报废三元电池的回收处理现状
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摘要
随着新能源汽车的快速发展,未来几年将迎来三元电池的大规模报废。三元电池和钴酸锂(Li Co O2)电池分子结构相似,但成分更复杂。目前对于三元电池的研究成为热点,但相关综述较少。综述了目前国内外对报废三元电池的主要回收处理技术,介绍了三元电池的组成结构,对报废三元电池处理过程中不同的处理技术进行比较,指出现阶段回收技术中存在的一些问题,并对未来报废三元电池的回收处置方向进行展望。
With the rapid development of new energy vehicles,large-scale scrapping of ternary batteries will be ushered in the next several years. The structure of ternary batteries is similar to lithium cobalt oxide batteries,but the composition is more complicated. At present,the research on ternary batteries is widely carried out,but the related review is not abundant. This paper introduced the composition of ternary batteries,and compared different processing technologies in the process of batteries scrapping globally. The existing problems were clarified and development direction for recycling and disposal direction of scrapping ternary batteries in the future was proposed.
With the rapid development of new energy vehicles,large-scale scrapping of ternary batteries will be ushered in the next several years. The structure of ternary batteries is similar to lithium cobalt oxide batteries,but the composition is more complicated. At present,the research on ternary batteries is widely carried out,but the related review is not abundant. This paper introduced the composition of ternary batteries,and compared different processing technologies in the process of batteries scrapping globally. The existing problems were clarified and development direction for recycling and disposal direction of scrapping ternary batteries in the future was proposed.
引文
[1]李建波,徐政,纪仲光,等.基于规则破碎的废旧锂离子动力电池分选回收工艺研究[J].稀有金属,2018,6:1-9.
[2]中国新闻网.中国公安部:截至2017年底全国机动车保有量达3.10亿辆[EB/OL].(2018-01-16).http://auto.people.com.cn/n1/2018/0116/c1005-29766686.html.
[3]童志军.动力电池回收行业分析报告[C]∥第五届动力蓄电池回收再生暨二次回收与再生技术研讨会.北京,2017.
[4]He L P,Sun S Y,Mu Y Y,et al.Recovery of lithium,nickel,cobalt,and manganese from spent lithium-ion batteries using L-tartaric acid as a leachant[J].ACS Sustainable Chemistry&Engineering,2016,5(1):714-721.
[5]高桂兰,贺欣,李亚光,等.废旧车用动力锂离子电池的回收利用现状[J].环境工程,2017,35(10):135-140.
[6]Ordo1ez J,Gago E J,Girard A.Processes and technologies for the recycling and recovery of spent lithium-ion batteries[J].Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews,2016,60:195-205.
[7]谢英豪,欧彦楠,余海军,等.废旧车用动力电池安全放电研究[J].工业安全与环保,2017,43(9):44-47.
[8]史红彩.废旧锂离子动力电池中镍钴锰酸锂正极材料的回收及再利用[D].河南:郑州大学,2017:26-28.
[9]朱国才,何向明.废旧锂离子动力电池的拆解及梯次利用[J].新材料产业,2017(9):43-46.
[10]Yang Y,Huang G Y,Xu S M,et al.Thermal treatment process for the recovery of valuable metals from spent lithium-ion batteries[J].Hydrometallurgy,2016,165:390-396.
[11]He L P,Sun S Y,Song X F,et al.Recovery of cathode materials and Al from spent lithium-ion batteries by ultrasonic cleaning[J].Waste Management,2015,46:523-528.
[12]Song D W,Wang X Q,Zhou E L,et al.Recovery and heat treatment of the Li(Ni1/3Co1/3Mn1/3)O2cathode scrap material for lithium ion battery[J].Journal of Power Sources,2013,232:348-352.
[13]Weng Y Q,Xu S M,Huang G Y,et al.Synthesis and performance of Li[(Ni1/3Co1/3Mn1/3)(1-x)Mgx]O2prepared from spent lithium ion batteries[J].Journal of Hazardous Materials,2013,246/247(4):163-172.
[14]Chen L,Tang X C,Zhang Y,et al.Process for the recovery of cobalt oxalate from spent lithium-ion batteries[J].Hydrometallurgy,2011,108(1/2):80-86.
[15]Gao W F,Song J L,Cao H B,et al.Selective recovery of valuable metals from spent lithium-ion batteries-process development and kinetics evaluation[J].Journal of Cleaner Production,2018,178:833-845.
[16]Gao W F,Zhang X H,Zheng X H,et al.Lithium carbonate recovery from cathode scrap of spent lithium-ion battery:a closedloop process[J].Environmental Science&Technology,2017,51(3):1662-1669.
[17]Barik S P,Prabaharan G,Kumar L.Leaching and separation of Co and Mn from electrode materials of spent lithium-ion batteries using hydrochloric acid:laboratory and pilot scale study[J].Journal of Cleaner Production,2017,147:37-43.
[18]Wang R C,Lin Y C,Wu S H.A novel recovery process of metal values from the cathode active materials of the lithium-ion secondary batteries[J].Hydrometallurgy,2009,99(3):194-201.
[19]Meshram P,Pandey B D,Mankhand T R.Hydrometallurgical processing of spent lithium-ion batteries(LIBs)in the presence of a reducing agent with emphasis on kinetics of leaching[J].Chemical Engineering Journal,2015,281:418-427.
[20]Chen X P,Xu B,Zhou T,et al.Separation and recovery of metal values from leaching liquor of mixed-type of spent lithium-ion batteries[J].Separation&Purification Technology,2015,144:197-205.
[21]Meshram P,Pandey B D,Mankhand T R.Recovery of valuable metals from cathodic active material of spent lithium ion batteries:leaching and kinetic aspects[J].Waste Management,2015,45:306-313.
[22]He L P,Sun S Y,Song X F,et al.Leaching process for recovering valuable metals from the Li Ni1/3Co1/3Mn1/3O2cathode of lithiumion batteries[J].Waste Management,2017,64:171-181.
[23]Sen canski J,Bajuk-Bogdanovic D,Majstorovic D,et al.The synthesis of Li(Co,Mn,Ni)O2cathode material from spent-Li ion batteries and the proof of its functionality in aqueous lithium and sodium electrolytic solutions[J].Journal of Power Sources,2017,342:690-703.
[24]JouliéM,Laucournet R,Billy E.Hydrometallurgical process for the recovery of high value metals from spent lithium nickel cobalt aluminum oxide based lithium-ion batteries[J].Journal of Power Sources,2014,247(3):551-555.
[25]Jiang F,Chen Y Q,Ju S H,et al.Ultrasound-assisted leaching of cobalt and lithium from spent lithium-ion batteries[J].Ultrasonics Sonochemistry,2018,48:88-95.
[26]Li L,Zhai L Y,Zhang X X,et al.Recovery of valuable metals from spent lithium-ion batteries by ultrasonic-assisted leaching process[J].Journal of Power Sources,2014,262(262):380-385.
[27]Zeng X L,Li J H,Shen B Y.Novel approach to recover cobalt and lithium from spent lithium-ion battery using oxalic acid[J].Journal of Hazardous Materials,2015,295:112-118.
[28]Li L,Ge J,Chen R,et al.Environmental friendly leaching reagent for cobalt and lithium recovery from spent lithium-ion batteries[J].Waste Management,2010,30(12):2615-2621.
[29]Meng Q,Zhang Y L,Dong P,et al.A novel process for leaching of metals from Li Ni1/3Co1/3Mn1/3O2material of spent lithium ion batteries:process optimization and kinetics aspects[J].Journal of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry,2018,61:133-141.
[30]Sun C H,Xu L P,Chen X P,et al.Sustainable recovery of valuable metals from spent lithium-ion batteries using DL-malic acid:leaching and kinetics aspect[J].Waste Management&Research,2018,36(2):113-120.
[31]Li L,Dunn J B,Zhang X X,et al.Recovery of metals from spent lithium-ion batteries with organic acids as leaching reagents and environmental assessment[J].Journal of Power Sources,2013,233:180-189.
[32]Li L,Qu W J,Zhang X X,et al.Succinic acid-based leaching system:a sustainable process for recovery of valuable metals from spent li-ion batteries[J].Journal of Power Sources,2015,282:544-551.
[33]Chen X P,Fan B L,Xu L P,et al.An atom-economic process for the recovery of high value-added metals from spent lithium-ion batteries[J].Journal of Cleaner Production,2016,112:3562-3570.
[34]Li L,Fan E,Guan Y B,et al.Sustainable recovery of cathode materials from spent lithium-ion batteries using lactic acid leaching system[J].ACS Sustainable Chemistry&Engineering,2017,5(6):5224-5233.
[35]Pant D,Dolker T.Green and facile method for the recovery of spent lithium nickel manganese cobalt oxide(NMC)based Lithium-ion batteries[J].Waste Management,2017,60:689-695.
[36]Zhang X H,Cao H B,Xie Y B,et al.A closed-loop process for recycling Li Ni1/3Co1/3Mn1/3O2from the cathode scraps of lithiumion batteries:process optimization and kinetics analysis[J].Separation and Purification Technology,2015,150:186-195.
[37]Pranolo Y,Zhang W,Cheng C Y.Recovery of metals from spent lithium-ion battery leach solutions with a mixed solvent extractant system[J].Hydrometallurgy,2010,102(1/2/3/4):37-42.
[38]Zhao J M,Shen X Y,Deng F L,et al.Synergistic extraction and separation of valuable metals from waste cathodic material of lithium ion batteries using Cyanex272 and PC-88A[J].Separation&Purification Technology,2011,78(3):345-351.
[39]Jha A K,Jha M K,Kumari A,et al.Selective separation and recovery of cobalt from leach liquor of discarded Li-ion batteries using thiophosphinic extractant[J].Separation&Purification Technology,2013,104(5):160-166.
[40]Jha M K,Kumari A,Jha A K,et al.Recovery of lithium and cobalt from waste lithium ion batteries of mobile phone[J].Waste Management,2013,33(9):1890-1897.
[41]Nguyen V T,Lee J C,Jeong J,et al.Selective recovery of cobalt,nickel and lithium from sulfate leachate of cathode scrap of Li-ion batteries using liquid-liquid extraction[J].Metals&Materials International,2014,20(2):357-365.
[42]Nayl A A,Hamed M M,Rizk S E.Selective extraction and separation of metal values from leach liquor of mixed spent li-ion batteries[J].Journal of The Taiwan Institute of Chemical Engineers,2015,55:119-125.
[43]Nayl A A,Elkhashab R A,Badawy S M,et al.Acid leaching of mixed spent li-ion batteries[J].Arabian Journal of Chemistry,2014,43(1):7-16.
[44]Sa Q,Gratz E,He M,et al.Synthesis of high performance Li Ni1/3Mn1/3Co1/3O2from lithium ion battery recovery stream[J].Journal of Power Sources,2015,282:140-145.
[45]Krüger S,Hanisch C,Kwade A,et al.Effect of impurities caused by a recycling process on the electrochemical performance of Li[Ni0.33Co0.33Mn0.33]O2[J].Journal of Electroanalytical Chemistry,2014,726(4):91-96.
[46]Li L,Zhang X X,Chen R J,et al.Synthesis and electrochemical performance of cathode material Li1.2Co0.13Ni0.13Mn0.54O2from spent lithium-ion batteries[J].Journal of Power Sources,2014,249(3):28-34.
[47]Jo M,Ku H,Park S,et al.Effects of residual lithium in the precursors of Li[Ni1/3Co1/3Mn1/3]O2on their lithium-ion battery performance[J].Journal of Physics and Chemistry of Solids,2018,118:47-52.
[48]Yao L,Feng Y,Xi G.A new method for the synthesis of Li Ni1/3Co1/3Mn1/3O2from waste lithium ion batteries[J].Rsc Advances,2015,5(55):44107-44114.
[49]Yao L,Yao H S,Xi G,et al.Recycling and synthesis of Li Ni1/3Co1/3Mn1/3O2from waste lithium ion batteries using DL-malic acid[J].Rsc Advances,2016,6(8):1833-1840.
[50]Liu P C,Xiao L,Tang Y W,et al.Resynthesis and electrochemical performance of Li Ni0.5Co0.2Mn0.3O2from spent cathode material of lithium-ion batteries[J].Vacuum,2018,156:317-324.
[51]Li L,Bian Y F,Zhang X X,et al.Process for recycling mixedcathode materials from spent lithium-ion batteries and kinetics of leaching[J].Waste Management,2018,71:362-371.
[52]Zhang Y Y,Wu X Y,Lin Y,et al.Synthesis of Li Ni1/3Co1/3Mn1/3O2cathode material by a modified sol-gel method for lithiumion battery[J].Journal of Sol-Gel Science and Technology,2013,68(2):169-174.
[2]中国新闻网.中国公安部:截至2017年底全国机动车保有量达3.10亿辆[EB/OL].(2018-01-16).http://auto.people.com.cn/n1/2018/0116/c1005-29766686.html.
[3]童志军.动力电池回收行业分析报告[C]∥第五届动力蓄电池回收再生暨二次回收与再生技术研讨会.北京,2017.
[4]He L P,Sun S Y,Mu Y Y,et al.Recovery of lithium,nickel,cobalt,and manganese from spent lithium-ion batteries using L-tartaric acid as a leachant[J].ACS Sustainable Chemistry&Engineering,2016,5(1):714-721.
[5]高桂兰,贺欣,李亚光,等.废旧车用动力锂离子电池的回收利用现状[J].环境工程,2017,35(10):135-140.
[6]Ordo1ez J,Gago E J,Girard A.Processes and technologies for the recycling and recovery of spent lithium-ion batteries[J].Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews,2016,60:195-205.
[7]谢英豪,欧彦楠,余海军,等.废旧车用动力电池安全放电研究[J].工业安全与环保,2017,43(9):44-47.
[8]史红彩.废旧锂离子动力电池中镍钴锰酸锂正极材料的回收及再利用[D].河南:郑州大学,2017:26-28.
[9]朱国才,何向明.废旧锂离子动力电池的拆解及梯次利用[J].新材料产业,2017(9):43-46.
[10]Yang Y,Huang G Y,Xu S M,et al.Thermal treatment process for the recovery of valuable metals from spent lithium-ion batteries[J].Hydrometallurgy,2016,165:390-396.
[11]He L P,Sun S Y,Song X F,et al.Recovery of cathode materials and Al from spent lithium-ion batteries by ultrasonic cleaning[J].Waste Management,2015,46:523-528.
[12]Song D W,Wang X Q,Zhou E L,et al.Recovery and heat treatment of the Li(Ni1/3Co1/3Mn1/3)O2cathode scrap material for lithium ion battery[J].Journal of Power Sources,2013,232:348-352.
[13]Weng Y Q,Xu S M,Huang G Y,et al.Synthesis and performance of Li[(Ni1/3Co1/3Mn1/3)(1-x)Mgx]O2prepared from spent lithium ion batteries[J].Journal of Hazardous Materials,2013,246/247(4):163-172.
[14]Chen L,Tang X C,Zhang Y,et al.Process for the recovery of cobalt oxalate from spent lithium-ion batteries[J].Hydrometallurgy,2011,108(1/2):80-86.
[15]Gao W F,Song J L,Cao H B,et al.Selective recovery of valuable metals from spent lithium-ion batteries-process development and kinetics evaluation[J].Journal of Cleaner Production,2018,178:833-845.
[16]Gao W F,Zhang X H,Zheng X H,et al.Lithium carbonate recovery from cathode scrap of spent lithium-ion battery:a closedloop process[J].Environmental Science&Technology,2017,51(3):1662-1669.
[17]Barik S P,Prabaharan G,Kumar L.Leaching and separation of Co and Mn from electrode materials of spent lithium-ion batteries using hydrochloric acid:laboratory and pilot scale study[J].Journal of Cleaner Production,2017,147:37-43.
[18]Wang R C,Lin Y C,Wu S H.A novel recovery process of metal values from the cathode active materials of the lithium-ion secondary batteries[J].Hydrometallurgy,2009,99(3):194-201.
[19]Meshram P,Pandey B D,Mankhand T R.Hydrometallurgical processing of spent lithium-ion batteries(LIBs)in the presence of a reducing agent with emphasis on kinetics of leaching[J].Chemical Engineering Journal,2015,281:418-427.
[20]Chen X P,Xu B,Zhou T,et al.Separation and recovery of metal values from leaching liquor of mixed-type of spent lithium-ion batteries[J].Separation&Purification Technology,2015,144:197-205.
[21]Meshram P,Pandey B D,Mankhand T R.Recovery of valuable metals from cathodic active material of spent lithium ion batteries:leaching and kinetic aspects[J].Waste Management,2015,45:306-313.
[22]He L P,Sun S Y,Song X F,et al.Leaching process for recovering valuable metals from the Li Ni1/3Co1/3Mn1/3O2cathode of lithiumion batteries[J].Waste Management,2017,64:171-181.
[23]Sen canski J,Bajuk-Bogdanovic D,Majstorovic D,et al.The synthesis of Li(Co,Mn,Ni)O2cathode material from spent-Li ion batteries and the proof of its functionality in aqueous lithium and sodium electrolytic solutions[J].Journal of Power Sources,2017,342:690-703.
[24]JouliéM,Laucournet R,Billy E.Hydrometallurgical process for the recovery of high value metals from spent lithium nickel cobalt aluminum oxide based lithium-ion batteries[J].Journal of Power Sources,2014,247(3):551-555.
[25]Jiang F,Chen Y Q,Ju S H,et al.Ultrasound-assisted leaching of cobalt and lithium from spent lithium-ion batteries[J].Ultrasonics Sonochemistry,2018,48:88-95.
[26]Li L,Zhai L Y,Zhang X X,et al.Recovery of valuable metals from spent lithium-ion batteries by ultrasonic-assisted leaching process[J].Journal of Power Sources,2014,262(262):380-385.
[27]Zeng X L,Li J H,Shen B Y.Novel approach to recover cobalt and lithium from spent lithium-ion battery using oxalic acid[J].Journal of Hazardous Materials,2015,295:112-118.
[28]Li L,Ge J,Chen R,et al.Environmental friendly leaching reagent for cobalt and lithium recovery from spent lithium-ion batteries[J].Waste Management,2010,30(12):2615-2621.
[29]Meng Q,Zhang Y L,Dong P,et al.A novel process for leaching of metals from Li Ni1/3Co1/3Mn1/3O2material of spent lithium ion batteries:process optimization and kinetics aspects[J].Journal of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry,2018,61:133-141.
[30]Sun C H,Xu L P,Chen X P,et al.Sustainable recovery of valuable metals from spent lithium-ion batteries using DL-malic acid:leaching and kinetics aspect[J].Waste Management&Research,2018,36(2):113-120.
[31]Li L,Dunn J B,Zhang X X,et al.Recovery of metals from spent lithium-ion batteries with organic acids as leaching reagents and environmental assessment[J].Journal of Power Sources,2013,233:180-189.
[32]Li L,Qu W J,Zhang X X,et al.Succinic acid-based leaching system:a sustainable process for recovery of valuable metals from spent li-ion batteries[J].Journal of Power Sources,2015,282:544-551.
[33]Chen X P,Fan B L,Xu L P,et al.An atom-economic process for the recovery of high value-added metals from spent lithium-ion batteries[J].Journal of Cleaner Production,2016,112:3562-3570.
[34]Li L,Fan E,Guan Y B,et al.Sustainable recovery of cathode materials from spent lithium-ion batteries using lactic acid leaching system[J].ACS Sustainable Chemistry&Engineering,2017,5(6):5224-5233.
[35]Pant D,Dolker T.Green and facile method for the recovery of spent lithium nickel manganese cobalt oxide(NMC)based Lithium-ion batteries[J].Waste Management,2017,60:689-695.
[36]Zhang X H,Cao H B,Xie Y B,et al.A closed-loop process for recycling Li Ni1/3Co1/3Mn1/3O2from the cathode scraps of lithiumion batteries:process optimization and kinetics analysis[J].Separation and Purification Technology,2015,150:186-195.
[37]Pranolo Y,Zhang W,Cheng C Y.Recovery of metals from spent lithium-ion battery leach solutions with a mixed solvent extractant system[J].Hydrometallurgy,2010,102(1/2/3/4):37-42.
[38]Zhao J M,Shen X Y,Deng F L,et al.Synergistic extraction and separation of valuable metals from waste cathodic material of lithium ion batteries using Cyanex272 and PC-88A[J].Separation&Purification Technology,2011,78(3):345-351.
[39]Jha A K,Jha M K,Kumari A,et al.Selective separation and recovery of cobalt from leach liquor of discarded Li-ion batteries using thiophosphinic extractant[J].Separation&Purification Technology,2013,104(5):160-166.
[40]Jha M K,Kumari A,Jha A K,et al.Recovery of lithium and cobalt from waste lithium ion batteries of mobile phone[J].Waste Management,2013,33(9):1890-1897.
[41]Nguyen V T,Lee J C,Jeong J,et al.Selective recovery of cobalt,nickel and lithium from sulfate leachate of cathode scrap of Li-ion batteries using liquid-liquid extraction[J].Metals&Materials International,2014,20(2):357-365.
[42]Nayl A A,Hamed M M,Rizk S E.Selective extraction and separation of metal values from leach liquor of mixed spent li-ion batteries[J].Journal of The Taiwan Institute of Chemical Engineers,2015,55:119-125.
[43]Nayl A A,Elkhashab R A,Badawy S M,et al.Acid leaching of mixed spent li-ion batteries[J].Arabian Journal of Chemistry,2014,43(1):7-16.
[44]Sa Q,Gratz E,He M,et al.Synthesis of high performance Li Ni1/3Mn1/3Co1/3O2from lithium ion battery recovery stream[J].Journal of Power Sources,2015,282:140-145.
[45]Krüger S,Hanisch C,Kwade A,et al.Effect of impurities caused by a recycling process on the electrochemical performance of Li[Ni0.33Co0.33Mn0.33]O2[J].Journal of Electroanalytical Chemistry,2014,726(4):91-96.
[46]Li L,Zhang X X,Chen R J,et al.Synthesis and electrochemical performance of cathode material Li1.2Co0.13Ni0.13Mn0.54O2from spent lithium-ion batteries[J].Journal of Power Sources,2014,249(3):28-34.
[47]Jo M,Ku H,Park S,et al.Effects of residual lithium in the precursors of Li[Ni1/3Co1/3Mn1/3]O2on their lithium-ion battery performance[J].Journal of Physics and Chemistry of Solids,2018,118:47-52.
[48]Yao L,Feng Y,Xi G.A new method for the synthesis of Li Ni1/3Co1/3Mn1/3O2from waste lithium ion batteries[J].Rsc Advances,2015,5(55):44107-44114.
[49]Yao L,Yao H S,Xi G,et al.Recycling and synthesis of Li Ni1/3Co1/3Mn1/3O2from waste lithium ion batteries using DL-malic acid[J].Rsc Advances,2016,6(8):1833-1840.
[50]Liu P C,Xiao L,Tang Y W,et al.Resynthesis and electrochemical performance of Li Ni0.5Co0.2Mn0.3O2from spent cathode material of lithium-ion batteries[J].Vacuum,2018,156:317-324.
[51]Li L,Bian Y F,Zhang X X,et al.Process for recycling mixedcathode materials from spent lithium-ion batteries and kinetics of leaching[J].Waste Management,2018,71:362-371.
[52]Zhang Y Y,Wu X Y,Lin Y,et al.Synthesis of Li Ni1/3Co1/3Mn1/3O2cathode material by a modified sol-gel method for lithiumion battery[J].Journal of Sol-Gel Science and Technology,2013,68(2):169-174.
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