云南不同森林生态系统蒸散特征的比较研究
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摘要
应用涡度相关技术,对云南5种主要森林生态系统的水汽通量连续多年观测,利用2003—2015年观测数据探讨了不同森林生态系统的蒸散特征和变化规律,并分析了蒸散量与土壤含水量和降水量的关系.结果表明:(1)不同森林蒸散的日变化均表现为单峰曲线,但蒸散启动和结束时间以及峰值出现的时间有所差异;(2)不同森林蒸散量的年变化表现为单峰曲线,最大值在7月,最小值在1月,雨季蒸散大于干季蒸散;(3)多年平均年蒸散量为热带雨林795.68 mm、橡胶林774.54 mm、稀树灌草丛435.35 mm、亚热带常绿阔叶林767.69 mm和亚高山针叶林438.83 mm,分别占各生态系统年降水量的55.05%、59.77%、56.58%、52.80%和42.17%,显示云南主要森林生态系统均为水分盈余状态;(4)不同森林的蒸散量与土壤含水量的关系不尽相同,说明不同森林生态系统对水分的利用策略存在不同.研究结果可为评价森林生态系统的生态水文效应和水分利用策略及理解其对气候变化的响应提供科学基础.
Evapotranspiration in five major forest ecosystems in Yunnan was measured using eddy covariance from 2003 to 2015. The characteristic and variation of evapotranspiration were compared, and the relationship between evapotranspiration and soil water content as well as precipitation was analyzed in the present study. The results showed that the dynamic patterns of diurnal evapotranspiration of five forest ecosystems were all characterized by a single-peak curve, but the occurrence of peaking time and the patterns in diurnal evapotranspiration were not consistent. Both daily and monthly evapotranspiration among five forest ecosystems followed an unimodal curve form. Maximum evapotranspiration rate was observed during July and minimum during January. Likewise, the seasonal evapotranspiration was characterized by the highest evapotranspiration during rainy season and lowest during the dry season. The multi-year mean annual evapotranspiration(the percentage of evapotranspiration to precipitation) of the tropical rainforest, rubber plantation, savanna, subtropical evergreen broad-leaved forest, and subalpine coniferous forest was 795.68 mm(55.05%), 774.54 mm(59.77%),435.35 mm(56.58%), 767.69 mm(52.80%), and 438.83 mm(42.17%), respectively. It implied that the moisture of those forest ecosystems is sufficient. The relationship between evapotranspiration and soil water content was not the same over different forest ecosystems, which showed that the water-use strategies were varied among different forest ecosystems. The results provided a scientific basis for the assessment of ecological hydrological effects and water-use strategies of forest ecosystems, and the understanding of the responses to climate changes.
Evapotranspiration in five major forest ecosystems in Yunnan was measured using eddy covariance from 2003 to 2015. The characteristic and variation of evapotranspiration were compared, and the relationship between evapotranspiration and soil water content as well as precipitation was analyzed in the present study. The results showed that the dynamic patterns of diurnal evapotranspiration of five forest ecosystems were all characterized by a single-peak curve, but the occurrence of peaking time and the patterns in diurnal evapotranspiration were not consistent. Both daily and monthly evapotranspiration among five forest ecosystems followed an unimodal curve form. Maximum evapotranspiration rate was observed during July and minimum during January. Likewise, the seasonal evapotranspiration was characterized by the highest evapotranspiration during rainy season and lowest during the dry season. The multi-year mean annual evapotranspiration(the percentage of evapotranspiration to precipitation) of the tropical rainforest, rubber plantation, savanna, subtropical evergreen broad-leaved forest, and subalpine coniferous forest was 795.68 mm(55.05%), 774.54 mm(59.77%),435.35 mm(56.58%), 767.69 mm(52.80%), and 438.83 mm(42.17%), respectively. It implied that the moisture of those forest ecosystems is sufficient. The relationship between evapotranspiration and soil water content was not the same over different forest ecosystems, which showed that the water-use strategies were varied among different forest ecosystems. The results provided a scientific basis for the assessment of ecological hydrological effects and water-use strategies of forest ecosystems, and the understanding of the responses to climate changes.
引文
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[2]Yao Y J,Liang S L,Cheng J,et al.MODIS-driven estimation of terrestrial latent heat flux in China based on a modified Priestley-Taylor algorithm[J].Agricultural and Forest Meteorology,2013,171:187-202.
[3]于贵瑞,王秋凤.植物光合、蒸腾与水分利用的生理生态学[M].北京:科学出版社,2010.Yu G R,Wang Q F.Ecophysiology of plant photosynthesis,transpiration,and water use[M].Beijing:Science Press,2010.
[4]Yang X H,Zhou Q M,Mevllile M.Estimating local sugarcane evapotranspiration using Landsat TM image and a VITT concept[J].International Journal of Remote Sensing,1997,18(2):453-459.
[5]Amarakoon D,Chen A,Mclean P.Estimating daytime latent heat flux and evapotranspiration in Jamaica[J].Agricultural and Forest Meteorology,2000,102(2-3):113-124.
[6]Devitt D A,Morris R L,Neuman D S.Evapotranspiration and growth response of three woody ornamental species placed under varying irrigation regimes[J].Journal of American Social Sciences,1994,119(3):452-457.
[7]吴力立,董家文.林内蒸发量的研究[J].南京林业大学学报,1999,23(3):55-59.Wu L L,Dong J W.A study on the evaporation of stands[J].Journal of Nanjing Forestry University,1999,23(3):55-59.
[8]王治国,张云龙,刘徐师.林业生态工程学-林草植被建设的理论与实践[M].北京:中国林业出版社,2000.Wang Z G,Zhang Y L,Liu X S.Forest ecological engineering:Theory and practice of vegetation reconstruction[M].Beijing:China Forestry Publishing House,2000.
[9]Bussières N,Granger R J,Strong G S.Estimates of regional evapotranspiration using GOES-7 satellite data:Saskatchewan case study,July 1991[J].Canadian Journal of Remote Sensing,1997,23(1):3-14.
[10]Jung M,Reichstein M,Ciais P,et al.Recent decline in the global land evapotranspiration trend due to limited moisture supply[J].Nature,2010,467(7318):951-954.
[11]Mueller B,Hirschi M,Jimenez C,et al.Benchmark products for land evapotranspiration:LandFlux-EVALmulti-dataset synthesis[J].Hydrology and Earth System Sciences,2013,17:3707-3720.
[12]Zhang Y Q,Pe?a-arancibia J L,Mcvicar T R,et al.Multi-decadal trends in global terrestrial evapotranspiration and its components[J].Scientific Reports,2016,6:19 124.
[13]Lin Y,Wang G X,Guo J Y,et al.Quantifying evapotranspiration and its components in a coniferous subalpine forest in Southwest China[J].Hydrological Processes,2012,26(20):3 032-3 040.
[14]窦军霞,张一平,于贵瑞,等.西双版纳热带季节雨林水热通量[J].生态学报,2007,27(8):3 099-3 109.Dou J X,Zhang Y P,Yu G R,et al.Inter-annual and seasonal variations of energy and water vapour fluxes above a tropical seasonal rainforest in Xishuangbanna,SW China[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2007,27(8):3 099-3 109.
[15]周文君,沙丽清,沈守艮,等.西双版纳橡胶林土壤呼吸季节变化及其影响因子[J].山地学报,2008,26(3):317-325.Zhou W J,Sha L Q,Shen S G,et al.Seasonal change of soil respiration and its influence factors in rubber(Hevea brasiliensis)plantation in Xishuangbanna,SWChina[J].Journal of Mountain Science,2008,26(3):317-325.
[16]张树斌,张教林,曹坤芳.干旱对干热河谷优势木本植物虾子花光能分配的影响[J].云南大学学报:自然科学版,2014,36(5):774-780.Zhang S B,Zhang J L,Cao K F.The effects of drought stress on light energy dissipation of Woodfordia fruticose,a dominant woody species in Yuanjiang dry-hot valley,Southwest China[J].Journal of Yunnan University:Natural Siences Edition,2014,36(5):774-780.
[17]Lal R.Carbon sequestration in dryland ecosystems[J].Environmental Management,2004,33(4):528-544.
[18]谭正洪.西双版纳热带季节雨林生态系统碳平衡研究[D].北京:中国科学院研究生院,2011.Tan Z H.2011.The carbon balance of primary tropical seasonal rain forest[D].Beijing:Graduate University of Chinese Academy of Sciences,2011.
[19]林友兴,张一平,赵玮,等.不同林龄橡胶林蒸腾特征的比较[J].生态学杂志,2016,35(4):855-863.Lin Y X,Zhang Y P,Zhao W,et al.Comparison of transpiration characteristics in different aged rubber plantations[J].Chinese Journal of Ecology,2016,35(4):855-863.
[20]张教林,郝广友,曹坤芳.云南元江干热河谷木本植物的物候[J].武汉植物学研究,2009,27(1):76-82.Zhang J L,Hao G Y,Cao K F.Phenology of woody species in Yuanjiang Dry-Hot Valley in Yunnan Province[J].Journal of Wuhan Botanical Research,2009,27(1):76-82.
[21]吴征镒.云南哀牢山森林生态系统研究[M].昆明:云南科技出版社,1983.Wu Z Y.Studies on the forest ecosystem in Ailao Mountains in Yunnan[M].Kunming:Yunnan Science&Technology Press,1983.
[22]云南省林业调查规划院.云南自然保护区[M].北京:中国林业出版社,1989.Yunnan Institute of Forest Inventory and Planning.1989.Nature reserves in Yunnan[M].Beijing:ChinaForestry Press,1989.
[23]Baldocchi D D,Hicks B B,Meyers T P.Measuring biosphere-atmosphere exchanges of biologically related gases with micrometeorological methods[J].Ecology,1988,69(5):1331-1340.
[24]Law B E,Falge E,Gu L,et al.Environmental controls over carbon dioxide and water vapor exchange of terrestrial vegetation[J].Agricultural and Forest Meteorology,2002,113(1):97-120.
[25]张晓娟,吴志祥,杨川,等.海南岛橡胶林生态系统水汽通量及其影响因子研究[J].热带作物学报,2015,36(8):1 432-1 439.Zhang X J,Wu Z X,Yang C,et al.Water vapor flux exchange and its environmental factors in a tropical rubber plantation ecosystem in Hainan Island[J].Chinese Journal of Tropical Crops,2015,36(8):1 432-1 439.
[26]李志恒.西双版纳热带季节雨林蒸散特征及其模拟研究[D].北京:中国科学院研究生院,2010.Li Z H.Evapotranspiration and its simulation in a tropical seasonal rain forest in Xishuangbanna,Southwest China[D].Beijing:Graduate University of Chinese Academy of Sciences,2010.
[27]牛晓栋,江洪,方成圆,等.天目山常绿落叶阔叶混交林生态系统水汽通量特征[J].浙江农林大学学报,2016,33(2):216-224.Niu X D,Jiang H,Fang C Y,et al.Water vapor flux features of an evergreen and deciduous broadleaf mixed forest in Mount Tianmu Area[J].Journal of Zhejiang A&F University,2016,33(2):216-224.
[28]赵平,饶兴权,马玲,等.基于树干液流测定值进行尺度扩展的马占相思林段蒸腾和冠层气孔导度[J].植物生态学报,2006,30(4):655-665.Zhao P,Rao X Q,Ma L,et al.Sap flow-scaled stand transpiration and canopy stomatal conductance in an Acacia Mangium forest[J].Acta Phytoecologica Sinica,2006,30(4):655-665.
[29]宋清海,张一平,谭正洪,等.热带雨林冠层树种绒毛番龙眼树冠蒸腾及其与气候因子的关系[J].东北林业大学学报,2013,41(3):6-8,23.Song Q H,Zhang Y P,Tan Z H,et al.Canopy transpiration and its relationship with meteorological factors of Pometia tomentosa in tropical rain forest[J].Journal of Northeast Forestry University,2013,41(3):6-8,23.
[30]赵玮,张一平,宋清海,等.橡胶树蒸腾特征及其与环境因子的关系[J].生态学杂志,2014,33(7):1 803-1 810.Zhao W,Zhang Y P,Song Q H,et al.Characteristics of transpiration of rubber trees(Hevea brasiliensis)and its relationship with environmental factors[J].Chinese Journal of Ecology,2014,33(7):1 803-1 810.
[31]da Rocha H R,Goulden M L,Miller S D,et al.Seasonality of water and heat fluxes over a tropical forest in eastern Amazonia[J].Ecological Applications,2004,14(S4):S22-S32.
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