基于下投式探空仪资料的超强台风蔷薇(2008)动力和热力结构特征分析
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摘要
本文主要利用全球定位下投式探空仪(dropsonde)资料和卫星云图资料,对2008年第15号超强台风蔷薇(Jangmi)边界层的热力和动力结构进行了分析,并且对其生命史中两个不同的时期的热力和动力结构特征进行了对比.结果表明:在内核区域中,距离眼越近,切向风越大,动力和热力边界层高度越低.边界层内,温度垂直递减率相比边界层以上更大;很多探空仪廓线中出现假相当位温(θse)垂直递减率与一般规律相反(即θse/z>0)的现象,并且能和径向风从流入转为流出以及Vr/z>0的高度很好的对应.对比生命史的不同时期,发现从台风发展的初始阶段到成熟阶段,在同一高度上切向风和径向风均有明显增大的趋势,径向流入层的厚度增大;台风内核区域的温度、比湿以及假相当位温都有增大的趋势,说明台风在发展增强的过程中从海表面获取了巨大的能量.
The dynamic and thermodynamic structure in the boundary layer of the No.15 super typhoon Jangmi(2008)are analyzed by using the data of the global positioning system(GPS)dropsonde and the satellite.The dynamic and thermodynamic characteristics are compared in two different periods in the life cycle of Jangmi(2008).The results show that the tangential wind speed was large and the height of the dynamic and thermal boundary layer was low when the position was close to the eye in the inner core region.The lapse rate of temperature in the boundary layer was larger than that above the boundary layer and that of equivalent potential temperature(θse)was larger than 0 in many profiles which corresponded to the height of radialwind transform from inflow to outflow or the lapse rate of radial wind(Vr)was larger than 0.Comparing different periods in the life cycle of the typhoon Jangmi(2008),it is found that the tangential and radial wind speed at the same height increased significantly and the depth of inflow layer was thick in the mature stage of the storm.Furthermore,the temperature,specific humidity,and equivalent potential temperature all increased in the inner core region of the typhoon during this stage.It indicates that the storm gained tremendous energy from the sea surface during the development of the life cycle.
The dynamic and thermodynamic structure in the boundary layer of the No.15 super typhoon Jangmi(2008)are analyzed by using the data of the global positioning system(GPS)dropsonde and the satellite.The dynamic and thermodynamic characteristics are compared in two different periods in the life cycle of Jangmi(2008).The results show that the tangential wind speed was large and the height of the dynamic and thermal boundary layer was low when the position was close to the eye in the inner core region.The lapse rate of temperature in the boundary layer was larger than that above the boundary layer and that of equivalent potential temperature(θse)was larger than 0 in many profiles which corresponded to the height of radialwind transform from inflow to outflow or the lapse rate of radial wind(Vr)was larger than 0.Comparing different periods in the life cycle of the typhoon Jangmi(2008),it is found that the tangential and radial wind speed at the same height increased significantly and the depth of inflow layer was thick in the mature stage of the storm.Furthermore,the temperature,specific humidity,and equivalent potential temperature all increased in the inner core region of the typhoon during this stage.It indicates that the storm gained tremendous energy from the sea surface during the development of the life cycle.
引文
Barnes G M.2008.Atypical thermodynamic profiles in hurricanes.Monthly Weather Review,136(2):631-643.
Chen L H.2010.Tropical meteorological calamities and its research evolution.Meteorological Monthly(in Chinese),36(7):101-110.
Elsberry R L,Harr P A.2008.Tropical cyclone structure(TCS08)field experiment science basis,observational platforms,and strategy.Asia-Pacific Journal of Atmospheric Sciences,44(3):209-231.
Emanuel K A.1986.An air-sea interaction theory for tropical cyclones.Part I:Steady-state maintenance.Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences,43(6):585-605.
Hock T F,Franklin J L.1999.The NCAR GPS Dropwindsonde.Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society,80(3):407-420.
Kepert J D.2006a.Observed boundary layer wind structure and balance in the hurricane core.Part I:Hurricane Georges.Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences,63(9):2169-2193.
Kepert J D.2006b.Observed boundary layer wind structure and balance in the hurricane core.Part II:Hurricane Mitch.Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences,63(9):2194-2211.
Kieper M E,Jiang H Y.2012.Predicting tropical cyclone rapid intensification using the 37 GHz ring pattern identified from passive microwave measurements.Geophysical Research Letters,39(13):L13804,doi:10.1029/2012GL052115.
Komaromi W A,Doyle J D.2017.Tropical cyclone outflow and warm core structure as revealed by HS3 Dropsonde data.Monthly Weather Review,145(4):1339-1359.
Kossin J P,Sitkowski M.2012.Predicting hurricane intensity and structure changes associated with eyewall replacement cycles.Weather&Forecasting,27(2):484-488.
Ming J,Zhang J A,Rogers R F,et al.2014.Multiplatform observations of boundary layer structure in the outer rainbands of landfalling typhoons.Journal of Geophysical Research:Atmospheres,119(13):7799-7814.
Ming J,Zhang J A,Rogers R F.2015.Typhoon kinematic and thermodynamic boundary layer structure from dropsonde composites.Journal of Geophysical Research:Atmospheres,120(8):3158-3172.
Molinari J,Vollaro D.1990.External influences on hurricane intensity.Part II:Vertical structure and response of the hurricane vortex.Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences,47(15):1902-1918.
Molinari J,Skubis S,Vollaro D.1995.External influences on hurricane intensity.Part III:Potential vorticity structure.Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences,52(20):3593-3606.
Montgomery M T,Zhang J A,Smith R K.2014.An analysis of the observed low-level structure of rapidly intensifying and mature hurricane Earl(2010).Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society,140(684):2132-2146.
Nguyen L T,Molinari J.2012.Rapid intensification of a sheared,fast-moving hurricane over the Gulf Stream.Monthly Weather Review,140(10):3361-3378.
Ooyama K.1969.Numerical simulation of the life cycle of tropical cyclones.Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences,26(1):3-40.
Parsons D,Harr P,Nakazawa T,et al.2008.An overview of the THORPEX-Pacific Asian Regional Campaign(T-PARC)during August-September 2008.Preprints,28th Conf.on Hurricanes and Tropical Meteorology,Orlando,FL,Amer.Meteor.Soc.,7C.7.
Peng L R,Shu S J.2010.Analysis on structure of Typhoon Longwang based on GPS Dropsonde data.Journal of Tropical Meteorology(in Chinese),26(1):13-21.
Rogers R.2010.Convective-scale structure and evolution during a high-resolution simulation of tropical cyclone rapid intensification.Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences,67(1):44-70.
Rogers R F,Reasor P D,Zhang J A.2015.Multiscale structure and evolution of Hurricane Earl(2010)during rapid intensification.Monthly Weather Review,143(2):536-562.
Sanger N T,Montgomery M T,Smith R K,et al.2014.An observational study of tropical cyclone Spinup in Supertyphoon Jangmi(2008)from 24to 27September.Monthly Weather Review,142(1):3-28.
Schneider R,Barnes G M.2005.Low-level kinematic,thermodynamic,and reflectivity fields associated with Hurricane Bonnie(1998)at landfall.Monthly Weather Review,133(11):3243-3259.
Shu S J,Wang Y,Song J J.2011.Observational analysis of the structure of Typhoon Haitang(0505)over the western North Pacific by using the GPS Dropsonde data.Acta Meteorologica Sinica(in Chinese),69(6):933-944.
Stern D P,Zhang F Q.2016.The warm core structure of Hurricane Earl(2010):Observations and simulations.Journalofthe AtmosphericSciences,73(8):3305-3328.
Stevenson S N,Corbosiero K L,Molinari J.2014.The convective
evolution and rapid intensification of Hurricane Earl(2010).Monthly Weather Review,142(11):4364-4380.
Yan W,Han D,Zhou X K,et al.2013.Analysing the structure characteristics of tropical cyclones based on CloudSat satellite data.Chinese Journal of Geophysics(in Chinese),56(6):1809-1824,doi:10.6038/cjg20130603.
Zhang J A,Rogers R F,Nolan D S,et al.2011.On the characteristic height scales of the hurricane boundary layer.Monthly Weather Review,139(8):2523-2535.
Zhang J A,Cione J J,Kalina E A,et al.2017.Observations of infrared sea surface temperature and air-sea interaction in Hurricane Edouard(2014)using GPS dropsondes.Journal of Atmospheric&Oceanic Technology,34(6):1333-1349.
Zhang Y,Liu L P,Yang M L,et al.2011.Analysis on the structure characteristics of Typhoon Goni.Meteorological Monthly(in Chinese),37(6):659-669.
Zhao S H,Zhou Y Q.2010.Research on macro-micro structures of Typhoon‘Ewiniar’using a variety of satellites.Plateau Meteorology(in Chinese),29(5):1254-1260.
Zhou H G.2010.Mesoscale spiral rainband structure of Super Typhoon Wipha(0713)observed by Dual-Doppler radar.Transactions of Atmospheric Sciences(in Chinese),33(3):271-284.
陈联寿.2010.热带气象灾害及其研究进展.气象,36(7):101-110.
彭犁然,舒守娟.2010.利用GPS Dropsonde资料研究“龙王”台风的结构特征.热带气象学报,26(1):13-21.
舒守娟,王元,宋金杰.2011.西北太平洋台风“海棠”结构的GPS下投式探空仪观测分析.气象学报,69(6):933-944.
严卫,韩丁,周小珂等.2013.利用CloudSat卫星资料分析热带气旋的结构特征.地球物理学报,56(6):1809-1824,doi:10.6038/cjg20130603.
张勇,刘黎平,仰美霖等.2011.“天鹅”台风风场结构特征.气象,37(6):659-668.
赵姝慧,周毓荃.2010.利用多种卫星研究台风“艾云尼”宏微观结构特征.高原气象,29(5):1254-1260.
周海光.2010.超强台风韦帕(0713)螺旋雨带中尺度结构双多普勒雷达研究.大气科学学报,33(3):271-284.
Chen L H.2010.Tropical meteorological calamities and its research evolution.Meteorological Monthly(in Chinese),36(7):101-110.
Elsberry R L,Harr P A.2008.Tropical cyclone structure(TCS08)field experiment science basis,observational platforms,and strategy.Asia-Pacific Journal of Atmospheric Sciences,44(3):209-231.
Emanuel K A.1986.An air-sea interaction theory for tropical cyclones.Part I:Steady-state maintenance.Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences,43(6):585-605.
Hock T F,Franklin J L.1999.The NCAR GPS Dropwindsonde.Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society,80(3):407-420.
Kepert J D.2006a.Observed boundary layer wind structure and balance in the hurricane core.Part I:Hurricane Georges.Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences,63(9):2169-2193.
Kepert J D.2006b.Observed boundary layer wind structure and balance in the hurricane core.Part II:Hurricane Mitch.Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences,63(9):2194-2211.
Kieper M E,Jiang H Y.2012.Predicting tropical cyclone rapid intensification using the 37 GHz ring pattern identified from passive microwave measurements.Geophysical Research Letters,39(13):L13804,doi:10.1029/2012GL052115.
Komaromi W A,Doyle J D.2017.Tropical cyclone outflow and warm core structure as revealed by HS3 Dropsonde data.Monthly Weather Review,145(4):1339-1359.
Kossin J P,Sitkowski M.2012.Predicting hurricane intensity and structure changes associated with eyewall replacement cycles.Weather&Forecasting,27(2):484-488.
Ming J,Zhang J A,Rogers R F,et al.2014.Multiplatform observations of boundary layer structure in the outer rainbands of landfalling typhoons.Journal of Geophysical Research:Atmospheres,119(13):7799-7814.
Ming J,Zhang J A,Rogers R F.2015.Typhoon kinematic and thermodynamic boundary layer structure from dropsonde composites.Journal of Geophysical Research:Atmospheres,120(8):3158-3172.
Molinari J,Vollaro D.1990.External influences on hurricane intensity.Part II:Vertical structure and response of the hurricane vortex.Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences,47(15):1902-1918.
Molinari J,Skubis S,Vollaro D.1995.External influences on hurricane intensity.Part III:Potential vorticity structure.Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences,52(20):3593-3606.
Montgomery M T,Zhang J A,Smith R K.2014.An analysis of the observed low-level structure of rapidly intensifying and mature hurricane Earl(2010).Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society,140(684):2132-2146.
Nguyen L T,Molinari J.2012.Rapid intensification of a sheared,fast-moving hurricane over the Gulf Stream.Monthly Weather Review,140(10):3361-3378.
Ooyama K.1969.Numerical simulation of the life cycle of tropical cyclones.Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences,26(1):3-40.
Parsons D,Harr P,Nakazawa T,et al.2008.An overview of the THORPEX-Pacific Asian Regional Campaign(T-PARC)during August-September 2008.Preprints,28th Conf.on Hurricanes and Tropical Meteorology,Orlando,FL,Amer.Meteor.Soc.,7C.7.
Peng L R,Shu S J.2010.Analysis on structure of Typhoon Longwang based on GPS Dropsonde data.Journal of Tropical Meteorology(in Chinese),26(1):13-21.
Rogers R.2010.Convective-scale structure and evolution during a high-resolution simulation of tropical cyclone rapid intensification.Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences,67(1):44-70.
Rogers R F,Reasor P D,Zhang J A.2015.Multiscale structure and evolution of Hurricane Earl(2010)during rapid intensification.Monthly Weather Review,143(2):536-562.
Sanger N T,Montgomery M T,Smith R K,et al.2014.An observational study of tropical cyclone Spinup in Supertyphoon Jangmi(2008)from 24to 27September.Monthly Weather Review,142(1):3-28.
Schneider R,Barnes G M.2005.Low-level kinematic,thermodynamic,and reflectivity fields associated with Hurricane Bonnie(1998)at landfall.Monthly Weather Review,133(11):3243-3259.
Shu S J,Wang Y,Song J J.2011.Observational analysis of the structure of Typhoon Haitang(0505)over the western North Pacific by using the GPS Dropsonde data.Acta Meteorologica Sinica(in Chinese),69(6):933-944.
Stern D P,Zhang F Q.2016.The warm core structure of Hurricane Earl(2010):Observations and simulations.Journalofthe AtmosphericSciences,73(8):3305-3328.
Stevenson S N,Corbosiero K L,Molinari J.2014.The convective
evolution and rapid intensification of Hurricane Earl(2010).Monthly Weather Review,142(11):4364-4380.
Yan W,Han D,Zhou X K,et al.2013.Analysing the structure characteristics of tropical cyclones based on CloudSat satellite data.Chinese Journal of Geophysics(in Chinese),56(6):1809-1824,doi:10.6038/cjg20130603.
Zhang J A,Rogers R F,Nolan D S,et al.2011.On the characteristic height scales of the hurricane boundary layer.Monthly Weather Review,139(8):2523-2535.
Zhang J A,Cione J J,Kalina E A,et al.2017.Observations of infrared sea surface temperature and air-sea interaction in Hurricane Edouard(2014)using GPS dropsondes.Journal of Atmospheric&Oceanic Technology,34(6):1333-1349.
Zhang Y,Liu L P,Yang M L,et al.2011.Analysis on the structure characteristics of Typhoon Goni.Meteorological Monthly(in Chinese),37(6):659-669.
Zhao S H,Zhou Y Q.2010.Research on macro-micro structures of Typhoon‘Ewiniar’using a variety of satellites.Plateau Meteorology(in Chinese),29(5):1254-1260.
Zhou H G.2010.Mesoscale spiral rainband structure of Super Typhoon Wipha(0713)observed by Dual-Doppler radar.Transactions of Atmospheric Sciences(in Chinese),33(3):271-284.
陈联寿.2010.热带气象灾害及其研究进展.气象,36(7):101-110.
彭犁然,舒守娟.2010.利用GPS Dropsonde资料研究“龙王”台风的结构特征.热带气象学报,26(1):13-21.
舒守娟,王元,宋金杰.2011.西北太平洋台风“海棠”结构的GPS下投式探空仪观测分析.气象学报,69(6):933-944.
严卫,韩丁,周小珂等.2013.利用CloudSat卫星资料分析热带气旋的结构特征.地球物理学报,56(6):1809-1824,doi:10.6038/cjg20130603.
张勇,刘黎平,仰美霖等.2011.“天鹅”台风风场结构特征.气象,37(6):659-668.
赵姝慧,周毓荃.2010.利用多种卫星研究台风“艾云尼”宏微观结构特征.高原气象,29(5):1254-1260.
周海光.2010.超强台风韦帕(0713)螺旋雨带中尺度结构双多普勒雷达研究.大气科学学报,33(3):271-284.
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