中国边境地区的城镇化可持续发展态势
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摘要
边境地区作为我国区域协调发展的重要组成部分,是对外开放的重要门户,是推进"一带一路"建设的重要平台。城镇是边境地区对外开放和区域合作的载体,衡量边境地区的城镇化发展水平及未来发展态势具有重要的理论和现实意义。文章以陆地边境134个县级单位作为研究对象,从经济、社会、人口三个维度综合构建城镇化指标体系评价边境地区的城镇化水平,并通过象限图法评估其城镇化可持续发展态势,从而为未来边境地区城镇化发展提出建议。结果表明:①2000—2015年,我国边境地区的城镇化水平总体呈线性缓慢增长态势。②边境地区的城镇化发展空间格局呈北高南低、东高西低的态势,高、低水平边境县域各自集聚呈带状分布,但其空间差异呈缩小趋势。③2000—2015年,边境地区社会城镇化进程较快,而经济城镇化、人口城镇化进程相对较慢;边境地区城镇化可持续发展的主要问题由早期的经济、社会城镇化的非可持续转为人口、经济城镇化的非可持续。从空间格局看,东北、内蒙古、新疆边境地区的经济增长乏力,西藏边境地区的人口流失问题亟待解决。
As an important part of regional coordinated development in China, border areas are the gateway to opening up and the platform to promote the Belt and Road Initiative. Measuring border areas' urbanization level and analyzing their sustainable development trend, it could explain the situation of border areas' economic development and regional cooperation, and promote the development of border areas. Under this background, this paper focuses on 134 border counties, constructs comprehensive urbanization indicator system based on economy, society and population to evaluate urbanization level of border counties, and applies quadrant diagram to assess border counties' sustainable development trend. The findings of this article are as follows. First, in 2000-2015, urbanization level of border areas presented the slow linear growth. Second, in 2000-2015, urbanization level in the northern and eastern border of China was higher than the southern and western, although the spatial difference had been decreasing. High and low urbanization level of border areas had shown a zonal distribution. Third, social urbanization of border areas had grown faster than economic urbanization and population urbanization. The main problems of border areas' urbanization sustainable development have changed from economic and social non-sustainable development to population and economic non-sustainable development. From the perspective of spatial pattern, border areas with sluggish economic growth mainly distribute in the northeast of China, Inner Mongolia and Xinjiang, and the problem of population loss in the border areas of Tibet urgently needs to be solved.
As an important part of regional coordinated development in China, border areas are the gateway to opening up and the platform to promote the Belt and Road Initiative. Measuring border areas' urbanization level and analyzing their sustainable development trend, it could explain the situation of border areas' economic development and regional cooperation, and promote the development of border areas. Under this background, this paper focuses on 134 border counties, constructs comprehensive urbanization indicator system based on economy, society and population to evaluate urbanization level of border counties, and applies quadrant diagram to assess border counties' sustainable development trend. The findings of this article are as follows. First, in 2000-2015, urbanization level of border areas presented the slow linear growth. Second, in 2000-2015, urbanization level in the northern and eastern border of China was higher than the southern and western, although the spatial difference had been decreasing. High and low urbanization level of border areas had shown a zonal distribution. Third, social urbanization of border areas had grown faster than economic urbanization and population urbanization. The main problems of border areas' urbanization sustainable development have changed from economic and social non-sustainable development to population and economic non-sustainable development. From the perspective of spatial pattern, border areas with sluggish economic growth mainly distribute in the northeast of China, Inner Mongolia and Xinjiang, and the problem of population loss in the border areas of Tibet urgently needs to be solved.
引文
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[40]张春梅,张小林,吴启焰,等.发达地区城镇化质量的测度及其提升对策:以江苏省为例.经济地理,2012,32(7):50-55.
[41]陶晓燕,章仁俊,徐辉,等.基于改进熵值法的城市可持续发展能力的评价[J].干旱区资源与环境,2006,9(5):64-68.
[42]方建德,杨扬,熊丽.国内外城市可持续发展指标体系比较[J].环境科学与管理,2010,35(8):132-136.
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[46]武玉英,何喜军.基于DEA方法的北京可持续发展能力评价[J].系统工程理论与实践,2006(3):117-123.
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[48]朱明峰,洪天求,叶强.基于神经网络的资源型城市可持续发展指标体系[J].中国科学技术大学学报,2005,35(3):423-428.
[49]宋宇辰,何玮,张璞,等.基于BP神经网络的资源型城市可持续发展指标预测[J].西安财经学院学报,2014,27(6):79-84.
[50]何孝沛,梁阁,丁志伟,等.河南省城镇化质量空间格局演变[J].地理科学进展,2015,34(2):257-264.
[51]杨丽,孙之淳.基于熵值法的西部新型城镇化发展水平测评[J].经济问题,2015,12(3):115-119.
[52]陈明星,陆大道,张华.中国城市化水平的综合测度及其动力因子分析[J].地理学报,2009,64(4):387-398.
[2]唐雪琼,杨茜好,钱俊希.流动性视角下边界的空间实践及其意义——以云南省河口县中越边境地区X村为例[J].地理研究,2016,35(8):1 535-1 546.
[3]李铁立,姜怀宇.边境区位、边境区经济合作的理论与实践[J].人文地理,2004,19(6):1-5,48.
[4]汤建中,张兵,陈瑛.边界效应与跨国界经济合作的地域模式:以东亚地区为例[J].人文地理,2002,17(1):8-12.
[5]赵明,郑喜珅.跨境旅游资源国际合作开发探讨——以黑龙江中俄边境段为例[J].世界地理研究,2004,13(4):86-93.
[6] Ratti R,Reichman S. Theory and practice of transborder cooperation[M]. Basel:Helbing&Lichtenhahn,1993.
[7] Sklair L. Assembling for development:The maquila industry in Mexico and the United States[M]. London:Routledge,2012.
[8]王兰辉,吴瑞.我国陆地边疆人口空间分布与地形关系[J].地理空间信息,2011,9(5):109-111.
[9]贾玉梅.边境地区人口安全与经济社会发展研究——以黑龙江省边境地区为例[J].人口学刊,2012,195(5):22-29.
[10]何跃.云南边境地区主要贸易口岸的境外流动人口与边疆安全[J].云南师范大学学报:哲学社会科学版,2008,40(2):35-43.
[11]宋涛,程艺,刘卫东,等.中国边境地缘经济的空间差异及影响机制[J].地理学报,2017,72(10):1 731-1 745.
[12]程艺,刘慧,公丕萍,等.中国边境地区外向型经济发展空间分异及影响因素[J].经济地理,2016,36(9):19-26.
[13] Venables A J. Equilibrium locations of vertically linked industries[J]. International Economic Review,1996,37(2):341-359.
[14]李慧娟.中国边境口岸城市发展模式研究[D].北京:中央民族大学,2010.
[15]丛志颖,于天福.东北东部边境口岸经济发展探析[J].经济地理,2010,30(12):1 937-1 943.
[16]宋周莺,车姝韵,王姣娥,等.中国沿边口岸的时空格局及功能模式[J].地理科学进展,2015,34(5):589-597.
[17]戢晓峰,姜莉,陈方.云南省县域城镇化与交通优势度的时空协同性演化分析[J].地理科学,2017,37(12):1 875-1 884.
[18]李红,张珺,欧晓静.边境省区县域城镇化与人口迁移的时空演变及机制分析——以广西为例[J].热带地理,2017,37(2):163-173.
[19]杨振,雷军,英成龙,等.新疆县域城镇化的综合测度及空间分异格局分析[J].干旱区地理,2017,40(1):230-237.
[20]张丽君,李澜.西部大开发背景下的西部边境城市发展.广西大学学报:哲学社会科学版,2002,24(2):48-52.
[21]李澜,张丽君,王燕祥.中外边境城市功能互动的可持续发展系统构想[J].广西社会科学,2004,105(3):36-39.
[22]曹广忠,王纯洁,齐元静.我国东部省区城镇化水平影响因素的空间差异[J].地理研究,2008,27(6):1 399-1 406.
[23]刘彦随.中国东部沿海地区乡村转型发展与新农村建设[J].地理学报,2007,62(6):563-570.
[24]刘彦随,杨忍.中国县域城镇化的空间特征与形成机理[J].地理学报,2012,67(8):1 011-1 020.
[25]王洋,方创琳,王振波.中国县域城镇化水平的综合评价及类型区划分[J].地理研究,2012,31(2):1 305-1 316.
[26] Addie J P D. On the road to the in-between city:Excavating peripheral urbanisation in Chicago’s"Crosstown Corridor"[J].Environment and Planning A,2016,48(5):825-843.
[27] Rowland R H. Urbanization in Ukraine during the 1990s[J].Post-Soviet Geography and Economics,2000,41(3):183-216.
[28] Waley P. Distinctive patterns of industrial urbanisation in modern Tokyo,c. 1880-1930[J]. Journal of Historical Geography,2009,35(3):405-427.
[29] Lin G C. State policy and spatial restructuring in post-reform China,1978-95[J]. International Journal of Urban and Region‐al Research,1999,23(4):670-696.
[30] Ma L J. Urban transformation in China,1949-2000:a review and research agenda[J]. Environment and Planning A,2002,34(9):1 545-1 569.
[31] Pannell C W. China's continuing urban transition[J]. Environment and Planning A,2002,34(9):1 571-1 589.
[32] Shen J,Wong K Y,Feng Z. State-sponsored and spontaneous urbanization in the Pearl River Delta of south China,1980-1998[J]. Urban Geography,2002,23(7):674-694.
[33] Wang Y P,Wang Y,Wu J. Urbanization and informal development in China:urban villages in Shenzhen[J]. International Journal of Urban and Regional Research,2009,33(4):957-973.
[34] Li X,Zhou W,Ouyang Z. Forty years of urban expansion in Beijing:What is the relative importance of physical,socioeco‐nomic,and neighborhood factors?[J]. Applied Geography,2013,38:1-10.
[35]陈忠暖,阎小培,徐红宇,等.港澳珠江三角洲与长江三角洲可持续发展测评比较[J].经济地理,2007,27(3):387-391.
[36]宋建波,武春友.城市化与生态环境协调发展评价研究——以长江三角洲城市群为例[J].中国软科学,2010(2):78-87.
[37]秦耀辰,张二勋,刘道芳.城市可持续发展的系统评价——以开封市为例[J].系统工程理论与实践,2003(6):1-8.
[38]袁晓玲,梁鹏,曹敏杰.基于可持续发展的陕西省城镇化发展质量测度[J].城市发展研究,2013,20(2):52-56,86.
[39]马艳梅,吴玉鸣,吴柏钧.长三角地区城镇化可持续发展综合评价:基于熵值法和象限图法[J].经济地理,2015,35(6):47-53.
[40]张春梅,张小林,吴启焰,等.发达地区城镇化质量的测度及其提升对策:以江苏省为例.经济地理,2012,32(7):50-55.
[41]陶晓燕,章仁俊,徐辉,等.基于改进熵值法的城市可持续发展能力的评价[J].干旱区资源与环境,2006,9(5):64-68.
[42]方建德,杨扬,熊丽.国内外城市可持续发展指标体系比较[J].环境科学与管理,2010,35(8):132-136.
[43]侯学英.可持续城市化及其评价指标体系研究[J].商业研究,2005,312(4):36-38.
[44]李颖,任学慧.城市化背景下大连市可持续发展评价[J].资源开发与市场,2010,26(10):892-894.
[45] Shen L,Peng Y,Zhang X,et al. An alternative model for evaluating sustainable urbanization[J]. Cities,2011,29(1):1-3.
[46]武玉英,何喜军.基于DEA方法的北京可持续发展能力评价[J].系统工程理论与实践,2006(3):117-123.
[47] Yin K,Wang R,An Q,et al. Using eco-efficiency as an indicator for sustainable urban development:A case study of Chinese provincial capital cities[J]. Ecological Indicators,2014,36.
[48]朱明峰,洪天求,叶强.基于神经网络的资源型城市可持续发展指标体系[J].中国科学技术大学学报,2005,35(3):423-428.
[49]宋宇辰,何玮,张璞,等.基于BP神经网络的资源型城市可持续发展指标预测[J].西安财经学院学报,2014,27(6):79-84.
[50]何孝沛,梁阁,丁志伟,等.河南省城镇化质量空间格局演变[J].地理科学进展,2015,34(2):257-264.
[51]杨丽,孙之淳.基于熵值法的西部新型城镇化发展水平测评[J].经济问题,2015,12(3):115-119.
[52]陈明星,陆大道,张华.中国城市化水平的综合测度及其动力因子分析[J].地理学报,2009,64(4):387-398.
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