厌氧土壤灭菌不同添加物对日光温室土壤性质及微生物群落的影响
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摘要
厌氧土壤灭菌(ASD)作为替代化学农药熏蒸灭菌技术在各地逐渐推广,但不同土壤类型、不同添加物厌氧土壤灭菌效果具有较大差异,田间条件下明确当地不同添加物厌氧灭菌对土壤性质及微生物群落效应,为日光温室绿色环保的土壤灭菌方法提供科学依据。结果表明:(1)除添加碳酸氢铵(AB)处理外,其他处理均可以显著降低0—20 cm土层电导率(EC),但仅灌水不添加物料(CK)处理20—40 cm土层NO_3~--N和EC显著增加,且AB处理显著增加0—20 cm土层NH_4~+-N及20—40 cm土层NO_3~--N;添加鸡粪(CM)处理0—20 cm土层NH_4~+-N极显著增加,NO_3~--N极显著降低,EC显著降低,土壤有机质、全氮和有效养分亦显著增加。(2)添加鸡粪(CM)显著降低细菌丰富度和均匀度,但土壤中植物促生菌(PGPR)芽孢杆菌属(Bacillus)及假单胞菌属(Pseudomonas)的相对丰度极显著增加。对真菌群落,不同处理真菌丰富度和均匀度与处理前差异均不显著,但添加碳酸氢铵(AB)、木醋液(PS)和鸡粪(CM)处理病原菌-镰刀菌属(Fusarium)的相对丰度均显著降低;同时,鸡粪(CM)处理有益属曲霉属(Aspergillus)丰度显著增加。(3)综合土壤理化性质、细菌和真菌群落变化,鸡粪作为有机碳源添加厌氧土壤灭菌效果较好,既可以厌氧灭菌同时也腐熟鸡粪,且各地原料来源方便,可同时实现化肥农药双减。
Anaerobic soil disinfestation(ASD) as an alternative chemical fumigation of soil, has been gradually popularized in various places. However, effects of ASD is dependent on types of soil and amendments added. A field experiment was conducted to study the effects of ASD with different amendments on soil properties and microbial community, which would provide a scientific basis for environmentally friendly soil disinfestation method in solar greenhouse. The results showed that(1) the treatments except for ammonium bicarbonate treatment(AB) significantly decreased soil EC in 0-20 cm soil layer, but only irrigation without amendments(CK treatment) significantly increased soil EC, NO_3~--N in 20-40 cm soil layer. AB treatment significantly increased NH_4~+-N in 0-20 cm soil layer and NO_3~--N in 20-40 cm soil layer. And the addition of chicken manure(CM treatment) significantly increased the NH_4~+-N, pH, organic matter, total nitrogen and available nutrients, and significantly decreased the accumulation of NO_3~--N and EC in 0-20 cm soil layer.(2) CM treatment significantly decreased soil bacterial richness and evenness. However, the relative abundance of plant growth-promoting bacteria(PGPR), Bacillus and Pseudomonas increased significantly. For the fungal community, the diversity and abundance of fungi in different treatments were not significantly different from those of before treating. However, the relative abundance of pathogen-Fusarium in AB, PS and CM treatment decreased significantly. The relative abundance of deneficial Aspergillus of CM treatment significantly increased.(3) Considering soil physical, chemical and microbial properties, chicken manure as an organic carbon source, had more positively effects of disinfestation, not only increased its decomposition, but also easy to get. Meanwhile, the application of chicken manure would be helpful for implementing double reduction of fertilizer and pesticides.
Anaerobic soil disinfestation(ASD) as an alternative chemical fumigation of soil, has been gradually popularized in various places. However, effects of ASD is dependent on types of soil and amendments added. A field experiment was conducted to study the effects of ASD with different amendments on soil properties and microbial community, which would provide a scientific basis for environmentally friendly soil disinfestation method in solar greenhouse. The results showed that(1) the treatments except for ammonium bicarbonate treatment(AB) significantly decreased soil EC in 0-20 cm soil layer, but only irrigation without amendments(CK treatment) significantly increased soil EC, NO_3~--N in 20-40 cm soil layer. AB treatment significantly increased NH_4~+-N in 0-20 cm soil layer and NO_3~--N in 20-40 cm soil layer. And the addition of chicken manure(CM treatment) significantly increased the NH_4~+-N, pH, organic matter, total nitrogen and available nutrients, and significantly decreased the accumulation of NO_3~--N and EC in 0-20 cm soil layer.(2) CM treatment significantly decreased soil bacterial richness and evenness. However, the relative abundance of plant growth-promoting bacteria(PGPR), Bacillus and Pseudomonas increased significantly. For the fungal community, the diversity and abundance of fungi in different treatments were not significantly different from those of before treating. However, the relative abundance of pathogen-Fusarium in AB, PS and CM treatment decreased significantly. The relative abundance of deneficial Aspergillus of CM treatment significantly increased.(3) Considering soil physical, chemical and microbial properties, chicken manure as an organic carbon source, had more positively effects of disinfestation, not only increased its decomposition, but also easy to get. Meanwhile, the application of chicken manure would be helpful for implementing double reduction of fertilizer and pesticides.
引文
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[13] 董海龙,路平,张作刚,等.秸秆+石灰氮+X-20菌肥+高温闷棚处理对根结线虫种群数量变化的影响[J].中国农业大学学报,2016,21(4):52-58.
[14] 陈传翔,杨巍,常义军,等.高温闷棚下不同处理对土壤理化性状的影响[J].长江蔬菜,2015(10):47-52.
[15] 顾志光,马艳,安霞,等.麦秸淹水处理对连作土壤性状和辣椒疫病田间防控效果的影响[J].农业环境科学学报,2014,33(9):1762-1769.
[16] 蔡祖聪,张金波,黄新琦,等.强还原土壤灭菌防控作物土传病的应用研究[J].土壤学报,2015,52(3):469-476.
[17] 李佳川,杨瑞平,张显.灌水高温闷棚处理对温室连作土壤理化性状变化的研究[J].北方园艺,2016(13):178-181.
[18] 徐明喜,马明,黄忠阳,等.高温闷棚下不同处理防控甜瓜连作障碍效果研究[J].长江蔬菜,2018(18):27-30.
[19] 鲍士旦.土壤农化分析[M].3版.北京:中国农业出版社,2000.
[20] Valérie G,Antoun H,Tweddell R J.Growth stimulation and fruit yield improvement of greenhouse tomato plants by inoculation with Pseudomonas putida or Trichoderma atroviride:Possible role of indole acetic acid (IAA) [J].Soil Biology and Biochemistry,2007,39(8):1968-1977.
[21] 张荣,姜子德,李敏慧,等.尖孢镰孢菌致病机理及相关致病基因研究进展[J].中国农学通报,2011,27(15):254-258.
[22] 蒋军喜,蔡祝南.植物病毒的真菌传播及传毒介体油壶菌研究进展[J].江西农业大学学报,2003,25(3):362-365.
[23] Li X J,Zhang Q,Zhang A L,et al.Metabolites from,Aspergillus fumigatus,an endophytic fungus associated with melia azedarach,and their antifungal,antifeedant,and toxic activities [J].Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry,2012,60(13):3424-3431.
[24] 申光辉,薛泉宏,张晶,等.草莓根腐病拮抗真菌筛选鉴定及其防病促生作用[J].中国农业科学,2012,45(22):4612-4626.
[25] Vannacci G,Harman G E.Biocontrol of seed-borne Alternariaraphaniand A.brassicicola[J].Canadian Journal of Microbiology,1987,33:850-856.
[26] 朱同彬,张金波,蔡祖聪.淹水条件下添加有机物料对蔬菜地土壤硝态氮及氮素气体排放的影响[J].应用生态学报,2012,23(1):109-114.
[27] Momma N,Momma M,Kobara Y.Biological soil disinfestation using ethanol:Effect on Fusarium oxysporum f.sp.lycopersici and soil microorganisms [J].Journal of General Plant Pathology,2010,76(5):336-344.
[28] Núňez-Zofío M,Larregla,S,Garbisu C.Application of organic amendments followed by soil plastic mulching reduces the incidence of Phytophthora capsici in pepper crops under temperate climate [J].Crop Protection,2011,30(12):1563-1572.
[2] Bruggen A H C V,Sharma K,Kaku E,et al.Soil health indicators and Fusarium wilt suppression in organically and conventionally managed greenhouse soils [J].Applied Soil Ecology,2015,86:192-201.
[3] 蔡祖聪,黄新琦.土壤学不应忽视对作物土传病原微生物的研究[J].土壤学报,2016,53(2):305-310.
[4] 李天来,杨丽娟.作物连作障碍的克服——难解的问题[J].中国农业科学,2016,49(5):916-918.
[5] Rosskopf E N,Serrano-Pérez P,Hong J,et al.Anaerobic soil disinfestation and soil borne pest management [M].Switzerland:Springer International Publishing,2015,277-305.
[6] Huang X Q,Cui H L,Yang L,et al.The microbial changes during the biological control of cucumber damping-off disease using biocontrol agents and reductive soil disinfestation [J].Biocontrol,2017,62:97-109.
[7] Mowlick S,Yasukawa H,Inoue T,et al.Suppression of spinach wilt disease by biological soil disinfestation incorporated with Brassica juncea plants in association with changes in soil bacterial communities [J].Crop Protection,2013,54:185-193.
[8] Butler D M,Kokalis-Burelle N,Albano J P,et al.Anaerobic soil disinfestation (ASD) combined with soil solarization as a methyl bromide alternative:Vegetable crop performance and soil nutrient dynamics [J].Plant and Soil,2014,378:365-381.
[9] 黄新琦,温腾,孟磊,等.土壤快速强烈还原对于尖孢镰刀菌的抑制作用[J].生态学报,2014,34(16):4526-4534.
[10] Liu L L,Kong J J,Cui H L,et al.Relationships of decomposability and C/N ratio in different types of organic matter with suppression of Fusarium oxysporum and microbial communities during reductive soil disinfestation [J].Biological Control,2016,101:103-113.
[11] Runia W T,Thoden T C,Molendijk L P G,et al.Unravelling the mechanism of pathogen inactivation during anaerobic soil disinfestation [J].Acta Horticulturae,2014,1044:177-193.
[12] Huang X Q,Wen T,Zhang J B,et al.Toxic organic acids produced in biological soil disinfestation mainly caused the suppression of Fusarium oxysporum f.sp.Cubense [J].Biological Control,2015,60(1):113-124.
[13] 董海龙,路平,张作刚,等.秸秆+石灰氮+X-20菌肥+高温闷棚处理对根结线虫种群数量变化的影响[J].中国农业大学学报,2016,21(4):52-58.
[14] 陈传翔,杨巍,常义军,等.高温闷棚下不同处理对土壤理化性状的影响[J].长江蔬菜,2015(10):47-52.
[15] 顾志光,马艳,安霞,等.麦秸淹水处理对连作土壤性状和辣椒疫病田间防控效果的影响[J].农业环境科学学报,2014,33(9):1762-1769.
[16] 蔡祖聪,张金波,黄新琦,等.强还原土壤灭菌防控作物土传病的应用研究[J].土壤学报,2015,52(3):469-476.
[17] 李佳川,杨瑞平,张显.灌水高温闷棚处理对温室连作土壤理化性状变化的研究[J].北方园艺,2016(13):178-181.
[18] 徐明喜,马明,黄忠阳,等.高温闷棚下不同处理防控甜瓜连作障碍效果研究[J].长江蔬菜,2018(18):27-30.
[19] 鲍士旦.土壤农化分析[M].3版.北京:中国农业出版社,2000.
[20] Valérie G,Antoun H,Tweddell R J.Growth stimulation and fruit yield improvement of greenhouse tomato plants by inoculation with Pseudomonas putida or Trichoderma atroviride:Possible role of indole acetic acid (IAA) [J].Soil Biology and Biochemistry,2007,39(8):1968-1977.
[21] 张荣,姜子德,李敏慧,等.尖孢镰孢菌致病机理及相关致病基因研究进展[J].中国农学通报,2011,27(15):254-258.
[22] 蒋军喜,蔡祝南.植物病毒的真菌传播及传毒介体油壶菌研究进展[J].江西农业大学学报,2003,25(3):362-365.
[23] Li X J,Zhang Q,Zhang A L,et al.Metabolites from,Aspergillus fumigatus,an endophytic fungus associated with melia azedarach,and their antifungal,antifeedant,and toxic activities [J].Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry,2012,60(13):3424-3431.
[24] 申光辉,薛泉宏,张晶,等.草莓根腐病拮抗真菌筛选鉴定及其防病促生作用[J].中国农业科学,2012,45(22):4612-4626.
[25] Vannacci G,Harman G E.Biocontrol of seed-borne Alternariaraphaniand A.brassicicola[J].Canadian Journal of Microbiology,1987,33:850-856.
[26] 朱同彬,张金波,蔡祖聪.淹水条件下添加有机物料对蔬菜地土壤硝态氮及氮素气体排放的影响[J].应用生态学报,2012,23(1):109-114.
[27] Momma N,Momma M,Kobara Y.Biological soil disinfestation using ethanol:Effect on Fusarium oxysporum f.sp.lycopersici and soil microorganisms [J].Journal of General Plant Pathology,2010,76(5):336-344.
[28] Núňez-Zofío M,Larregla,S,Garbisu C.Application of organic amendments followed by soil plastic mulching reduces the incidence of Phytophthora capsici in pepper crops under temperate climate [J].Crop Protection,2011,30(12):1563-1572.
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