基于保护地役权的自然保护地适应性管理方法探讨:以钱江源国家公园体制试点区为例
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摘要
我国的自然保护地普遍存在着科学管控难、统一管理难和资金供给难等问题,即便是国家公园体制试点区也不例外。本文以钱江源国家公园体制试点区为例,设计了基于细化保护需求的保护地役权制度,以探索一种能解决上述问题并能体现生态补偿的适应性管理方法,包括:细化主要保护对象的管理需求,结合土地利用类型,确定实施保护地役权的空间范围;辨析保护需求和原住民生产、生活之间的关系,形成正负行为的准则并以行为清单的形式体现;从生态系统监测指标改善情况、正负行为遵守情况和社区能力建设三个维度制定地役权制度的评价方法;据此形成地役权合同,明确供役地人和需役地人的权责利,形成考虑保护绩效的生态补偿方案。这种方法可以解决自然保护地因为权属不一致造成的生态系统和景观破碎化问题,缓解社区发展和生态保护之间的矛盾,在我国南方集体林地占比较高的自然保护地具有适用性。
It is difficult to carry out highly effective management in the natural protected areas of China due to complicated land ownership and lack of scientific research, especially in the National Park pilots. This paper proposes a conservation easement policy based on focused conservation needs by integrating an innovative adaptive management method and an ecological compensation plan, using the Qianjiangyuan National Park pilot as an example. First, the major conservation needs of the ecosystem elements are refined by determining the spatial scope of the easement implementation according to the land type. Secondly, the relationship between conservation need and the livelihood of local residents is clarified to form the classified conservation list. The evaluation method for easement is designed in three dimensions: improvement of monitoring indicators of the ecosystem, compliance with positive and negative actions and community capacity cultivation. Finally, the easement contract is formed by outlining the clear rights and responsibilities of the easement donor and donee. A scientific and flexible plan for ecological compensation is also carried out. This method can effectively solve the problem of land resource fragmentation at both on the ecosystem and landscape scale, which is normally caused by inconsistent ownership, as well as the conflict between community development and ecological conservation. Finally, this plan can be applied to the natural protected areas in southern China where the collective forest coverage is relatively high.
It is difficult to carry out highly effective management in the natural protected areas of China due to complicated land ownership and lack of scientific research, especially in the National Park pilots. This paper proposes a conservation easement policy based on focused conservation needs by integrating an innovative adaptive management method and an ecological compensation plan, using the Qianjiangyuan National Park pilot as an example. First, the major conservation needs of the ecosystem elements are refined by determining the spatial scope of the easement implementation according to the land type. Secondly, the relationship between conservation need and the livelihood of local residents is clarified to form the classified conservation list. The evaluation method for easement is designed in three dimensions: improvement of monitoring indicators of the ecosystem, compliance with positive and negative actions and community capacity cultivation. Finally, the easement contract is formed by outlining the clear rights and responsibilities of the easement donor and donee. A scientific and flexible plan for ecological compensation is also carried out. This method can effectively solve the problem of land resource fragmentation at both on the ecosystem and landscape scale, which is normally caused by inconsistent ownership, as well as the conflict between community development and ecological conservation. Finally, this plan can be applied to the natural protected areas in southern China where the collective forest coverage is relatively high.
引文
BirgéHE,Allen CR,Garmestani AS,Pope KL(2016)Adaptive management for ecosystem services.Journal of Environmental Management,183,343-352.
Han L,Wu HM,Cheng BD,Wen YL(2015)South Africa’s biodiversity conservation and its enlightenment to China:Acase study of Kruger National Park.World Forestry Research,28(3),75-79.(in Chinese with English abstract)[韩璐,吴红梅,程宝栋,温亚利(2015)南非生物多样性保护措施及启示--以南非克鲁格国家公园为例.世界林业研究,28(3),75-79.]
He SY,Su Y,Luo HN,Wang L(2017)Research of management methodology in protected area based on itemised conservation requirements-Supporting construction of China pilot national park’s construction.Environmental Protection,45(Z1),50-57.(in Chinese with English abstract)[何思源,苏杨,罗慧男,王蕾(2017)基于细化保护需求的保护地空间管制技术研究--以中国国家公园体制建设为目标.环境保护,45(Z1),50-57.]
Hou XY,Yin YT,Ding Y(2011)An overview and prospects for grassland adaptive Management in China.Acta Prataculturae Sinica,20,262-269.(in Chinese with English abstract)[侯向阳,尹燕亭,丁勇(2011)中国草原适应性管理研究现状与展望.草业学报,20,262-269.]
Lai JS,Mi XC,Ren HB,Ma KP(2010)Numerical classifycation of associations in subtropical evergreen broad-leaved forest based on multivariate regression trees-A case study of 24 hm2 Gutianshan forest plot in China.Chinese Journal of Plant Ecology,34,761-769.(in Chinese with English abstract)[赖江山,米湘成,任海保,马克平(2010)基于多元回归树的常绿阔叶林群丛数量分类--以古田山24公顷森林样地为例.植物生态学报,34,761-769.]
Ma JZ,Yang GH,Han MY,Zhang ZM,Yang ZJ,Chen B(2010)Study on approaches of biodiversity conservation and planning for Meili Snow Mountain National Park.Forest Inventory&Planning,35,119-123.(in Chinese with English abstract)[马建忠,杨桂华,韩明跃,张志明,杨子江,陈飙(2010)梅里雪山国家公园生物多样性保护规划方法研究.林业调查规划,35,119-123.]
Murray C,Marmorek DR(2004)Adaptive management:Aspoonful of rigour helps the uncertainty go down.In:Proceedings of the 16th Annual Society for Ecological Restoration Conference,Victoria BC.
Ma KP(2009)A Brief Course on Conservation Biology,4th edn.Higher Education Press,Beijing.(in Chinese)[马克平(2009)保护生物学简明教程,第4版.高等教育出版社,北京.]
Qian HY,Zhang TT,Chen SW,Wu DH,Wu CP,Yuan WG,Jin Y,Yu MJ(2018)Community structures and bio-diversities of broad-leaved forest and two types of plantations in Gutianshan National Nature Reserve,Zhejiang Province.Guihaia,38,1371-1381.(in Chinese with English abstract)[钱海源,张田田,陈声文,巫东豪,吴初平,袁位高,金毅,于明坚(2018)古田山自然保护区阔叶林与两种人工林的群落结构和生物多样性.广西植物.38,1371-1381.]
Si XF,Ding P(2014)Camera trap survey on population dynamics of mammals and birds in Gutianshan forest dynamics plot,eastern China.Biodiversity Science,22,819-822.(in Chinese with English abstract)[斯幸峰,丁平(2014)古田山森林动态监测样地内鸟兽种群动态的红外相机监测.生物多样性,22,819-822.]
Song K,Mi XC,Jia Q,Ren HB,Bebber D,Ma KP(2011)Variation in phylogenetic structure of forest communities along a human disturbance gradient in Gutianshan forest.Biodiversity Science,19,190-196.(in Chinese with English abstract)[宋凯,米湘成,贾琪,任海保,Dan Bebber,马克平(2011)不同程度人为干扰对古田山森林群落谱系结构的影响.生物多样性,19,190-196.]
Su Y,Wang L(2015)Relative concepts,policy background and technological difficulty of pilot national park system in China.Environmental Protection,43(14),17-23.(in Chinese with English abstract)[苏杨,王蕾(2015)中国国家公园体制试点的相关概念、政策背景和技术难点.环境保护,43(14),17-23.]
Su Y,He SY,Wang YF,Wei Y(2018)Policy Research on the Development of China’s Pilot National Parks.Social Sciences Academic Press,Beijing.(in Chinese)[苏杨,何思源,王宇飞,魏钰(2018)中国国家公园体制建设研究.社会科学文献出版社,北京.]
Tang XH(2014)Construction of the Natural Resources Conservation Easements in China.PHD dissertation,Jilin University,Changchun.(in Chinese with English abstract)[唐孝辉(2014)我国自然资源保护地役权制度构建.博士学位论文,吉林大学,长春.]
Wan BT(2008)Building national parks to promote regional ecological protection and harmonious development of economy and society.Environmental Protection,21,35-37.(in Chinese)[万本太(2008)建设国家公园,促进区域生态保护和经济社会协调发展.环境保护,40(21),35-37.]
Williams BK,Allen CR,Pope KL,Fontaine JJ(2011)Adaptive management of natural resources framework and issues.Journal of Environmental Management,92,1346-1353.
Xu GC,Kang MY,Shi YJ(2013)A review of adaptive management research on natural resources.Journal of Natural Resources,28,1797-1807.(in Chinese with English abstract)[徐广才,康慕谊,史亚军(2013)自然资源适应性管理研究综述.自然资源学报,28,1797-1807.]
Yang PF(2012)Biodiversity monitoring of Meili Snow Mountain National Park.Forest Inventory&Planning,37,108-111.(in Chinese with English abstract)[杨沛芳(2012)梅里雪山国家公园生物多样性监测.林业调查规划,37,108-111.]
Yang RJ,Fu BJ,Liu GH,Ma KM(2004)Principles and methods of sustainable management of ecosystem.Chinese Journal of Ecology,23,103-108.(in Chinese with English abstract)[杨荣金,傅伯杰,刘国华,马克明(2004)生态系统可持续管理的原理和方法.生态学杂志,23,103-108.]
Ye GF,You LH,Lu CY,Lin WX,Luo MJ,Tan FL(2015)Global climate change and adaptive management of forest ecosystem.World Forestry Research,28(1),1-6.(in Chinese with English abstract)[叶功富,尤龙辉,卢昌义,林武星,罗美娟,谭芳林(2015)全球气候变化及森林生态系统的适应性管理.世界林业研究,28(1),1-6.]
Yu MJ,Hu ZH,Yu JP,Ding BY,Fang T(2001)Forest vegetation types in Gutianshan Natural Reserve in Zhejiang.Journal of Zhejiang Agricultural University(Agriculture and Life Sciences),27,375-380.(in Chinese with English abstract)[于明坚,胡正华,余建平,丁炳扬,方腾(2001)浙江古田山自然保护区森林植被类型.浙江大学学报(农业与生命科学版),27,375-380.]
Zhu Y,Zhao GF,Zhang LW,Shen GC,Mi XC,Ren HB,Yu MJ,Chen JH,Chen SW,Fang T,Ma KP(2008)Community composition and structure of Gutianshan forest dynamic plot in a mid-subtropical evergreen broad-leaved forest,East China.Journal of Plant Ecology(Chinese Version),32,262-273.(in Chinese with English abstract)[祝燕,赵谷风,张俪文,沈国春,米湘成,任海保,于明坚,陈建华,陈声文,方腾,马克平(2008)古田山中亚热带常绿阔叶林动态监测样地--群落组成与结构.植物生态学报,32,262-273.]
Han L,Wu HM,Cheng BD,Wen YL(2015)South Africa’s biodiversity conservation and its enlightenment to China:Acase study of Kruger National Park.World Forestry Research,28(3),75-79.(in Chinese with English abstract)[韩璐,吴红梅,程宝栋,温亚利(2015)南非生物多样性保护措施及启示--以南非克鲁格国家公园为例.世界林业研究,28(3),75-79.]
He SY,Su Y,Luo HN,Wang L(2017)Research of management methodology in protected area based on itemised conservation requirements-Supporting construction of China pilot national park’s construction.Environmental Protection,45(Z1),50-57.(in Chinese with English abstract)[何思源,苏杨,罗慧男,王蕾(2017)基于细化保护需求的保护地空间管制技术研究--以中国国家公园体制建设为目标.环境保护,45(Z1),50-57.]
Hou XY,Yin YT,Ding Y(2011)An overview and prospects for grassland adaptive Management in China.Acta Prataculturae Sinica,20,262-269.(in Chinese with English abstract)[侯向阳,尹燕亭,丁勇(2011)中国草原适应性管理研究现状与展望.草业学报,20,262-269.]
Lai JS,Mi XC,Ren HB,Ma KP(2010)Numerical classifycation of associations in subtropical evergreen broad-leaved forest based on multivariate regression trees-A case study of 24 hm2 Gutianshan forest plot in China.Chinese Journal of Plant Ecology,34,761-769.(in Chinese with English abstract)[赖江山,米湘成,任海保,马克平(2010)基于多元回归树的常绿阔叶林群丛数量分类--以古田山24公顷森林样地为例.植物生态学报,34,761-769.]
Ma JZ,Yang GH,Han MY,Zhang ZM,Yang ZJ,Chen B(2010)Study on approaches of biodiversity conservation and planning for Meili Snow Mountain National Park.Forest Inventory&Planning,35,119-123.(in Chinese with English abstract)[马建忠,杨桂华,韩明跃,张志明,杨子江,陈飙(2010)梅里雪山国家公园生物多样性保护规划方法研究.林业调查规划,35,119-123.]
Murray C,Marmorek DR(2004)Adaptive management:Aspoonful of rigour helps the uncertainty go down.In:Proceedings of the 16th Annual Society for Ecological Restoration Conference,Victoria BC.
Ma KP(2009)A Brief Course on Conservation Biology,4th edn.Higher Education Press,Beijing.(in Chinese)[马克平(2009)保护生物学简明教程,第4版.高等教育出版社,北京.]
Qian HY,Zhang TT,Chen SW,Wu DH,Wu CP,Yuan WG,Jin Y,Yu MJ(2018)Community structures and bio-diversities of broad-leaved forest and two types of plantations in Gutianshan National Nature Reserve,Zhejiang Province.Guihaia,38,1371-1381.(in Chinese with English abstract)[钱海源,张田田,陈声文,巫东豪,吴初平,袁位高,金毅,于明坚(2018)古田山自然保护区阔叶林与两种人工林的群落结构和生物多样性.广西植物.38,1371-1381.]
Si XF,Ding P(2014)Camera trap survey on population dynamics of mammals and birds in Gutianshan forest dynamics plot,eastern China.Biodiversity Science,22,819-822.(in Chinese with English abstract)[斯幸峰,丁平(2014)古田山森林动态监测样地内鸟兽种群动态的红外相机监测.生物多样性,22,819-822.]
Song K,Mi XC,Jia Q,Ren HB,Bebber D,Ma KP(2011)Variation in phylogenetic structure of forest communities along a human disturbance gradient in Gutianshan forest.Biodiversity Science,19,190-196.(in Chinese with English abstract)[宋凯,米湘成,贾琪,任海保,Dan Bebber,马克平(2011)不同程度人为干扰对古田山森林群落谱系结构的影响.生物多样性,19,190-196.]
Su Y,Wang L(2015)Relative concepts,policy background and technological difficulty of pilot national park system in China.Environmental Protection,43(14),17-23.(in Chinese with English abstract)[苏杨,王蕾(2015)中国国家公园体制试点的相关概念、政策背景和技术难点.环境保护,43(14),17-23.]
Su Y,He SY,Wang YF,Wei Y(2018)Policy Research on the Development of China’s Pilot National Parks.Social Sciences Academic Press,Beijing.(in Chinese)[苏杨,何思源,王宇飞,魏钰(2018)中国国家公园体制建设研究.社会科学文献出版社,北京.]
Tang XH(2014)Construction of the Natural Resources Conservation Easements in China.PHD dissertation,Jilin University,Changchun.(in Chinese with English abstract)[唐孝辉(2014)我国自然资源保护地役权制度构建.博士学位论文,吉林大学,长春.]
Wan BT(2008)Building national parks to promote regional ecological protection and harmonious development of economy and society.Environmental Protection,21,35-37.(in Chinese)[万本太(2008)建设国家公园,促进区域生态保护和经济社会协调发展.环境保护,40(21),35-37.]
Williams BK,Allen CR,Pope KL,Fontaine JJ(2011)Adaptive management of natural resources framework and issues.Journal of Environmental Management,92,1346-1353.
Xu GC,Kang MY,Shi YJ(2013)A review of adaptive management research on natural resources.Journal of Natural Resources,28,1797-1807.(in Chinese with English abstract)[徐广才,康慕谊,史亚军(2013)自然资源适应性管理研究综述.自然资源学报,28,1797-1807.]
Yang PF(2012)Biodiversity monitoring of Meili Snow Mountain National Park.Forest Inventory&Planning,37,108-111.(in Chinese with English abstract)[杨沛芳(2012)梅里雪山国家公园生物多样性监测.林业调查规划,37,108-111.]
Yang RJ,Fu BJ,Liu GH,Ma KM(2004)Principles and methods of sustainable management of ecosystem.Chinese Journal of Ecology,23,103-108.(in Chinese with English abstract)[杨荣金,傅伯杰,刘国华,马克明(2004)生态系统可持续管理的原理和方法.生态学杂志,23,103-108.]
Ye GF,You LH,Lu CY,Lin WX,Luo MJ,Tan FL(2015)Global climate change and adaptive management of forest ecosystem.World Forestry Research,28(1),1-6.(in Chinese with English abstract)[叶功富,尤龙辉,卢昌义,林武星,罗美娟,谭芳林(2015)全球气候变化及森林生态系统的适应性管理.世界林业研究,28(1),1-6.]
Yu MJ,Hu ZH,Yu JP,Ding BY,Fang T(2001)Forest vegetation types in Gutianshan Natural Reserve in Zhejiang.Journal of Zhejiang Agricultural University(Agriculture and Life Sciences),27,375-380.(in Chinese with English abstract)[于明坚,胡正华,余建平,丁炳扬,方腾(2001)浙江古田山自然保护区森林植被类型.浙江大学学报(农业与生命科学版),27,375-380.]
Zhu Y,Zhao GF,Zhang LW,Shen GC,Mi XC,Ren HB,Yu MJ,Chen JH,Chen SW,Fang T,Ma KP(2008)Community composition and structure of Gutianshan forest dynamic plot in a mid-subtropical evergreen broad-leaved forest,East China.Journal of Plant Ecology(Chinese Version),32,262-273.(in Chinese with English abstract)[祝燕,赵谷风,张俪文,沈国春,米湘成,任海保,于明坚,陈建华,陈声文,方腾,马克平(2008)古田山中亚热带常绿阔叶林动态监测样地--群落组成与结构.植物生态学报,32,262-273.]