2007.南亚热带森林凋落物对土壤呼吸的贡献及其影响因素.地球科学进展,22(9):976-986.
杜珊珊,丁新宇,杨倩,等.2016.黄土旱塬区免耕玉米田土壤呼吸对降雨的响应.生态学报,36(9):2570-2577.
胡保安,贾宏涛,朱新萍,等.2016.水位对巴音布鲁克天鹅湖高寒湿地土壤呼吸的影响.干旱区资源与环境,30(7):175-179.
李玉强,赵学勇,刘新平,等.2011.樟子松固沙林土壤碳截存及土壤呼吸对干湿变化的响应.中国沙漠,31(2):282-287.
刘博奇,牟长城,邢亚娟,等.2012.模拟氮沉降对云冷杉红松林土壤呼吸的影响.林业科学研究,25(6):767-772.
孟伟庆,莫训强,胡蓓蓓,等.2015.模拟干湿交替对湿地土壤呼吸及有机碳含量的影响.土壤通报,46(4):910-915.
王旭,闫玉春,闫瑞瑞,等.2013.降雨对草地土壤呼吸季节变异性的影响.生态学报,33(18):5631-5635.
肖波,郭成久,赵东阳,等.2017.黄土和风沙土藓结皮土壤呼吸对模拟降雨的响应.生态学报,37(11):3724-3732.
杨玉盛,陈光水,董彬,等.2004.格氏栲天然林和人工林土壤呼吸对干湿交替的响应.生态学报,24(5):953-958.
禹朴家,徐海量,王炜,等.2012.沙丘不同部位土壤呼吸对人工降水的响应.中国沙漠,32(2):437-441.
张红星,王效科,冯宗炜,等.2008.黄土高原小麦田土壤呼吸对强降雨的响应.生态学报,28(12):6189-6196.
赵蓉,李小军,赵洋,等.2015.固沙植被区土壤呼吸对反复干湿交替的响应.生态学报,35(20):6720-6727.
朱敏,张振华,于君宝,等.2013.氮沉降对黄河三角洲芦苇湿地土壤呼吸的影响.植物生态学报,37(6):517-529.
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刘博奇,牟长城,邢亚娟,等.2012.模拟氮沉降对云冷杉红松林土壤呼吸的影响.林业科学研究,25(6):767-772.
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王旭,闫玉春,闫瑞瑞,等.2013.降雨对草地土壤呼吸季节变异性的影响.生态学报,33(18):5631-5635.
肖波,郭成久,赵东阳,等.2017.黄土和风沙土藓结皮土壤呼吸对模拟降雨的响应.生态学报,37(11):3724-3732.
杨玉盛,陈光水,董彬,等.2004.格氏栲天然林和人工林土壤呼吸对干湿交替的响应.生态学报,24(5):953-958.
禹朴家,徐海量,王炜,等.2012.沙丘不同部位土壤呼吸对人工降水的响应.中国沙漠,32(2):437-441.
张红星,王效科,冯宗炜,等.2008.黄土高原小麦田土壤呼吸对强降雨的响应.生态学报,28(12):6189-6196.
赵蓉,李小军,赵洋,等.2015.固沙植被区土壤呼吸对反复干湿交替的响应.生态学报,35(20):6720-6727.
朱敏,张振华,于君宝,等.2013.氮沉降对黄河三角洲芦苇湿地土壤呼吸的影响.植物生态学报,37(6):517-529.
Almagro M,López J,Querejeta J,et al.2009.Temperature dependence of soil CO2efflux is strongly modulated by seasonal patterns of moisture availability in a Mediterranean ecosystem.Soil Biology&Biochemistry,41:594-605.
Anderson JM.1973.Carbon dioxide evolution from two temperate,deciduous woodland soils.Journal of Applied Ecology,10:361-378.
Austin AT,Yahdjian L,Stark JM,et al.2004.Water pulses and biogeochemical cycles in arid and semiarid ecosystems.Oecologia,141:221-235.
Bailey-Serres J,Voesenek LACJ.2008.Flooding stress:Acclimations and genetic diversity.Annual Review of Plant Biology,59:313-339.
Bartholomeus RP,Witte JM,Van Bodegom PM,et al.2015.Climate change threatens endangered plant species by stronger and interacting water-related stresses.Journal of Geophysical Research:Biogeosciences,116:116-120.
Batson J,Noe GB,Hupp CR,et al.2015.Soil greenhouse gas emissions and carbon budgeting in a short-hydroperiod floodplain wetland.Journal of Geophysical Research:Biogeosciences,120:77-95.
Birch HF.1958.The effect of soil drying on humus decomposition and nitrogen availability.Plant and Soil,10:9-31.
Bowling DR,Grote E,Belnap J.2011.Rain pulse response of soil CO2exchange by biological soil crusts andgrasslands of the semiarid Colorado Plateau,United States.Journal of Geophysical Research:Biogeosciences,116:2415-2422.
Bubier J,Crill P,Mosedale A,et al.2003.Peatland responses to varying interannual moisture conditions as measured by automatic CO2chambers.Global Biogeochemical Cycles,17,DOI:10.1029/2002GB001946.
Cleveland CC,Wieder WR,Reed SC,et al.2010.Experimental drought in a tropical rain forest increases soil carbon dioxide losses to the atmosphere.Ecology,91:2313-2323.
Craine JM,Wedin DA,Chapin FS.1999.Predominance of ecophysiological controls on soil CO2,flux in a Minnesota grassland.Plant and Soil,207:77-86.
Dai A,Meehl GA,Washington WM,et al.2001.Ensemble simulation of twenty-first century climate changes:Business-as-usual versus CO2stabilization.Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society,82:2377-2388.
Doughty CE,Metcalfe DB,Girardin CAJ,et al.2015.Drought impact on forest carbon dynamics and fluxes in Amazonia.Nature,519:78-82.
Ehleringer JR,Schwinning S,Gebauer R.1998.Water use in arid land ecosystems//Press MC,Scholes JD,Barker MG,eds.Physiological Plant Ecology.University of York:347-365.
Fa KY,Liu JB,Zhang YQ,et al.2015.CO2absorption of sandy soil induced by rainfall pulses in a desert ecosystem.Hydrological Processes,29:2043-2051.
Fan XM,Pedroli B,Liu GH,et al.2011.Potential plant species distribution in the Yellow River Delta under the influence of groundwater level and soil salinity.Ecohydrology,4:744-756.
Fissore C,Giardian CP,Kolka RK,et al.2009.Soil organic carbon quality in forested mineral wetlands at different mean annual temperature.Soil Biology&Biochemistry,41:458-466.
Han G,Luo Y,Li D,et al.2014.Ecosystem photosynthesis regulates soil respiration on a diurnal scale with a shortterm time lag in a coastal wetland.Soil Biology&Biochemistry,68:85-94.
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