均衡和效率双重视角下武汉市主城区公园绿地空间布局优化研究
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摘要
公园绿地是城市公共服务设施的重要组成部分,其空间布局与城市居民生活息息相关。根据布局现状,以2020年为优化时间结点,兼顾布局效率和布局均衡,首先以居民出行成本最小化为效率性目标,构建选址模型以对新增公园绿地进行选址;再以可达性差异最小化为均衡性目标,构建面积优化模型以确定公园绿地的合适规模。两种模型共同实现了公园绿地的布局优化。研究表明:(1)现状条件下,公园绿地布局不能满足居民的基本游憩需求,空间效率性和均衡性较低;(2)要实现本文的优化目标,需新增全市性公园绿地28座,共计1 100 hm2;需新增区域性公园绿地34座,共计868. 01 hm2;(3)区位选址模型显著降低了居民到达公园绿地的出行成本,人均出行成本由1 311. 24 m降低到了915. 93 m;(4)区位选址和规模优化模型能够显著提高公园绿地布局的均衡性,使得公园绿地布局与居民人口比配达到均衡,居民至整体公园绿地可达性差异系数由0. 71降低到了0. 54。
Park green space is an important part of urban public service facilities,whose spatial distribution is closely related to the life of urban residents. According to the status of the layout,this paper takes 2020 as the optimal time node and takes into account both the efficiency and the equilibrium of layout. First,this paper takes the minimization of residents travel cost as the efficiency goal,and constructs the location optimization model to locate the newly added park green spaces. Then we take the minimization of accessibility difference coefficient as the equilibrium goal,and construct the area optimization model to determine the appropriate scale of park green spaces. The two models have jointly realized the layout optimization of the park green spaces. The conclusions of this study show that:( 1) Under the present conditions,the layout of the park green spaces cannot meet the basic recreation needs of the residents,and the spatial efficiency and equilibrium are quite low.( 2) To achieve the goal of the optimization,we need to add 28 urban park green spaces( 1 100 hectares) and 34 regional park green spaces( 868. 01 hectares).( 3) The location model can significantly reduce travel cost of the residents to park green spaces,and the per capita travel cost can be reduced from 1 311. 24 to 915. 93 m.( 4) The location and area optimization model can significantly improve the equilibrium of park green spaces ' layout,making it balanced with the population of residents. The accessibility difference coefficient of the residents in different regions to the park green spaces has been reduced from 0. 71 to 0. 54.
Park green space is an important part of urban public service facilities,whose spatial distribution is closely related to the life of urban residents. According to the status of the layout,this paper takes 2020 as the optimal time node and takes into account both the efficiency and the equilibrium of layout. First,this paper takes the minimization of residents travel cost as the efficiency goal,and constructs the location optimization model to locate the newly added park green spaces. Then we take the minimization of accessibility difference coefficient as the equilibrium goal,and construct the area optimization model to determine the appropriate scale of park green spaces. The two models have jointly realized the layout optimization of the park green spaces. The conclusions of this study show that:( 1) Under the present conditions,the layout of the park green spaces cannot meet the basic recreation needs of the residents,and the spatial efficiency and equilibrium are quite low.( 2) To achieve the goal of the optimization,we need to add 28 urban park green spaces( 1 100 hectares) and 34 regional park green spaces( 868. 01 hectares).( 3) The location model can significantly reduce travel cost of the residents to park green spaces,and the per capita travel cost can be reduced from 1 311. 24 to 915. 93 m.( 4) The location and area optimization model can significantly improve the equilibrium of park green spaces ' layout,making it balanced with the population of residents. The accessibility difference coefficient of the residents in different regions to the park green spaces has been reduced from 0. 71 to 0. 54.
引文
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[19]余兆武,郭青海,孙然好.基于景观尺度的城市冷岛效应研究综述[J].应用生态学报,2015,26(2):636-642.YU Z W,GUO Q H,SUN R H. Impacts of urban cooling effect based on landscape scale:A review[J]. Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,2015,26(2):636-642.
[20]周详,张晓刚,何龙斌,等.面向行为尺度的城市绿地格局均衡性评价及其优化策略——以深圳市为例[J].北京大学学报(自然科学版),2013(5):892-898.ZHOU X,ZHANG X G,HE L B,et al. Equity assessment on urban green space pattern based on human behavior scale and its optimization strategy:A case study in Shenzhen[J]. Acta Scientiarum Naturalium Universitatis Pekinensis, 2013(5):892-898.
[21]宋正娜,颜庭干,刘婷,等.新重力P中值模型及其在城市综合医院区位决策中的实证检验——以无锡市为例[J].地理科学进展,2016,35(4):420-430.SONG Z N,YAN T G,LIU T,et al. A new gravity P-median model and empirical test in urban comprehensive hospital location decision making:take Wuxi as an example[J].Progress in Geography,2016,35(4):420-430.
[22]陶卓霖,程杨,戴特奇,等.基于公平最大化目标的2020年北京市养老设施布局优化[J].地理科学进展,2015,34(12):1609-1616.TAO Z L,CHENG Y,DAI T Q,et al. Spatial optimization of residential care facility locations in 2020 in Beijing:maximum equity in accessibility[J]. Progress in Geography,2015,34(12):1609-1616.
[23]戴特奇,王梁,张宇超,等.农村学校撤并后规模约束对学校优化布局的影响——以北京延庆区为例[J].地理科学进展,2016,35(11):1352-1359.DAI T Q,WANG L,ZHANG Y C,et al. Optimizing school distribution with constraints of school size after school consolidation in rural China:A case study of Yanqing district,Beijing City[J]. Progress in Geography,2016,35(11):1352-1359.
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[25] National Bureau of Statistics of the People’s Republic of China.Tabulation on the 2010 population census of the People’s Republic of China[EB/OL].(2011-04-28)[2016-05-24].
[26] EKOWICAKSONO I, BUKHARI F, AMAN A. Estimating origin-destination matrix of Bogor city using gravity model[J].2016,31(1):012021.
[27]蔡悠芳.基于修正引力模型的乡级农村居民点空间布局优化研究[D].江西农业大学,2014.CAI Y F. Research on spatial consolidation of rural settlements based on modified gravity model[D]. Agricultural University of Jiangxi,2014.
[28] WEI F. Greener urbanization? Changing accessibility to parks in China[J]. Landscape&Urban Planning,2017,157:542-552.
[29]柳泽,杨宏,熊维康,等.基于改进两步移动搜索法的县域医疗卫生服务空间可达性研究[J].地理科学,2017,37(5):728-737.LIU Z,YANG H,XIONG W K,et al. Spatial accessibilities of medical services at county level based on optimized two-step floating catchment area method[J]. Scientia Geographica Sinica,2017,37(5):728-737.
[30] DAI D. Racial/ethnic and socioeconomic disparities in urban green space accessibility:Where to intervene[J]. Landscape&Urban Planning,2011,102(4):234-244.
[31] DAI D,WANG F. Geographic disparities in accessibility to food stores in southwest Mississippi[J]. Environment&Planning B Planning&Design,2011,38(4):659-677.
[32]李孟桐,杨令宾,魏冶.高斯两步移动搜索法的模型研究:以上海市绿地可达性为例[J].地理科学进展,2016,35(8):990-996.LI M T,YANG L B,WEI Y. Improved Gaussian based 2-step floating catchment area method:A case study of green space accessibility in Shanghai[J]. Progress in Geography,2016,35(8):990-996.
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(1)由于武汉市主城区包含的江夏区范围较小,因此将这部分纳入洪山区进行统计.后文所统计的各区数据均为各区处于主城区范围内的部分.
(1)箱线图是一种用作显示一组数据分散情况资料的统计图,Q0、Q1、Q2、Q3、Q4分别表示最小值、下四分位数、中位数、上四分位数、最大值.
[2]吴健生,司梦林,李卫锋.供需平衡视角下的城市公园绿地空间公平性分析——以深圳市福田区为例[J].应用生态学报,2016,27(9):2831-2838.WU J S,SI M L,LI W F. Spatial equity analysis of urban green space from the perspective of balance between supply and demand:A case study of Futian district,Shenzhen,China[J].Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,2016,09:1-11.
[3] LIU W,CHEN W,DONG C. Spatial decay of recreational services of urban parks:characteristics and influencing factors[J]. Urban Forestry&Urban Greening,2017,25.
[4] NADY R. Towards effective and sustainable urban parks in Alexandria[J]. Procedia Environmental Sciences,2016,34:474-489.
[5] SWAPAN M S H,IFTEKHAR M S,LI X. Contextual variations in perceived social values of ecosystem services of urban parks:A comparative study of China and Australia[J]. Cities,2017,61:17-26.
[6] RAZAK M A W A,OTHMAN N,NAZIR N N M. Connecting people with nature:urban park and human well-being[J].Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences,2016,222:476-484.
[7]贺爽,耿超,杨鑫.公园绿地对城市道路环境污染的改善效应——以北京奥林匹克森林公园为例[J].中国人口·资源与环境,2016,26(S2):304-309.HE S,GENG C, YANG X. On improvement effect of park green space on environmental pollution of urban road:A case study of olympic forest park[J]. China Population,Resources and Environment,2016,26(S2):304-309.
[8]吴志能,邹敏,艾丽皎,等.重庆市公园绿地夏季的热岛调控效应[J].中国农学通报,2014,30(22):238-245.WU Z N,ZOU M,AI L J,et al. The heat island regulation effects of Chongqing parks in summer[J]. Chinese Agricultural Science Bulletin,2014,30(22):238-245.
[9] ZHANG Y J,ALAN T,MY,B L TURNER. Optimizing green space locations to reduce daytime and nighttime urban heat island effects in Phoenix,Arizona[J]. Landscape and Urban Planning,2017,165.
[10]赵磊,吴文智.本土文化传承与城市公园绿地规划[J].城市发展研究,2013,20(9):26-31.ZHAO L, WU W Z. Heritage of local culture and planning urban green space system[J]. Urban Development Studies,2013,20(9):26-31.
[11]黄静.地域文化在城市公园绿地中的表达——以武安城市公园绿地更新规划为例[J].福建林业科技,2010,37(3):167-172.HUANG J. Expression of regional culture in urban park—taking the renewal of Wuan’s urban park as the example[J]. Journal of Fujian Forestry Science and Technology, 2010, 37(3):167-172.
[12]徐秀玉.城市公园休闲供需平衡研究——以广州市为例[J].云南地理环境研究,2013(6):69-75.XU X Y. Study on the balance of supply and demand of urban parks:A case of Guangzhou[J]. Yunnan Geographic Environment Research,2013(6):69-75.
[13]马淇蔚,李咏华,范雪怡.老龄社会视角下的绿地空间可达性研究——以杭州市为例[J].经济地理,2016(2):95-101,116.MA Q W,LI Y H,FAN X Y. The green spatial accessibility from the view of aging population:A case study of Hangzhou[J]. Economic Geography,2016(2):95-101,116.
[14] GU X,TAO S,DAI B. Spatial accessibility of country parks in Shanghai,China[J]. Urban Forestry&Urban Greening,2017.
[15] WU C,YE X,DU Q,et al. Spatial effects of accessibility to parks on housing prices in Shenzhen,China[J]. Habitat International,2017,63:45-54.
[16]温海珍,李旭宁,张凌.城市景观对住宅价格的影响——以杭州市为例[J].地理研究,2012,31(10):1806-1814.WEN H Z,LI X N,ZHANG L. Impact of the urban landscape on the housing price:A case study in Hangzhou[J].Geographical Research,2012,31(10):1806-1814.
[17]汤庆园,徐伟,艾福利.基于地理加权回归的上海市房价空间分异及其影响因子研究[J].经济地理,2012,32(2):52-58.TANG Q Y,XU W,AI F L. A GWR-based study on spatial pattern and structural determinants of Shanghai’s Housing Price[J]. Economic Geography,2012,32(2):52-58.
[18]焦利民,肖丰涛,许刚,等.武汉都市区绿地破碎化格局对城市扩张的时空响应[J].资源科学,2015,37(8):1650-1660.JIAO L M,XIAO F T,XU G,et al. Spatial-temporal response of green land fragmentation patterns to urban expansion in Wuhan metropolitan area[J]. Resources Science, 2015, 37(8):1650-1660.
[19]余兆武,郭青海,孙然好.基于景观尺度的城市冷岛效应研究综述[J].应用生态学报,2015,26(2):636-642.YU Z W,GUO Q H,SUN R H. Impacts of urban cooling effect based on landscape scale:A review[J]. Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,2015,26(2):636-642.
[20]周详,张晓刚,何龙斌,等.面向行为尺度的城市绿地格局均衡性评价及其优化策略——以深圳市为例[J].北京大学学报(自然科学版),2013(5):892-898.ZHOU X,ZHANG X G,HE L B,et al. Equity assessment on urban green space pattern based on human behavior scale and its optimization strategy:A case study in Shenzhen[J]. Acta Scientiarum Naturalium Universitatis Pekinensis, 2013(5):892-898.
[21]宋正娜,颜庭干,刘婷,等.新重力P中值模型及其在城市综合医院区位决策中的实证检验——以无锡市为例[J].地理科学进展,2016,35(4):420-430.SONG Z N,YAN T G,LIU T,et al. A new gravity P-median model and empirical test in urban comprehensive hospital location decision making:take Wuxi as an example[J].Progress in Geography,2016,35(4):420-430.
[22]陶卓霖,程杨,戴特奇,等.基于公平最大化目标的2020年北京市养老设施布局优化[J].地理科学进展,2015,34(12):1609-1616.TAO Z L,CHENG Y,DAI T Q,et al. Spatial optimization of residential care facility locations in 2020 in Beijing:maximum equity in accessibility[J]. Progress in Geography,2015,34(12):1609-1616.
[23]戴特奇,王梁,张宇超,等.农村学校撤并后规模约束对学校优化布局的影响——以北京延庆区为例[J].地理科学进展,2016,35(11):1352-1359.DAI T Q,WANG L,ZHANG Y C,et al. Optimizing school distribution with constraints of school size after school consolidation in rural China:A case study of Yanqing district,Beijing City[J]. Progress in Geography,2016,35(11):1352-1359.
[24]武汉市国土资源和规划局.《武汉市城市总体规划(2010-2020年)》.[EB/OL]. http://www.wpl.gov.cn/pc-35849-69-0.html.
[25] National Bureau of Statistics of the People’s Republic of China.Tabulation on the 2010 population census of the People’s Republic of China[EB/OL].(2011-04-28)[2016-05-24].
[26] EKOWICAKSONO I, BUKHARI F, AMAN A. Estimating origin-destination matrix of Bogor city using gravity model[J].2016,31(1):012021.
[27]蔡悠芳.基于修正引力模型的乡级农村居民点空间布局优化研究[D].江西农业大学,2014.CAI Y F. Research on spatial consolidation of rural settlements based on modified gravity model[D]. Agricultural University of Jiangxi,2014.
[28] WEI F. Greener urbanization? Changing accessibility to parks in China[J]. Landscape&Urban Planning,2017,157:542-552.
[29]柳泽,杨宏,熊维康,等.基于改进两步移动搜索法的县域医疗卫生服务空间可达性研究[J].地理科学,2017,37(5):728-737.LIU Z,YANG H,XIONG W K,et al. Spatial accessibilities of medical services at county level based on optimized two-step floating catchment area method[J]. Scientia Geographica Sinica,2017,37(5):728-737.
[30] DAI D. Racial/ethnic and socioeconomic disparities in urban green space accessibility:Where to intervene[J]. Landscape&Urban Planning,2011,102(4):234-244.
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(1)由于武汉市主城区包含的江夏区范围较小,因此将这部分纳入洪山区进行统计.后文所统计的各区数据均为各区处于主城区范围内的部分.
(1)箱线图是一种用作显示一组数据分散情况资料的统计图,Q0、Q1、Q2、Q3、Q4分别表示最小值、下四分位数、中位数、上四分位数、最大值.