小流域非点源污染模拟与生态修复影响评价
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摘要
[目的]基于各流域场次降雨径流过程和非点源污染负荷模拟分析,评价小流域生态建设对密云水库流域水文过程和污染防控效果影响,为水源地保护、流域山水林田湖一体化修复和生态环境建设提供科学依据。[方法]以北京市重要饮用水源地密云水库上游蛇鱼川小流域为研究对象,利用EcoHAT-LCM模型和传统大尺度非点源污染模型相结合的模式进行模拟分析,并设置情景,分析评价小流域生态建设效果。[结果]随着场次雨量的增加,吸附态N,P负荷占污染负荷总量的比重在逐渐增加,溶解态N,P负荷占污染负荷总量的比重在逐渐减少。小流域内居民点具有小城镇级别的垃圾处理率和垃圾入网率时,农村生活N,P污染负荷可以削减28%;减少经济林的现有施肥量,农业生产活动的N,P污染负荷能够削减43.9%和48.9%。[结论]研究区域不同频次暴雨对吸附态N,P负荷的影响大于对溶解态N,P负荷的影响。生态修复措施对N,P污染负荷削减作用显著。
[Objective] Based on the simulation analysis of rainfall-runoff process and non-point source pollution load in each basin, the impacts of ecological construction in small watershed on the hydrological process and pollution control effect of Miyun Reservoir watershed were eraluated in order to provide scientific basis for water source protection, integrated restoration of mountain, water, forest, field and lake in watershed and ecological environment construction. [Methods] Taking the Sheyuchuan small watershed upstream of Miyun Reservoir, an important drinking water source in Beijing, as the research object, the model of combining EcoHAT-LCM model with traditional large-scale non-point source pollution model were used to simulate and analyze the ecological construction effect of the small watershed. [Results] With the increase of rainfall, the proportion of adsorbed N and P load to the total pollution load increased gradually, while that of dissolved N and P load to the total pollution load decreased gradually. When the residential areas in small watersheds had small town-level garbage disposal rate and garbage access rate, the pollution load of N and P in rural life could be reduced by 28%, and the existing fertilizer application in economic forests could be reduced by 43.9% and 48.9% in agricultural production activities. [Conclusion] The influence of different frequency rainstorm on adsorbed N, P load is greater than that on dissolved N, P load in the study area. The ecological restoration measures had a significant effect on the reduction of pollution load of non-point source N and P.
[Objective] Based on the simulation analysis of rainfall-runoff process and non-point source pollution load in each basin, the impacts of ecological construction in small watershed on the hydrological process and pollution control effect of Miyun Reservoir watershed were eraluated in order to provide scientific basis for water source protection, integrated restoration of mountain, water, forest, field and lake in watershed and ecological environment construction. [Methods] Taking the Sheyuchuan small watershed upstream of Miyun Reservoir, an important drinking water source in Beijing, as the research object, the model of combining EcoHAT-LCM model with traditional large-scale non-point source pollution model were used to simulate and analyze the ecological construction effect of the small watershed. [Results] With the increase of rainfall, the proportion of adsorbed N and P load to the total pollution load increased gradually, while that of dissolved N and P load to the total pollution load decreased gradually. When the residential areas in small watersheds had small town-level garbage disposal rate and garbage access rate, the pollution load of N and P in rural life could be reduced by 28%, and the existing fertilizer application in economic forests could be reduced by 43.9% and 48.9% in agricultural production activities. [Conclusion] The influence of different frequency rainstorm on adsorbed N, P load is greater than that on dissolved N, P load in the study area. The ecological restoration measures had a significant effect on the reduction of pollution load of non-point source N and P.
引文
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[16] 刘高焕,刘俊卫,朱会义.基于GIS的小流域地块单元划分与汇流网络计算[J].地理科学进展,2002,21(2):139-145.
[17] 张亦弛.黄河多沙粗沙区LCM模型分布式构建与应用[D].北京:北京师范大学,2014.
[18] 刘昌明,李道峰,田英,等.基于DEM的分布式水文模型在大尺度流域应用研究[J].地理科学研究,2003,22(5):437-445.
[19] 吴敬东.北京蛇鱼川生态清洁小流域水环境承载力研究[D].北京:北京林业大学,2010.
[20] 夏立忠,卜兆宏,张祖兴,等.土壤与养分流失综合监测方法在密云水库流域应用[J].地球科学进展,2007,22(3):241-248.
[2] 鲍全盛,王华东.我国水环境非点源污染研究与展望[J].地理科学,1996,16(1):66-71.
[3] 刘昌明,王中根,杨胜天,等.水循环多元综合模拟系统(HIMS)的研究进展[J].水利发展研究,2010,8(3):5-15.
[4] 刘昌明,洪宝鑫,曾明煊.黄土高原暴雨径流预报关系初步实验研究[J].科学通报,1965,2(2):158-161.
[5] 刘昌明,白鹏,巩同梁,等.西藏稀缺资料地区洪峰流量推求[J].南水北调与水利科技,2013(1):1-6.
[6] 刘昌明,杨胜天,温志群,等.分布式生态水文模型EcoHAT系统开发及应用[J].中国科学,2009(6):1112-1121.
[7] 史培军,袁艺,陈晋.深圳市土地利用变化对流域径流的影响[J].生态学报,2001,21(7):1041-1049.
[8] 杨胜天,程红光,步青松,等.全国土壤侵蚀量估算及其在吸附态氮磷流失量匡算中的应用[J].环境科学学报,2006,26(3):366-374.
[9] 郝芳华,杨胜天,程红光,等.大尺度区域非点源污染负荷估算方法研究的意义、难点和关键技术[J].环境科学学报,2006,26(3):362-365.
[10] 郝芳华,杨胜天,程红光,等.大尺度区域非点源污染负荷计算方法[J].环境科学学报,2006,26(3):375-383.
[11] 张淑荣,陈利顶,傅伯杰,等.农业区非点源污染潜在危险性评价:以于桥水库流域磷流失为例[J].第四纪研究,2003,23(3):262-269.
[12] 王晓燕,王一峋,王晓峰,等.密云水库小流域土地利用方式与氮磷流失规律[J].环境科学研究,2003,16(1):30-33.
[13] 黄满湘,章申,唐以剑,等.模拟降雨条件下农田径流中氮的流失过程[J].土壤与环境,2001,10(1):6-10.
[14] 石辉.水土流失型非点源污染[J].水土保持通报,1997,17(7):99-101.
[15] 晏维金,尹澄清,孙濮,等.磷氮在水田湿地中的迁移转化及径流流失过程[J].应用生态学报,1999,10(3):312-316.
[16] 刘高焕,刘俊卫,朱会义.基于GIS的小流域地块单元划分与汇流网络计算[J].地理科学进展,2002,21(2):139-145.
[17] 张亦弛.黄河多沙粗沙区LCM模型分布式构建与应用[D].北京:北京师范大学,2014.
[18] 刘昌明,李道峰,田英,等.基于DEM的分布式水文模型在大尺度流域应用研究[J].地理科学研究,2003,22(5):437-445.
[19] 吴敬东.北京蛇鱼川生态清洁小流域水环境承载力研究[D].北京:北京林业大学,2010.
[20] 夏立忠,卜兆宏,张祖兴,等.土壤与养分流失综合监测方法在密云水库流域应用[J].地球科学进展,2007,22(3):241-248.