天山云杉林土壤有机碳矿化特征
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摘要
将新疆天山云杉林分布区划分为1 800～2 000、2 000～2 200、2 200～2 400、2 400～2 600m和2 600～2 800m5个海拔梯度,利用S型采样法分别采集不同海拔梯度0～20、20～40、40～60cm的土壤混合样品。在28℃的室内条件下分别培养1、4、6、8、12、14、24、34、44、54、65、75、86d和96d,测定不同培养时间土壤有机碳的累积矿化量,并进一步利用双指数模型拟合土壤有机碳的矿化过程,探讨不同海拔梯度下土壤有机碳矿化异同以及土壤活性碳、微生物碳含量、降雨量和温度对土壤有机碳矿化的影响。结果表明,双指数模型可以很好地拟合出不同海拔各层土壤有机碳矿化过程,R~2达到0.97～1.00;云杉林土壤有机碳96d的累积矿化量和矿化速率随土层加深而降低,随海拔的升高表现出先降低、再升高,此后逐渐降低的变化趋势,两者最大值位于海拔2 200～2 400m,0～20cm土壤分别为4.10g·kg~(-1)和42.71mg·kg~(-1)·d~(-1);0～20cm土壤活性碳含量为1.98～13.68g·kg~(-1),表聚现象明显,具有与土壤有机碳累积矿化量和矿化速率相同的海拔变化特征;土壤微生物量和土壤有机碳矿化特征呈显著正相关,土壤微生物是影响土壤有机碳矿化的主要因素。
The distribution area of Picea schrenkiana occurring in Xinjiang was divided into five elevation gradients:1 800-2 000,2 000-2 200,2 200-2 400,2 400-2 600 and 2 600-2 800 m.Stype sampling method was adopted to collect the soils with the depths of 0-20,20-40,and 40-60 cm in different elevations.Soil samples were cultured in door at 28℃for 1,4,6,8,12,14,24,34,44,54,65,75,86 and 96 days,respectively.The cumulative amounts of soil organic carbon mineralization(SOCM)in different culture time were determined.The mineralization process was simulated by the double exponential model.Effects of soil active carbon,microbial carbon content,rainfall and temperature on SOCM in different elevations were studied.The results showed that the double exponential model could well fit the process of SOCN at different elevations.The values of R~2 reached 0.97-1.00.The cumulative amount and rate of SOCM in 96 days decreased with the soil depth.With the increase of the elevation,the cumulative amount and rate of SOCM presented a trend of decrease-increase-decrease.The maximum values of cumulative amount and rate of SOCM were 4.10 g·kg~(-1) and 42.71 mg·kg~(-1)·d~(-1),respectively in 0-20 cm soil layer with the elevation of 2 200-2 400 m.The content of soil active carbon in 0-20 cm soil layer ranged from 1.98-13.68 g·kg~(-1).The apparent aggregation phenomenon was significant.The variation pattern of soil active carbon with the change of elevation was the same as cumulative amount and rate of SOCN.The soil microorganism quantity was significantly correlated with SOCM characteristics,which was the main factor affecting the soil organic carbon mineralization.
The distribution area of Picea schrenkiana occurring in Xinjiang was divided into five elevation gradients:1 800-2 000,2 000-2 200,2 200-2 400,2 400-2 600 and 2 600-2 800 m.Stype sampling method was adopted to collect the soils with the depths of 0-20,20-40,and 40-60 cm in different elevations.Soil samples were cultured in door at 28℃for 1,4,6,8,12,14,24,34,44,54,65,75,86 and 96 days,respectively.The cumulative amounts of soil organic carbon mineralization(SOCM)in different culture time were determined.The mineralization process was simulated by the double exponential model.Effects of soil active carbon,microbial carbon content,rainfall and temperature on SOCM in different elevations were studied.The results showed that the double exponential model could well fit the process of SOCN at different elevations.The values of R~2 reached 0.97-1.00.The cumulative amount and rate of SOCM in 96 days decreased with the soil depth.With the increase of the elevation,the cumulative amount and rate of SOCM presented a trend of decrease-increase-decrease.The maximum values of cumulative amount and rate of SOCM were 4.10 g·kg~(-1) and 42.71 mg·kg~(-1)·d~(-1),respectively in 0-20 cm soil layer with the elevation of 2 200-2 400 m.The content of soil active carbon in 0-20 cm soil layer ranged from 1.98-13.68 g·kg~(-1).The apparent aggregation phenomenon was significant.The variation pattern of soil active carbon with the change of elevation was the same as cumulative amount and rate of SOCN.The soil microorganism quantity was significantly correlated with SOCM characteristics,which was the main factor affecting the soil organic carbon mineralization.
引文
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[12]丁咸庆,马慧静,朱晓龙,等.大围山不同海拔森林土壤有机碳垂直分布特征[J].水土保持学报,2015,34(2):258-262.DING X Q,MA H J,ZHU X L,et al.The vertical distribution characteristics of soil organic carbon in different altitude of Dawei Mountain[J].Journal of Soil and Water Conservation,2015,34(2):258-262.(in Chinese)
[13]GIARDINA CP,RYAN MG.Evidence that decomposition rates of organic carbon in mineral soil do not vary with temperature[J].Nature,2000,404(6780):858-860.
[14]LEIROS MC,TRASAR-CEPEDA C,SEOANE S,et al.Dependence of mineralization of soil organic matter on temperature and moisture[J].Soil Biology and Biochemistry,1999,31(3):327-335.
[15]REY A,PETSIKOS C,JARVIS PG,et al.Effect of temperature and moisture on rates of carbon mineralization in a Mediterranean oak forest soil under controlled and field conditions[J].European Journal of Soil Science,2005,56(5):589-599.
[16]FANG C,MONCRIEFF J B.The dependence of soil CO2efflux on temperature[J].Soil Biology and Biochemistry,2001,33(2):155-165.
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[18]HOPKINS D W,SPARROW A D,ELBERLING B,et al.Carbon,nitrogen and temperature controls on microbial activity in soils from an antarctic dry valley[J].Soil Biology&Biochemistry,2006,38(10):3130-3140.
[19]杨添,戴伟,安晓娟,等.天然林土壤有机碳及矿化特征研究[J].环境科学,2014,36(3):1105-1110.YANG T,DAI W,AN X J,et al.Organic carbon and carbon mineralization characteristics in nature forestry soil[J].Environmental Science,2014,36(3):1105-1110.(in Chinese)
[20]BOYLE M,PAUL E A.Carbon and nitrogen mineralization kinetics in soil previously amended with sewage sludge[J].Soil Science Society of America Journal,1989,53(1):99-103.
[21]安晓娟,李萍,戴伟,等.亚热带几种林分类型土壤有机碳变化特征及与土壤性质的关系[J].中国农学通报,2012,28(22):53-58.AN X J,LI P,DAI W,et al.The variation characteristics of soil organic carbon and its relationship with soil properties in typical subtropical plantations[J].Chinese Agricultural Science Bulletin,2012,28(22):53-58.(in Chinese)
[22]巩晟萱,王丹,戴伟,等.不同生长时期丝栗栲林下土壤有机碳含量及矿化特征[J].水土保持通报,2015,35(5):59-63.GONG S X,WANG D,DAI W,et al.Content and mineralization characteristics of soil organic carbon under Castanopsis fargesii forests in different growth periods[J].Bulletin of Soil and Water Conservation,2015,35(5):59-63.(in Chinese)
[23]刘浩宇,巩晟萱,王兵,等.阿尔泰山冷杉林下土壤有机碳矿化特征[J].水土保持通报,2016,36(1):327-331.LIU H Y,GONG S X,WANG B,et al.Mineralization characteristics of soil organic under Abies nephrolepis forest in Altai Mountains[J].Bulletin of Soil and Water Conservation,2016,36(1):327-331.(in Chinese)
[24]麻泽宇,王丹,戴伟,等.阿尔泰山不同海拔梯度天然冷杉林土壤特征及肥力综合评价[J].水土保持研究,2016,23(5):134-140.MA Z Y,WANG D,DAI W,et al.Soil characteristics and fertility evaluation of Abies sibirica forest at different altitude gradients in Altai Mountain[J].Research of Soil and Water Conservation,2016,23(5):134-140.(in Chinese)
[25]国家林业局.森林土壤分析方法[M].北京:中国农业出版社,2005.
[26]阿米娜木·艾力,常顺利,张毓涛,等.天山云杉林土壤有机碳沿海拔的分布规律及其影响因素[J].生态学报,2014,34(5):1626-1634.AMINEM E L,CHANG S L,ZHANG Y T,et al.Altitudinal distribution rule of Picea schrenkianaforests soil organic carbon and its influencing factors[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2014,34(5):1626-1634.(in Chinese)
[27]ZOU X M,RUAN H H,FU Y,et al.Estimating soil labileorganic carbon and potential turnover rates using a sequential fumigation-nincubation procedure[J].Soil Biology and Biochemistry,2005,37(10):1923-1928.
[28]JENKINSON D S,POWLSON.The effects of biocidal treatments on metabolism in soil-V.a method for measuring soil biomass[J].Soil Biol Biochem,1976,8(3):209-213.
[29]吴建国,张小全,徐德应,等.六盘山林区几种土地利用方式对土壤有机碳矿化影响的比较[J].植物生态学报,2004,28(4):530-538.WU J G,ZHANG X Q,XU D Y,et al.The mineralization of soil organic carbon under different land uses in the Liupan Mountain forest zone[J].Acta Phytoecologica Sinica,2004,28(4):530-538.(in Chinese)
[30]BOYLE M,PAUL E A.Carbon and nitrogen mineralization kinetics in soil previously amended with sewage sludge[J].Soil Science Society of America Journal,1989,53(1):99-103.
[31]高菲,林维,崔晓阳.小兴安岭两种森林类型土壤有机碳矿化的季节动态[J].应用生态学报,2016,27(1):9-16.GAO F,LIN W,CUI X Y.Seasonal dynamics of soil organic carbon mineralization for two forest types in Xiaoxingan Mountains,China[J].Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,Jan.2016,27(1):9-16.(in Chinese)
[32]谷丽萍,郭永清,泽桑梓,等.云南干热河谷不同密度麻疯树人工林土壤活性有机碳特征[J].西北林学院学报,2014,29(2):26-31.GU L P,GUO Y Q,ZE S Z,et al.Characteristics of soil organic carbon in Jatropha curcas plantations with different densities in dry-hot valley area of Yunnan Province[J].Journal of Northwest Forestry University,2014,29(2):26-31.(in Chinese)
[33]RASMUSSEN C,SOUTHARD RJ,HORWATH WR.Mineral control of organic carbon mineralization in a range of temperate conifer forest soils[J].Global Change Biology,2006,12:834-847.
[34]REY A,PETSIKOS C,JARVIS P G,et al.Effect of temperature and moisture on rates of carbon mineralization in a Mediterranean oak forest soil under controlled and field conditions[J].European Journal of Soil Science,2005,56:589-599.
[35]WANG Y X,WANG F,WENG B Q,et al.Effect of sod cultivation on mineralization of soil organic carbon in nectarine orchards[J].Acta Prataculturae Sinica,2013,22(6):86-92.
[2]DALAL R C,CHAN K Y.Soil organic matter in rain fed corpping systems of the Australian cereal belt[J].Ausrtalian Jounral of Soil Research,2001,9:435-464.
[3]王红,王邵军,李霁航,等.森林土壤呼吸及其主要调控因素进展[J].西北林学院学报,2017,32(1):92-97.WANG H,WANG S J,LI J H,et al.Characteristics and the influencing factors of forest soil respiration:a review[J].Journal of Northwest Forestry University,2017,32(1):92-97.(in Chinese)
[4]MURWIRA H K,KIRCHMAN H,SWIFT M J.The effect of moisture on the decomposition rate of cattle manure[J].Plant Soil,1990,122:197-199.
[5]CORDVIL C M D S,COUTINHO J,GOSS M,et al.Potentially mineralisable nitrogen from organic materials applied to a sandy soil:fitting the one-pool exponential model[J].Soil Use Manage,2005,21:65-72.
[6]RIBEIRO H M,FANGUEIRO D,ALVES F,et al.Carbonmineralization kinetics in an organically managed cambic arenosol amended with organic fertilizers[J].Plant Nutr.Soil Sci.,2010,173(1):39-45.
[7]LIM S S,LEE K S,LEE S I,et al.Carbon mineralization and retention of livestock manure composts with different substrate quality in three soils[J].Soils Sediments,2012,12:312-322.
[8]PANG H,ZHANG R,DAI W,et al.Application of two exponential equations in the study of soil organic carbon mineralization in natural forests[J].Advance Journal of Food Science and Technology,2014,6(10):1117-1123.
[9]PANG H,DAI W,WANG B,et al.Organic carbon content and mineralization characteristics of soil in a subtropical Pinus massonianaforest[J].Journal of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Research,2013,5(12):1363-1369.
[10]朱凌宇,潘剑君,张威,等.祁连山不同海拔土壤有机碳库及分解特征研究[J].环境科学,2013,29(2):668-675.ZHU L Y,PAN J J,ZHANG W,et al.Study on soil organic carbon pools and turnover characteristes along an elevation gradient in Qilian Mountain[J].Environmental Science,2013,29(2):668-675.(in Chinese)
[11]周焱,徐宪根,阮宏华,等.武夷山不同海拔高度土壤有机碳矿化速率的比较[J].生态学杂志,2008,27(11):1901-1907.ZHOU Y,XU X G,RUAN H H,et al.Mineralization rates of soil organic carbon along an elevation gradient in Wuyi Mountain of Southeast China[J].Chinese Journal of Ecology,2008,27(11):1901-1907.(in Chinese)
[12]丁咸庆,马慧静,朱晓龙,等.大围山不同海拔森林土壤有机碳垂直分布特征[J].水土保持学报,2015,34(2):258-262.DING X Q,MA H J,ZHU X L,et al.The vertical distribution characteristics of soil organic carbon in different altitude of Dawei Mountain[J].Journal of Soil and Water Conservation,2015,34(2):258-262.(in Chinese)
[13]GIARDINA CP,RYAN MG.Evidence that decomposition rates of organic carbon in mineral soil do not vary with temperature[J].Nature,2000,404(6780):858-860.
[14]LEIROS MC,TRASAR-CEPEDA C,SEOANE S,et al.Dependence of mineralization of soil organic matter on temperature and moisture[J].Soil Biology and Biochemistry,1999,31(3):327-335.
[15]REY A,PETSIKOS C,JARVIS PG,et al.Effect of temperature and moisture on rates of carbon mineralization in a Mediterranean oak forest soil under controlled and field conditions[J].European Journal of Soil Science,2005,56(5):589-599.
[16]FANG C,MONCRIEFF J B.The dependence of soil CO2efflux on temperature[J].Soil Biology and Biochemistry,2001,33(2):155-165.
[17]DAVIDSON E A,JANSSENS I A.Temperature sensitivity of carbon decomposition and feedbacks to climate change[J].Nature,2006,440(7081):165-173.
[18]HOPKINS D W,SPARROW A D,ELBERLING B,et al.Carbon,nitrogen and temperature controls on microbial activity in soils from an antarctic dry valley[J].Soil Biology&Biochemistry,2006,38(10):3130-3140.
[19]杨添,戴伟,安晓娟,等.天然林土壤有机碳及矿化特征研究[J].环境科学,2014,36(3):1105-1110.YANG T,DAI W,AN X J,et al.Organic carbon and carbon mineralization characteristics in nature forestry soil[J].Environmental Science,2014,36(3):1105-1110.(in Chinese)
[20]BOYLE M,PAUL E A.Carbon and nitrogen mineralization kinetics in soil previously amended with sewage sludge[J].Soil Science Society of America Journal,1989,53(1):99-103.
[21]安晓娟,李萍,戴伟,等.亚热带几种林分类型土壤有机碳变化特征及与土壤性质的关系[J].中国农学通报,2012,28(22):53-58.AN X J,LI P,DAI W,et al.The variation characteristics of soil organic carbon and its relationship with soil properties in typical subtropical plantations[J].Chinese Agricultural Science Bulletin,2012,28(22):53-58.(in Chinese)
[22]巩晟萱,王丹,戴伟,等.不同生长时期丝栗栲林下土壤有机碳含量及矿化特征[J].水土保持通报,2015,35(5):59-63.GONG S X,WANG D,DAI W,et al.Content and mineralization characteristics of soil organic carbon under Castanopsis fargesii forests in different growth periods[J].Bulletin of Soil and Water Conservation,2015,35(5):59-63.(in Chinese)
[23]刘浩宇,巩晟萱,王兵,等.阿尔泰山冷杉林下土壤有机碳矿化特征[J].水土保持通报,2016,36(1):327-331.LIU H Y,GONG S X,WANG B,et al.Mineralization characteristics of soil organic under Abies nephrolepis forest in Altai Mountains[J].Bulletin of Soil and Water Conservation,2016,36(1):327-331.(in Chinese)
[24]麻泽宇,王丹,戴伟,等.阿尔泰山不同海拔梯度天然冷杉林土壤特征及肥力综合评价[J].水土保持研究,2016,23(5):134-140.MA Z Y,WANG D,DAI W,et al.Soil characteristics and fertility evaluation of Abies sibirica forest at different altitude gradients in Altai Mountain[J].Research of Soil and Water Conservation,2016,23(5):134-140.(in Chinese)
[25]国家林业局.森林土壤分析方法[M].北京:中国农业出版社,2005.
[26]阿米娜木·艾力,常顺利,张毓涛,等.天山云杉林土壤有机碳沿海拔的分布规律及其影响因素[J].生态学报,2014,34(5):1626-1634.AMINEM E L,CHANG S L,ZHANG Y T,et al.Altitudinal distribution rule of Picea schrenkianaforests soil organic carbon and its influencing factors[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2014,34(5):1626-1634.(in Chinese)
[27]ZOU X M,RUAN H H,FU Y,et al.Estimating soil labileorganic carbon and potential turnover rates using a sequential fumigation-nincubation procedure[J].Soil Biology and Biochemistry,2005,37(10):1923-1928.
[28]JENKINSON D S,POWLSON.The effects of biocidal treatments on metabolism in soil-V.a method for measuring soil biomass[J].Soil Biol Biochem,1976,8(3):209-213.
[29]吴建国,张小全,徐德应,等.六盘山林区几种土地利用方式对土壤有机碳矿化影响的比较[J].植物生态学报,2004,28(4):530-538.WU J G,ZHANG X Q,XU D Y,et al.The mineralization of soil organic carbon under different land uses in the Liupan Mountain forest zone[J].Acta Phytoecologica Sinica,2004,28(4):530-538.(in Chinese)
[30]BOYLE M,PAUL E A.Carbon and nitrogen mineralization kinetics in soil previously amended with sewage sludge[J].Soil Science Society of America Journal,1989,53(1):99-103.
[31]高菲,林维,崔晓阳.小兴安岭两种森林类型土壤有机碳矿化的季节动态[J].应用生态学报,2016,27(1):9-16.GAO F,LIN W,CUI X Y.Seasonal dynamics of soil organic carbon mineralization for two forest types in Xiaoxingan Mountains,China[J].Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,Jan.2016,27(1):9-16.(in Chinese)
[32]谷丽萍,郭永清,泽桑梓,等.云南干热河谷不同密度麻疯树人工林土壤活性有机碳特征[J].西北林学院学报,2014,29(2):26-31.GU L P,GUO Y Q,ZE S Z,et al.Characteristics of soil organic carbon in Jatropha curcas plantations with different densities in dry-hot valley area of Yunnan Province[J].Journal of Northwest Forestry University,2014,29(2):26-31.(in Chinese)
[33]RASMUSSEN C,SOUTHARD RJ,HORWATH WR.Mineral control of organic carbon mineralization in a range of temperate conifer forest soils[J].Global Change Biology,2006,12:834-847.
[34]REY A,PETSIKOS C,JARVIS P G,et al.Effect of temperature and moisture on rates of carbon mineralization in a Mediterranean oak forest soil under controlled and field conditions[J].European Journal of Soil Science,2005,56:589-599.
[35]WANG Y X,WANG F,WENG B Q,et al.Effect of sod cultivation on mineralization of soil organic carbon in nectarine orchards[J].Acta Prataculturae Sinica,2013,22(6):86-92.