离子吸附型稀土找矿及研究新进展
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摘要
21世纪以来由于稀土资源的战略地位不断提升,全球对稀土的供需变化和价格波动极为关注,并加大了稀土的勘查和开发程度。离子吸附型稀土(iRee)资源因轻重稀土元素配分齐全,且不需要通过矿物分解的方式来分离不同的稀土元素,成为近十多年全球稀土找矿和研究的热点。iRee矿产是我国的优势资源,已有40多年的开采历史,为全球稀土产业尤其是重稀土产业做出了巨大的贡献。近年来,项目组在江西、广西和云南等省区发现了一批矿产地,矿床的分布范围已从我国南方的丘陵地带扩大到高海拔(云南)和高纬度(安徽和浙江)地区,从亚热带气候扩大到热带气候,如越南、缅甸、泰国、马达加斯加及智利等国家。我们的研究继续丰富了iRee成矿"八多两高一深"的认识,即:多类型、多岩性、多期次、多层位、多模式、多标志、多因继承、多相复合,高海拔、高纬度及大深度,新矿床的发现也不断为此认识提供实例。同时,本文对亚热带和热带地区的花岗岩风化壳、华南不同岩性(花岗岩、火山岩和浅变质火山-沉积岩)以及不同稀土配分类型(LREE和HREE型)的iRee矿床进行了对比研究。目前,国内的iRee矿床无论从规模和品位,还是母岩的多样性和稀土配分的全面性都优于国外的。然而,我国长期仍无法摆脱矿山及周边环境污染和优势资源过度消耗的现状。今后,寻找经济价值大的iRee矿床是找矿的重要方向。
Since the 21 th, with the upgrading of the strategic position of rare earth resource, more and more attention has been paid to the changes of supply-and-demand and price of REE. Then, exploration for REE deposits is active all over the world. Ion-adsorption type REE deposits have become a hot topic of recent studies and exploration, because they have large resources of HREEs, and relatively low mining and processing cost using ion exchange with a dilute electrolyte solution. The deposits mainly distributed in South China. They have been exploited for more than 40 years and made significant contributions to the development of the global rare earth industry. In recent years, a number of mineral resources were verified in Jiangxi, Guangxi and Yuannan provinces. The distribution of such deposits has expanded from hilly areas to high altitude and latitude in south China, also from subtropics to tropical climates such as Vietnam, Myanmar and Thailand. Our research on the deposits continues to enrich the understandings, that are, multi-subtypes(eg.ion-adsorption La deposit, ion-adsorption Eu deposit, ion-adsorption Dy deposit and so on), multi-lithology(eg. granitic rocks, pyroclastic rocks, and metamorphic rock), multi-periods, multi-stratigraphic horizon, multi-metallogenic model, multi-prospecting marker(eg. chemical index of alteration and loss on ignition), multi-REE source(eg. magmatic crystallization and hydrothermal alteration), multi-geological occurrence(intrusive or extrusive rocks), high latitude, high altitude and large depth. Furthermore, the geological characteristics of weathering crust in the subtropic and tropic, the difference between weathered granite, rhyolite and meta tuffite, and the migration and enrichment of REEs from parent rock to orebody to rare earth product(REE carbonate) have been studied. In a word, ion-adsorption REE deposits in south China are superior to those in other countries in terms of size, grade and REE compositions. China is still unable to get rid of the situation of environmental pollution and excessive consumption of REE resources for a long time. Searching for the deposits with great economic value is an important prospecting direction in the future.
Since the 21 th, with the upgrading of the strategic position of rare earth resource, more and more attention has been paid to the changes of supply-and-demand and price of REE. Then, exploration for REE deposits is active all over the world. Ion-adsorption type REE deposits have become a hot topic of recent studies and exploration, because they have large resources of HREEs, and relatively low mining and processing cost using ion exchange with a dilute electrolyte solution. The deposits mainly distributed in South China. They have been exploited for more than 40 years and made significant contributions to the development of the global rare earth industry. In recent years, a number of mineral resources were verified in Jiangxi, Guangxi and Yuannan provinces. The distribution of such deposits has expanded from hilly areas to high altitude and latitude in south China, also from subtropics to tropical climates such as Vietnam, Myanmar and Thailand. Our research on the deposits continues to enrich the understandings, that are, multi-subtypes(eg.ion-adsorption La deposit, ion-adsorption Eu deposit, ion-adsorption Dy deposit and so on), multi-lithology(eg. granitic rocks, pyroclastic rocks, and metamorphic rock), multi-periods, multi-stratigraphic horizon, multi-metallogenic model, multi-prospecting marker(eg. chemical index of alteration and loss on ignition), multi-REE source(eg. magmatic crystallization and hydrothermal alteration), multi-geological occurrence(intrusive or extrusive rocks), high latitude, high altitude and large depth. Furthermore, the geological characteristics of weathering crust in the subtropic and tropic, the difference between weathered granite, rhyolite and meta tuffite, and the migration and enrichment of REEs from parent rock to orebody to rare earth product(REE carbonate) have been studied. In a word, ion-adsorption REE deposits in south China are superior to those in other countries in terms of size, grade and REE compositions. China is still unable to get rid of the situation of environmental pollution and excessive consumption of REE resources for a long time. Searching for the deposits with great economic value is an important prospecting direction in the future.
引文
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Chi Ru’an,Wang Dianzuo.1993.Study of adsorption properties and enriching REE on clay minerals by quantum chemical calculation.Journal of Rare Earth,11(3):199～203 (in Chinese with English abstract).
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