山东凌河乡村人居林特征及变化研究
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摘要
以鲁中南乡村代表地区凌河镇为研究对象,选择13个新村与11个旧村作为研究样点展开实地植物调查与植物文化访谈,并对乡村人居林树冠覆盖率、植物景观和人文特征进行分析。结果表明:(1)2016年凌河镇所调查村庄整体树冠覆盖面积为1 213 875. 7 m~2,树冠覆盖率为10. 05%,较2012年有所下降,且新村下降幅度较大,新村平均树冠覆盖率由2012年的16. 86%下降至2016年的11. 18%,旧村平均树冠覆盖率由2012年的12. 50%下降至2016年的9. 07%。(2)新村与旧村的乡村人居林整体上呈现以杨树、日本樱花、白花泡桐、柿树、香椿、木瓜海棠和刺槐为主的植物景观,其中杨树为优势景观树种。与旧村相比,新村水岸林景观差异不大;庭院林杨树、白花泡桐、刺槐、国槐和垂柳景观减少,日本樱花、二球悬铃木、木瓜海棠和香椿景观增多,柿树景观保持稳定;道路林杨树、国槐、刺槐、垂柳和合欢植物景观减少,日本樱花、广玉兰、木瓜海棠、紫薇和二球悬铃木景观增多,柿树景观保持稳定。(3)乡村人居林整体人文特征包括审美观赏、食用补给和情感寓意3种类型,其中审美观赏和食用补给类型为新村与旧村庭院林首要需求,而情感寓意类型在庭院林、道路林和水岸林中逐步减少。
To investigate the characteristics and changes of rural residential forests of Linghe town,a typical rural area in mid-south of Shandong Province,13 new villages and 11 old villages as research objects were selected. Plant investigation and plant culture interview were carried out first,then the canopy coverage rate,plant landscape and human characteristics were analyzed,and finally these characteristics between new villages and old villages were compared. The results show that:(1)The overall canopy coverage of Linghe town was 1 213 875. 7 m~2 and canopy coverage rate was 10. 05% in 2016,which was lower than that in 2012;specifically from 16. 86% in 2012 to 11. 18% in 2016 in new villages while from 12. 50% in 2012 to 9. 07% in 2016 in old villages.(2)Populus spp.,Cerasus yedoensis,Paulownia fortunei,Diospyros kaki,Toona sinensis,Chaenomeles cathayensis,Robinia pseudoacacia dominated the overall rural landscape,where Populus spp. accounted for the majority. Besides,comparing to old villages,riparian view in new villages exhibited similar patterns. Populus spp.,Paulownia fortunei,Robinia pseudoacacia,Sophora japonica,Salix babylonicawere decreased in courtyard landscape,but Cerasus yedoensis,Platanus acerifolia,Chaenomeles cathayensis,Toona sinensis were increased in courtyard landscape,while Diospyros kaki kept stable in that. Moreover Populus spp.,Sophora japonica,Robinia pseudoacacia,Salix babylonica,Albizia julibrissin were decreased in road landscape,but Cerasus yedoensis,Magnolia grandiflora,Chaenomeles cathayensis,Lagerstroemia indica,Platanus acerifolia were increased in road landscape,while Diospyros kaki stayed the same in the road landscape.(3)Human characteristics of rural residential forest include three types,i. e.,aesthetic appreciation,food supplement and emotional implication. Amongst,aesthetic appreciation and food supplement were the primary needs of courtyard forests in new and old village,while emotional implication needs was gradually reduced in courtyard forests,road forests and riparian forests.
To investigate the characteristics and changes of rural residential forests of Linghe town,a typical rural area in mid-south of Shandong Province,13 new villages and 11 old villages as research objects were selected. Plant investigation and plant culture interview were carried out first,then the canopy coverage rate,plant landscape and human characteristics were analyzed,and finally these characteristics between new villages and old villages were compared. The results show that:(1)The overall canopy coverage of Linghe town was 1 213 875. 7 m~2 and canopy coverage rate was 10. 05% in 2016,which was lower than that in 2012;specifically from 16. 86% in 2012 to 11. 18% in 2016 in new villages while from 12. 50% in 2012 to 9. 07% in 2016 in old villages.(2)Populus spp.,Cerasus yedoensis,Paulownia fortunei,Diospyros kaki,Toona sinensis,Chaenomeles cathayensis,Robinia pseudoacacia dominated the overall rural landscape,where Populus spp. accounted for the majority. Besides,comparing to old villages,riparian view in new villages exhibited similar patterns. Populus spp.,Paulownia fortunei,Robinia pseudoacacia,Sophora japonica,Salix babylonicawere decreased in courtyard landscape,but Cerasus yedoensis,Platanus acerifolia,Chaenomeles cathayensis,Toona sinensis were increased in courtyard landscape,while Diospyros kaki kept stable in that. Moreover Populus spp.,Sophora japonica,Robinia pseudoacacia,Salix babylonica,Albizia julibrissin were decreased in road landscape,but Cerasus yedoensis,Magnolia grandiflora,Chaenomeles cathayensis,Lagerstroemia indica,Platanus acerifolia were increased in road landscape,while Diospyros kaki stayed the same in the road landscape.(3)Human characteristics of rural residential forest include three types,i. e.,aesthetic appreciation,food supplement and emotional implication. Amongst,aesthetic appreciation and food supplement were the primary needs of courtyard forests in new and old village,while emotional implication needs was gradually reduced in courtyard forests,road forests and riparian forests.
引文
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[16]王晓磊,许景伟,胡丁猛,等.山东省乡村人居林的类型及其模式划分[J].中国农学通报,2010,26(16):103-108.[WANG Xiao-lei,XU Jing-wei,HU Ding-meng,et al.Classifica-tion Type and Pattern of Country Human Habitat Forest in Shandong Province[J].Chinese Agricultural Science Bulletin,2010,26(16):103-108.]
[17]刘艳红.安丘乡村人居林景观风貌研究与优化[D].北京:中国林业科学研究院,2016.[LIU Yan-hong.Research and Optimization of Village Human Habitat Forest in Anqiu Region[D].Beijing:Chinese Academy of Forestry,2016.]
[18]胡丁猛,许景伟,李传荣.胶东半岛乡村人居林建设类型及发展思路[J].福建林业科技,2009,36(3):201-206.[HUDing-meng,XU Jing-wei,LI Chuan-rong.Construction Type and Developmental Idea of the Country Human Habitat Forest in Jiaodong Peninsula[J].Journal of Fujian Forestry Science and Technology,2009,36(3):201-206.]
[19]姜波.山东民居概述[J].华中建筑,1998,16(2):115-116.
[2]邱尔发,董建文,许飞.乡村人居林[M].北京:中国林业出版社,2013:2-4.[QIU Er-fa,DONG Jian-wen,XU Fei.Village Human Habitat Forest[M].Beijing:China Forestry Publishing House,2013:2-4.]
[3]王晓磊.山区乡村人居林小气候及空气负离子效应的评价[D].泰安:山东农业大学,2011.[WANG Xiao-lei.Evaluation of Microclimate and Air Anion Effects in Mountainous Rural Resi-dential Forests[D].Tai’an:Shandong Agricultural University,2011.]
[4]马明娟.基于林木树冠覆盖的乡村人居林分析与评价[D].北京:中国林业科学研究院,2014.[MA Ming-juan.Analysis and Evaluation of Village Human Habitat Forest Based on Tree Canopy Cover[D].Beijing:Chinese Academy of Forestry,2014.]
[5]贾宝全,马明娟,宋宜昊.基于树冠覆盖视角的乡村人居生态林现状评价与用地潜力分析[J].中国生态农业学报,2015,23(11):1463-1472.[JIA Bao-quan,MA Ming-juan,SONG Yi-hao.Using Tree Canopy to Analyze and Evaluate the State of Ecological Land and Its Potential for Rural Residential[J].Chinese Jour-nal of Eco-Agriculture,2015,23(11):1463-1472.]
[6]邱尔发,许飞,王成,等.基于加权面积比重的乡村人居林总体质量评价方法[J].生物数学学报,2012,27(3):518-528.[QIU Er-fa,XU Fei,WANG Cheng,et al.Quality Evaluation Method of Village Human Habitat Forest Based on Weighted Area Proportion[J].Journal of Biomathematics,2012,27(3):518-528.]
[7]邱尔发,董建文,史久西,等.闽浙地区乡村庭院树种的结构特征比较[J].东北林业大学学报,2010,38(3):23-25,30.[QIU Er-fa,DONG Jian-wen,SHI Jiu-xi,et al.Structural Charac-teristics of Trees in Country Courtyard in Fujian and Zhejiang Province[J].Journal of Northeast Forestry University,2010,38(3):23-25,30.]
[8]许飞,邱尔发,王成,等.福建省不同类型乡村水岸林的结构特征[J].林业科学,2011,47(9):173-180.[XU Fei,QIUEr-fa,WANG Cheng,et al.Structure Characteristics of Different Types of Village Waterside Forests in Fujian Province[J].Forest Research,2011,47(9):173-180.]
[9]邱尔发,董建文,史久西,等.闽浙乡村行道树种结构特征的比较[J].林业科学研究,2011,24(1):110-115.[QIU Er-fa,DONG Jian-wen,SHI Jiu-xi,et al.Compare on the Structural Characteristics of Village Roadside Trees in Fujian and Zhejiang Province[J].Forest Research,2011,24(1):110-115.]
[10]许飞.福建省乡村人居林结构特征与构建技术研究[D].北京:中国林业科学研究院,2010.[XU Fei.Structure Characteristics and Construction Technology of Country Human Habital Forest in Fujian Province[D].Beijing:Chinese Academy of For-estry,2010.]
[11]邱尔发,许飞,王成,等.福建省典型乡村人居林结构优化[J].生物数学学报,2015,30(3):515-525.[QIU Er-fa,XU Fei,WANG Cheng,et al.Structural Optimization of Typical Village Human Habitat Forest in Fujian Province[J].Journal of Bio-mathematics,2015,30(3):515-525.]
[12]吴永曙.福建省乡村庭院绿化构建技术[D].福州;福建农林大学,2010.[WU Yong-shu.The Design of Rural Courtyard Greening in Fujian Province[D].Fuzhou:Fujian Agriculuture and Forestry University,2010.]
[13]梁冰晶.基于文化因素的珠海乡村人居林景观研究[D].北京:中国林业科学研究院,2015.[LIANG Bing-jing.The Research of Village Human Habitat Forest Landscape in Zhuhai Based on the Cultural Factor[D].Beijing:Chinese Academy of Forestry,2015.]
[14]AZUMA D L,ESKELSON B N I,THOMPSON J L.Effects of Rural Residential Development on Forest Communities in Oregon and Washington,USA[J].Forest Ecology and Management,2014,330:183-191.
[15]LEE Y,JI S.Effects of Socioeconomic Factors and Forest Envi-ronments on Demand for Rural Residential Development[J].Environmental and Resource Economics Review,2016,25(2):199-228.
[16]王晓磊,许景伟,胡丁猛,等.山东省乡村人居林的类型及其模式划分[J].中国农学通报,2010,26(16):103-108.[WANG Xiao-lei,XU Jing-wei,HU Ding-meng,et al.Classifica-tion Type and Pattern of Country Human Habitat Forest in Shandong Province[J].Chinese Agricultural Science Bulletin,2010,26(16):103-108.]
[17]刘艳红.安丘乡村人居林景观风貌研究与优化[D].北京:中国林业科学研究院,2016.[LIU Yan-hong.Research and Optimization of Village Human Habitat Forest in Anqiu Region[D].Beijing:Chinese Academy of Forestry,2016.]
[18]胡丁猛,许景伟,李传荣.胶东半岛乡村人居林建设类型及发展思路[J].福建林业科技,2009,36(3):201-206.[HUDing-meng,XU Jing-wei,LI Chuan-rong.Construction Type and Developmental Idea of the Country Human Habitat Forest in Jiaodong Peninsula[J].Journal of Fujian Forestry Science and Technology,2009,36(3):201-206.]
[19]姜波.山东民居概述[J].华中建筑,1998,16(2):115-116.