琯溪蜜柚园土壤肥力和叶片营养随树龄的变化
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摘要
对福建省平和县板仔、文峰、霞寨、小溪、五寨、国强6个乡镇选择有代表性的26个不同树龄(4～10、10～20和20年以上)琯溪蜜柚园采集土壤及叶片样品,分析琯溪蜜柚园土壤肥力及叶片营养随树龄的变化。结果表明,26个琯溪蜜柚园土壤pH值为3.51～5.77,平均为4.26,处于极酸性;土壤碱解氮、速效钾、交换性钙和交换性镁含量均处于缺乏至极缺水平,土壤有效磷、有效铁和有效铜含量处于高量至过量水平,土壤有机质、交换性钙、交换性镁、有效锰含量随树龄增大而显著降低,土壤有效硼含量整体处于缺乏水平且随树龄增大而显著升高。26个柚园叶片钾、钙和镁含量适宜,磷、锰、铜和硼含量偏高至过量,幼龄树(4～10年)叶片氮、铁含量偏高,而低龄(4～10)、成龄(10～20年)树叶片锌含量偏低。由此说明,琯溪蜜柚园土壤肥力随树龄变化明显,其中土壤有机质及有效钙、镁、锰含量随树龄增加显著下降;柚树叶片养分含量随树龄变化不明显,其中磷、硼、锰、铜含量普遍偏高或过量而锌偏低。因此,必须重视投产以及老果园土壤管理,改良酸性,增施有机质,补充钙、镁营养,以保障树体营养平衡和果实品质。
Soil and leaf samples were collected from 26 Guanxi pomelo orchards of different tree-age(4 ～ 10,10 ～ 20,>20 years)in the six towns of Pinghe County,Fujian Province,i.e.,Banzai,Wenfeng,Xiazhai,Xiaoxi,Wuzhai and Guoqiang and soil and leaf nutrients were analyzed.The results showed that soil pH value of 26 orchards ranged from 3.51 to 5.77,with an average of 4.26 which was extremely acidic.The contents of alkaline N,available K,exchangeable Ca and Mg were all at shortage or extreme shortage levels.The soil available P,Fe and Cu contents ranged from high to excessive levels.The contents of soil OM,exchangeable Ca and Mg,effective Mn decreased significantly with tree-age.The content of soil available B was at a deficient level and increased drastically with planting ages.The contents of K,Ca and Mg of leaves of 26 orchards were suitable,the contents of P,Mn,Cu and B were high even excessive.The contents of N and Fe of leaves of young trees(4 ～ 10 years)were high and Zn contents for young and elder trees(4 ～ 10,10 ～ 20 years)were a bit low. Therefore,the soil fertility of the Guanxi pomelo orchards changed remarkably with tree-age,the contents of soil OM,available Ca,Mg and Mn decreased significantly with the age of trees.The nutrient contents of the Guanxi pomelo leaves didn't show significantly changes with tree-age.Meanwhile,the contents of P,B,Mn,Cu of leaves were high or excessive,while Zn was a bit low.Therefore,for the sake of the balance of trees' nutritional and fruit quality,we should ameliorate acidity and increase OM,Ca and Mg nutrients in the management of old orchards.
Soil and leaf samples were collected from 26 Guanxi pomelo orchards of different tree-age(4 ～ 10,10 ～ 20,>20 years)in the six towns of Pinghe County,Fujian Province,i.e.,Banzai,Wenfeng,Xiazhai,Xiaoxi,Wuzhai and Guoqiang and soil and leaf nutrients were analyzed.The results showed that soil pH value of 26 orchards ranged from 3.51 to 5.77,with an average of 4.26 which was extremely acidic.The contents of alkaline N,available K,exchangeable Ca and Mg were all at shortage or extreme shortage levels.The soil available P,Fe and Cu contents ranged from high to excessive levels.The contents of soil OM,exchangeable Ca and Mg,effective Mn decreased significantly with tree-age.The content of soil available B was at a deficient level and increased drastically with planting ages.The contents of K,Ca and Mg of leaves of 26 orchards were suitable,the contents of P,Mn,Cu and B were high even excessive.The contents of N and Fe of leaves of young trees(4 ～ 10 years)were high and Zn contents for young and elder trees(4 ～ 10,10 ～ 20 years)were a bit low. Therefore,the soil fertility of the Guanxi pomelo orchards changed remarkably with tree-age,the contents of soil OM,available Ca,Mg and Mn decreased significantly with the age of trees.The nutrient contents of the Guanxi pomelo leaves didn't show significantly changes with tree-age.Meanwhile,the contents of P,B,Mn,Cu of leaves were high or excessive,while Zn was a bit low.Therefore,for the sake of the balance of trees' nutritional and fruit quality,we should ameliorate acidity and increase OM,Ca and Mg nutrients in the management of old orchards.
引文
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[22]淳长品,彭良志,凌丽俐,等.赣南产区脐橙叶片大量和中量元素营养状况研究[J].果树学报,2010,27(5):678-682.
[23]Zheng C S,Lan X,Tan Q L,et al.Soil application of calcium and magnesium fertilizer influences the fruit pulp mastication characteristics of Nanfeng tangerine(Citrus reticulata Blanco cv.Kinokuni)[J].Scientia Horticulturae,2015,191:121-126.
[24]陶梦铭,应虹,孙强,等.湖北与湖南柑橘园土壤及树体养分状况[J].湖北农业科学,2016,(13):3289-3292.
[25]黄绿林.平和县山地琯溪蜜柚果园土壤养分评价[J].中国南方果树,2015,(2):63-65.
[26]温明霞,吴韶辉,王鹏,等.温州蜜柑叶片黄化果园土壤及叶片的养分含量特征[J].水土保持学报,2012,26(4):123-126,132.
[27]黄日升.福建平和琯溪蜜柚因土施肥技术[J].果树实用技术与信息,2015,(3):26-27.
[28]曾瑞琴.平和县琯溪蜜柚果园土壤养分状况及其施肥建议[J].福建农业科技,2012,(10):67-69.
[29]位高生,胡承孝,谭启玲,等.氮磷减量施肥对琯溪蜜柚果实产量和品质的影响[J].植物营养与肥料学报,2018,24(2):471-478.
[2]李发林,曾瑞琴,危天进,等.福建省平和县琯溪蜜柚果园土壤磷环境风险评价研究[J].中国生态农业学报,2015,23(8):1001-1009.
[3]金冰华.平和县琯溪蜜柚发展前景分析[J].绿色科技,2016,(3):99-100.
[4]曾春华,吴炳清.平和县琯溪蜜柚施肥技术初探[J].福建农业,2014,(6):74-75.
[5]曾思毅.琯溪蜜柚与因土施肥[J].福建农业,2006,(1):11.
[6]朱友添.平和县蜜柚产业施肥现状、存在问题及建议[J].东南园艺,2014,2(5):51-53.
[7]李清华,王飞,何春梅,等.平和琯溪蜜柚施肥现状调查分析[J].南方农业学报,2016,47(12):2059-2064.
[8]张东,赵娟,韩明玉,等.黄土高原富士苹果叶片矿质养分与果实品质相关性分析[J].园艺学报,2014,41(11):2179-2187.
[9]杨光蓉.不同树龄脐橙次生果黄化与树体矿质营养关系初探[J].四川农业大学学报,1993,(2):242-245.
[10]赵峥,褚长彬,周德平,等.上海郊区不同树龄葡萄园土壤养分特征研究[J].果树学报,2017,34(11):1435-1442.
[11]董锐.不同树龄的落叶松林对林下土壤酶活性的影响[J].防护林科技,2016,(4):48-49,79.
[12]张建华,李锋,梁爱银.中宁不同树龄枸杞园土壤有效钾分布研究[J].宁夏农林科技,2016,57(1):23-25,2.
[13]蔡金良.不同树龄的红松对土壤养分含量的影响[J].安徽农学通报,2017,23(11):126,147.
[14]鲍士旦.土壤农化分析(第三版)[M].北京:中国农业出版社,2005.
[15]胡霭堂.植物营养学[M].北京:中国农业大学出版社,2003.
[16]庄伊美.柑桔营养与施肥[M].北京:中国农业出版社,1997.
[17]鲁剑巍.湖北省柑橘园土壤-植物养分状况与柑橘平衡施肥技术研究[D].武汉:华中农业大学,2003.
[18]吴飞龙,耿耿,廖海霞,等.福建闽侯果园土壤养分状况分析[J].中国南方果树,2015,44(2):74-76,80.
[19]王永利.不同树龄早实核桃园土壤主要矿质元素及有机质含量的变化[D].保定:河北农业大学,2009.
[20]钱笑杰,林晓兰,肖靖,等.福建果园土壤pH值、养分关系与土壤肥力质量评价研究-以福建省漳州市平和县琯溪蜜柚园地为例[J].福建热作科技,2017,42(1):9-15.
[21]徐茜,陈爱国,戴培刚,等.镁肥合理施用对烤烟生长及产质量的影响[J].中国烟草科学,2011,32(2):33-37.
[22]淳长品,彭良志,凌丽俐,等.赣南产区脐橙叶片大量和中量元素营养状况研究[J].果树学报,2010,27(5):678-682.
[23]Zheng C S,Lan X,Tan Q L,et al.Soil application of calcium and magnesium fertilizer influences the fruit pulp mastication characteristics of Nanfeng tangerine(Citrus reticulata Blanco cv.Kinokuni)[J].Scientia Horticulturae,2015,191:121-126.
[24]陶梦铭,应虹,孙强,等.湖北与湖南柑橘园土壤及树体养分状况[J].湖北农业科学,2016,(13):3289-3292.
[25]黄绿林.平和县山地琯溪蜜柚果园土壤养分评价[J].中国南方果树,2015,(2):63-65.
[26]温明霞,吴韶辉,王鹏,等.温州蜜柑叶片黄化果园土壤及叶片的养分含量特征[J].水土保持学报,2012,26(4):123-126,132.
[27]黄日升.福建平和琯溪蜜柚因土施肥技术[J].果树实用技术与信息,2015,(3):26-27.
[28]曾瑞琴.平和县琯溪蜜柚果园土壤养分状况及其施肥建议[J].福建农业科技,2012,(10):67-69.
[29]位高生,胡承孝,谭启玲,等.氮磷减量施肥对琯溪蜜柚果实产量和品质的影响[J].植物营养与肥料学报,2018,24(2):471-478.