厦门湾海滩微塑料污染特征
|
摘要
以厦门湾6个典型海滩为工作区,分析海滩微塑料的污染特征.结果表明:①厦门湾6个海滩的微塑料丰度数据范围介于(28. 1±9. 4)～(312. 7±35. 2) n·kg~(-1)之间.②厦门湾海滩微塑料分为碎片类、发泡类、薄膜类和纤维类等4种类型.各站位点均以碎片类和发泡类为主,占总数量的80%左右,薄膜类和纤维类所占比例较少.③厦门湾海滩粒径<1 mm的微塑料占最大比例,超过60%.粒径为1～3 mm和3～5 mm的微塑料所占比例较小.④通过红外光谱分析,确认厦门湾海滩微塑料碎片类和纤维类的主要成分是聚乙烯,发泡类和薄膜类的主要成分是聚苯乙烯.⑤通过扫描电镜观测,大部分微塑料表面粗糙、凹凸不平,带有明显裂痕.整体而言,厦门湾海滩微塑料污染处于中等偏下的程度,陆源污染是厦门湾海滩微塑料污染的最主要来源.
Microplastics are tiny ubiquitous plastic particles smaller than five millimeters( 5 mm) in size. Coastal and bay areas are constantly under continuous and increasing pressure from the activities of humans. Microplastic pollution is now recognized as a great threat to these areas. This study was designed to understand the microplastic pollution of the beaches in Xiamen Bay. The results showed that microplastic abundance was from( 28. 1 ± 9. 4) to( 312. 7 ± 35. 2) n·kg~(-1). Four main types of microplastics were identified in Xiamen Bay,including fragments,foams,thin films,and fibers. Of the particles analyzed,over 80% were predominantly microplastic fragments and foam,while the films and fiber microplastics accounted for less than 20% of the particles. Studies on the particle size of microplastics also indicated that the microplastics with particle size less than 1 mm accounted for over 60% of the total microparticles,and the abundance of microplastics trend to decrease with increase in the particle size. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy analysis demonstrated that the major component of the fragments and fibers was identified as polyethylene,and that of foams and films was identified as polystyrene. The scanning electron microscope studies showed that the microplastics presented obvious signs of cracks. In general,Xiamen Bay beach microplastic pollution is at a lower middle level,and land source pollution is the main source of the microplastic pollution.
Microplastics are tiny ubiquitous plastic particles smaller than five millimeters( 5 mm) in size. Coastal and bay areas are constantly under continuous and increasing pressure from the activities of humans. Microplastic pollution is now recognized as a great threat to these areas. This study was designed to understand the microplastic pollution of the beaches in Xiamen Bay. The results showed that microplastic abundance was from( 28. 1 ± 9. 4) to( 312. 7 ± 35. 2) n·kg~(-1). Four main types of microplastics were identified in Xiamen Bay,including fragments,foams,thin films,and fibers. Of the particles analyzed,over 80% were predominantly microplastic fragments and foam,while the films and fiber microplastics accounted for less than 20% of the particles. Studies on the particle size of microplastics also indicated that the microplastics with particle size less than 1 mm accounted for over 60% of the total microparticles,and the abundance of microplastics trend to decrease with increase in the particle size. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy analysis demonstrated that the major component of the fragments and fibers was identified as polyethylene,and that of foams and films was identified as polystyrene. The scanning electron microscope studies showed that the microplastics presented obvious signs of cracks. In general,Xiamen Bay beach microplastic pollution is at a lower middle level,and land source pollution is the main source of the microplastic pollution.
引文
[1]Thompson R C,Olsen Y,Mitchell R P,et al.Lost at sea:where is all the plastic?[J].Science,2004,304(5672):838.
[2]Andrady A L.The plastic in microplastics:A review[J].Marine Pollution Bulletin,2017,119(1):12-22.
[3]Auta H S,Emenike C U,Fauziah S H.Distribution and importance of microplastics in the marine environment:A review of the sources,fate,effects,and potential solutions[J].Environment International,2017,102:165-176.
[4]Bour A,Haarr A,Keiter S,et al.Environmentally relevant microplastic exposure affects sediment-dwelling bivalves[J].Environmental Pollution,2018,236:652-660.
[5]Conkle J L,Báez Del Valle C D,Turner J W.Are we underestimating microplastic contamination in aquatic environments?[J].Environmental Management,2018,61(1):1-8.
[6]Law K L,Thompson R C.Microplastics in the seas.Science,2014,345(6193):144-145.
[7]Zhang W,Ma X,Zhang Z,et al.Persistent organic pollutants carried on plastic resin pellets from two beaches in China[J].Marine Pollution Bulletin,2015,99(1-2):28-34.
[8]Alimi O S,Budarz J F,Hernandez L M,et al.Microplastics and nanoplastics in aquatic environments:aggregation,deposition,and enhanced contaminant transport[J].Environmental Science&Technology,2018,52(4):1704-1724.
[9]Yu X B,Ladewig S,Bao S W,et al.Occurrence and distribution of microplastics at selected coastal sites along the southeastern United States[J].Science of the Total Environment,2018,613-614:298-305.
[10]Zhang H.Transport of microplastics in coastal seas[J].Estuarine,Coastal and Shelf Science,2017,199:74-86.
[11]Nuelle M T,Dekiff J H,Remy D,et al.A new analytical approach for monitoring microplastics in marine sediments[J].Environmental Pollution,2014,184:161-169.
[12]Cluzard M,Kazmiruk T N,Kazmiruk V D,et al.Intertidal concentrations of microplastics and their influence on ammonium cycling as related to the shellfish industry[J].Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology,2015,69(3):310-319.
[13]简敏菲,周隆胤,余厚平,等.鄱阳湖-饶河入湖段湿地底泥中微塑料的分离及其表面形貌特征[J].环境科学学报,2018,38(2):579-586.Jian M F,Zhou L Y,Yu H P,et al.Separation and microscopic study of microplastics from the sediments of the wetland in the estuary of Raohe River of Poyang Lake[J].Acta Scientiae Circumstantiae,2018,38(2):579-586.
[14]王昆,林坤德,袁东星.环境样品中微塑料的分析方法研究进展[J].环境化学,2017,36(1):27-36.Wang K,Lin K D,Yuan D X.Research progress on the analysis of microplastics in the environment[J].Environmental Chemistry,2017,36(1):27-36.
[15]Free C M,Jensen O P,Mason S A,et al.High-levels of microplastic pollution in a large,remote,mountain lake[J].Marine Pollution Bulletin,2014,85(1):156-163.
[16]Browne M A,Galloway T S,Thompson R C.Spatial patterns of plastic debris along Estuarine shorelines[J].Environmental Science&Technology,2010,44(9):3404-3409.
[17]Costa M F,Do Sul J A I,Silva-Cavalcanti J S,et al.On the importance of size of plastic fragments and pellets on the strandline:a snapshot of a Brazilian beach[J].Environmental Monitoring and Assessment,2009,168(1-4):299-304.
[18]Vianello A,Boldrin A,Guerriero P,et al.Microplastic particles in sediments of Lagoon of Venice,Italy:First observations on occurrence,spatial patterns and identification[J].Estuarine,Coastal and Shelf Science,2013,130:54-61.
[19]Mathalon A,Hill P.Microplastic fibers in the intertidal ecosystem surrounding Halifax Harbor,Nova Scotia[J].Marine Pollution Bulletin,2014,81(1):69-79.
[20]朱晓桐,衣俊,强丽媛,等.长江口潮滩表层沉积物中微塑料的分布及沉降特点[J].环境科学,2018,39(5):2067-2074.Zhu X T,Yi J,Qiang L Y,et al.Distribution and settlement of microplastics in the surface sediment of Yangtze Estuary[J].Environmental Science,2018,39(5):2067-2074.
[21]周倩,章海波,周阳,等.滨海潮滩土壤中微塑料的分离及其表面微观特征[J].科学通报,2016,61(14):1604-1611.Zhou Q,Zhang H B,Zhou Y,et al.Separation of microplastics from a coastal soil and their surface microscopic features[J].Chinese Science Bulletin,2016,61(14):1604-1611.
[22]Claessens M,De Meester S,Van Landuyt L,et al.Occurrence and distribution of microplastics in marine sediments along the Belgian coast[J].Marine Pollution Bulletin,2011,62(10):2199-2204.
[23]Phuong N N,Poirier L,Lagarde F,et al.Microplastic abundance and characteristics in French Atlantic coastal sediments using a new extraction method[J].Environmental Pollution,2018,243:228-237.
[24]Nor N H M,Obbard J P.Microplastics in Singapore's coastal mangrove ecosystems[J].Marine Pollution Bulletin,2014,79(1-2):278-283.
[25]Lots F A E,Behrens P,Vijver M G,et al.A large-scale investigation of microplastic contamination:Abundance and characteristics of microplastics in European beach sediment[J].Marine Pollution Bulletin,2017,123(1-2):219-226.
[26]厦门市海洋与渔业局.2017年厦门市海洋生态环境状况公报[R].厦门:厦门市海洋与渔业局,2018.
[2]Andrady A L.The plastic in microplastics:A review[J].Marine Pollution Bulletin,2017,119(1):12-22.
[3]Auta H S,Emenike C U,Fauziah S H.Distribution and importance of microplastics in the marine environment:A review of the sources,fate,effects,and potential solutions[J].Environment International,2017,102:165-176.
[4]Bour A,Haarr A,Keiter S,et al.Environmentally relevant microplastic exposure affects sediment-dwelling bivalves[J].Environmental Pollution,2018,236:652-660.
[5]Conkle J L,Báez Del Valle C D,Turner J W.Are we underestimating microplastic contamination in aquatic environments?[J].Environmental Management,2018,61(1):1-8.
[6]Law K L,Thompson R C.Microplastics in the seas.Science,2014,345(6193):144-145.
[7]Zhang W,Ma X,Zhang Z,et al.Persistent organic pollutants carried on plastic resin pellets from two beaches in China[J].Marine Pollution Bulletin,2015,99(1-2):28-34.
[8]Alimi O S,Budarz J F,Hernandez L M,et al.Microplastics and nanoplastics in aquatic environments:aggregation,deposition,and enhanced contaminant transport[J].Environmental Science&Technology,2018,52(4):1704-1724.
[9]Yu X B,Ladewig S,Bao S W,et al.Occurrence and distribution of microplastics at selected coastal sites along the southeastern United States[J].Science of the Total Environment,2018,613-614:298-305.
[10]Zhang H.Transport of microplastics in coastal seas[J].Estuarine,Coastal and Shelf Science,2017,199:74-86.
[11]Nuelle M T,Dekiff J H,Remy D,et al.A new analytical approach for monitoring microplastics in marine sediments[J].Environmental Pollution,2014,184:161-169.
[12]Cluzard M,Kazmiruk T N,Kazmiruk V D,et al.Intertidal concentrations of microplastics and their influence on ammonium cycling as related to the shellfish industry[J].Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology,2015,69(3):310-319.
[13]简敏菲,周隆胤,余厚平,等.鄱阳湖-饶河入湖段湿地底泥中微塑料的分离及其表面形貌特征[J].环境科学学报,2018,38(2):579-586.Jian M F,Zhou L Y,Yu H P,et al.Separation and microscopic study of microplastics from the sediments of the wetland in the estuary of Raohe River of Poyang Lake[J].Acta Scientiae Circumstantiae,2018,38(2):579-586.
[14]王昆,林坤德,袁东星.环境样品中微塑料的分析方法研究进展[J].环境化学,2017,36(1):27-36.Wang K,Lin K D,Yuan D X.Research progress on the analysis of microplastics in the environment[J].Environmental Chemistry,2017,36(1):27-36.
[15]Free C M,Jensen O P,Mason S A,et al.High-levels of microplastic pollution in a large,remote,mountain lake[J].Marine Pollution Bulletin,2014,85(1):156-163.
[16]Browne M A,Galloway T S,Thompson R C.Spatial patterns of plastic debris along Estuarine shorelines[J].Environmental Science&Technology,2010,44(9):3404-3409.
[17]Costa M F,Do Sul J A I,Silva-Cavalcanti J S,et al.On the importance of size of plastic fragments and pellets on the strandline:a snapshot of a Brazilian beach[J].Environmental Monitoring and Assessment,2009,168(1-4):299-304.
[18]Vianello A,Boldrin A,Guerriero P,et al.Microplastic particles in sediments of Lagoon of Venice,Italy:First observations on occurrence,spatial patterns and identification[J].Estuarine,Coastal and Shelf Science,2013,130:54-61.
[19]Mathalon A,Hill P.Microplastic fibers in the intertidal ecosystem surrounding Halifax Harbor,Nova Scotia[J].Marine Pollution Bulletin,2014,81(1):69-79.
[20]朱晓桐,衣俊,强丽媛,等.长江口潮滩表层沉积物中微塑料的分布及沉降特点[J].环境科学,2018,39(5):2067-2074.Zhu X T,Yi J,Qiang L Y,et al.Distribution and settlement of microplastics in the surface sediment of Yangtze Estuary[J].Environmental Science,2018,39(5):2067-2074.
[21]周倩,章海波,周阳,等.滨海潮滩土壤中微塑料的分离及其表面微观特征[J].科学通报,2016,61(14):1604-1611.Zhou Q,Zhang H B,Zhou Y,et al.Separation of microplastics from a coastal soil and their surface microscopic features[J].Chinese Science Bulletin,2016,61(14):1604-1611.
[22]Claessens M,De Meester S,Van Landuyt L,et al.Occurrence and distribution of microplastics in marine sediments along the Belgian coast[J].Marine Pollution Bulletin,2011,62(10):2199-2204.
[23]Phuong N N,Poirier L,Lagarde F,et al.Microplastic abundance and characteristics in French Atlantic coastal sediments using a new extraction method[J].Environmental Pollution,2018,243:228-237.
[24]Nor N H M,Obbard J P.Microplastics in Singapore's coastal mangrove ecosystems[J].Marine Pollution Bulletin,2014,79(1-2):278-283.
[25]Lots F A E,Behrens P,Vijver M G,et al.A large-scale investigation of microplastic contamination:Abundance and characteristics of microplastics in European beach sediment[J].Marine Pollution Bulletin,2017,123(1-2):219-226.
[26]厦门市海洋与渔业局.2017年厦门市海洋生态环境状况公报[R].厦门:厦门市海洋与渔业局,2018.
© 2004-2018 中国地质图书馆版权所有 京ICP备05064691号 京公网安备11010802017129号 地址：北京市海淀区学院路29号 邮编：100083 电话：办公室：(+86 10)66554848；文献借阅、咨询服务、科技查新：66554700 |