白鹤滩水电站层间错动带工程地质特性
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摘要
白鹤滩水电站层间错动带结构松散、水理性质不良、力学性质差且延展范围广,是地下空间围岩体中的弱结构面,控制围岩体的变形破坏。在大量地质勘探及室内试验研究资料基础上,将白鹤滩工程区的层间错动带划分为节理带、劈理带和泥化带,有利于其力学特性的研究;在分类的基础之上,研究了C_2、C_4层间错动带中不同带区的形成模式、宏微观结构特征、矿物成分、水理性质以及剪切力学特性等主要工程地质问题,认为白鹤滩层间错动带主要是构造成因,不同带区在黏土矿物含量、微观结构以及水理性质等方面差异明显,错动带的剪切位移曲线整体呈理想弹塑性特征;分析了施工期层间错动带的地质特性对工程岩体的影响,含层间错动带围岩体主要存在3种破坏形式:块体塌落、剪切滑移与渗透破坏。
Interlayer staggered zones at Baihetan hydropower station are characterized as loose structures, poor water-physical properties, weak mechanical properties and large spatial distribution. The weak structural surfaces in the surrounding rock of underground space determine the deformation and failure of the surrounding rock mass. Based on a large number of geological exploration and experimental results of interlayer staggered zones in the Baihetan project area, they are divided into joint zones, lining zones and muddy zones. The formation mechanisms, macrostructural and microstructural features, mineral compositions, water-destructible properties and shearing mechanical properties in the C_2 and C_4 zones are studied. It is concluded that the interlayer staggered zones are mainly tectonic genesis, and the differences in clay mineral content, microstructure and hydrologic properties are obvious in different sub-zones. The shear mechanics curves of the interlayer staggered zones presents an ideal elastic-plastic. In the end, we analyze the effect of geological characteristics of interlayer staggered zones on the engineering rock mass during construction. Three main failure modes block collapse, shear slip, and seepage failure in the surrounding rock mass of underground powerhouses and caverns are observed.
Interlayer staggered zones at Baihetan hydropower station are characterized as loose structures, poor water-physical properties, weak mechanical properties and large spatial distribution. The weak structural surfaces in the surrounding rock of underground space determine the deformation and failure of the surrounding rock mass. Based on a large number of geological exploration and experimental results of interlayer staggered zones in the Baihetan project area, they are divided into joint zones, lining zones and muddy zones. The formation mechanisms, macrostructural and microstructural features, mineral compositions, water-destructible properties and shearing mechanical properties in the C_2 and C_4 zones are studied. It is concluded that the interlayer staggered zones are mainly tectonic genesis, and the differences in clay mineral content, microstructure and hydrologic properties are obvious in different sub-zones. The shear mechanics curves of the interlayer staggered zones presents an ideal elastic-plastic. In the end, we analyze the effect of geological characteristics of interlayer staggered zones on the engineering rock mass during construction. Three main failure modes block collapse, shear slip, and seepage failure in the surrounding rock mass of underground powerhouses and caverns are observed.
引文
[1]宋刚,洪望兵,陈长河,等.白鹤滩水电站可研地下厂房洞室群围岩稳定工程地质研究报告[R].杭州:中国水电工程顾问集团华东勘测设计研究院, 2011.SONG Gang, HONG Wang-bing, CHEN Chang-he, et al.Engineering geology feasible study report on surrounding rock stabilization for underground powerhouse caverns of Baihetan hydropower station[R]. Hangzhou:Hydro-China Huadong Engineering Corporation, 2011.
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[4] CEPEDA-DIAZ A F, MESRI G. Residual shear strength of clays and shales[J]. Géotechnique, 1986, 36(2):269-274.
[5]王幼麟.葛洲坝泥化夹层成因及性状的物理化学探讨[J].水文地质工程地质, 1980(4):1-7.WANG You-lin. Physicochemical studies on the causes of formation and characters of Gezhouba weak interlayer[J].Hydrogeology&Engineering Geology, 1980(4):1-7.
[6]徐瑞春.葛洲坝红层中软弱夹层的构造类型研究[J].人民长江, 1981(2):44-50.XU Rui-chun. Study on structural types of weak interlayer in Gezhouba red layer[J]. Yangtze River,1981(2):44-50.
[7]戴广秀,凌泽民,石秀峰,等.葛洲坝水利枢纽坝基红层内软弱夹层及其泥化层的某些工程地质性质[J].地质学报, 1979, 53(2):153-166.DAI Guang-xiu, LING Ze-min, SHI Xiu-feng, et al. Some engineering geological properties of weak interbeds and their clay-gouged intercalations in red beds under the dam foundation of Gezhouba water control project[J]. Acta Geologica Sinica, 1979, 53(2):153-166.
[8]肖树芳.泥化夹层蠕变全过程的模型及微结构的变化[J].岩石力学与工程学报, 1987, 6(2):113-122.XIAO Shu-fang. The creep model of intercalated clay layers and change of their microstructure during creep[J].Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering,1987, 6(2):113-122.
[9]王先锋,刘万,佴磊.泥化夹层的组构类型与微观结构[J].吉林大学学报(地球科学版), 1983(4):73-82.WANG Xian-feng, LIU Wan, ER Lei. Fabric types and microstructure of clay partings[J]. Journal of Jilin University(Earth Science Edition), 1983(4):73-82.
[10] HU Q, YE T, JU X, et al. Macro and mesoscopic structures of mudded interlayer based on digital image processing[J]. Journal of Geotechnical Engineering,2014(19):17657-17666.
[11]肖裕行,肖树芳.层间剪切带法向分布和地层法向有序差异[J].水文地质工程地质, 1996, 23(5):36-39.XIAO Yu-xing, XIAO Shu-fang. The normal spatial distribution and ordered difference of rock strata of interbedding shear zone[J]. Hydrogeology&Engineering Geology, 1996, 23(5):36-39.
[12] CHEN Z J, LI K R. Relaxation and creep properties of thin interbedded clayey seams and their fundamental role in the stability of dams[C]//Proceedings of the International Symposium on Weak Rock. Tokyo:[s. n.],1981:369-374.
[13]包承纲.坝基软弱夹层工程性质的土工研究方法[J].人民长江, 1987(6):1.BAO Cheng-gang. Geotechnical research method for engineering properties of weak interlayer in dam foundation[J]. Yangtze River, 1987(6):1.
[14]徐鼎平,冯夏庭,崔玉军,等.白鹤滩水电站层间错动带的剪切特性[J].岩石力学与工程学报, 2012, 31(增刊1):2692-2703.XU Ding-ping, FENG Xia-ting, CUI Yu-jun, et al. Shear behaviors of interlayer staggered zone at Baihetan hydropower station[J]. Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering, 2012, 31(Suppl.1):2692-2703.
[15]赵阳,周辉,冯夏庭,等.高压力下原状层间错动带三轴不排水剪切特性及其影响因素分析[J].岩土力学,2013, 34(2):365-371.ZHAO Yang, ZHOU Hui, FENG Xia-ting, et al.Undrained shear behaviour of intact infilled joint soil with triaxial shear tests under high pressure and its influence factor analysis[J]. Rock and Soil Mechanics, 2013, 34(2):365-371.
[16]段淑倩,冯夏庭,江权,等.高应力条件下错动带加卸荷力学特性试验研究[J].岩石力学与工程学报, 2016,35(6):1090-1101.DUAN Shu-qian, FENG Xia-ting, JIANG Quan, et al.Failure modes and mechanisms for rock masses with staggered zones of Baihetan underground caverns under high geostress[J]. Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering, 2016, 35(6):1090-1101.
[17]孙万和,杨连生,慎乃齐,等.葛洲坝坝基层间剪切带的模拟研究[J].武汉水利电力学院学报, 1991(5):495-502.SUN Wan-he, YANG Lian-sheng, SHEN Nai-qi, et al.Model study of intercalated shear zone in Gezhouba dam foundation[J]. Engineering Journal of Wuhan University, 1991(5):495-502.
[18]王在泉.泥化夹层长期强度的灰色预测[J].金属矿山,1998(2):16-17.WANG Zai-quan. Grey prediction of the long-term strength of mudded intercalation[J]. Metal Mine, 1998(2):16-17.
[19]唐良琴,聂德新,刘东燕,等.软弱夹层强度参数的主要影响因素分析[J].工程地质学报, 2012, 20(2):289-295.TANG Liang-qin, NIE De-xin, LIU Dong-yan, et al.Analysis of main factors influencing strength parameters of soft intercalation[J]. Journal of Engineering Geology,2012, 20(2):289-295.
[20]王世梅.层间剪切带工程地质专家系统知识模型的建立[J].工程地质学报, 1996, 4(2):44-50.WANG Shi-mei. Construction of knowledge model of expert system for interlayer shear zone[J]. Journal of Engineering Geology, 1996, 4(2):44-50.
[21]冯夏庭,王泳嘉.泥化夹层错动带残余强度的人工神经网络[J].中国有色金属学报, 1995, 5(3):17-21.FENG Xia-ting, WANG Yong-jia. Artificial neural network of the residual strength of mudded intercalation[J]. Transactions of Nonferrous Metals Society of China, 1995, 5(3):17-21.
[22]孟国涛,褚卫江.金沙江白鹤滩岩石力学综合研究地下厂房第I层开挖围岩破坏机制与工程对策研究[R].杭州:浙江中科依泰斯卡岩石工程研发有限公司,2014.MENG Guo-tao, CHU Wei-jing. Rock failure mechanism and engineering countermeasures in the excavation of the first layer of Baihetan hydropower station, Jinsha River[R]. Hangzhou:Hydro-China ITASCA R&D Center Corporation Limited, 2014.
[23]徐鼎平,冯夏庭,崔玉军,等.含层间错动带岩体的破坏模式及其剪切特性研究方法探讨[J].岩土力学, 2012,33(1):129-136.XU Ding-ping, FENG Xia-ting, CUI Yu-jun, et al. On failure mode and shear behavior of rock mass with interlayer staggered zone[J]. Rock and Soil Mechanics,2012, 33(1):129-136.
[24]孙广忠.岩体结构力学[M].北京:科学出版社, 1988.SUN Guang-zhong. Rock mass structural mechanics[M].Beijing:Science Press, 1998.
[25]周兴志.坝基泥化夹层的工程地质研究[J].人民长江,1979(2):3-13.ZHOU Xing-zhi. Engineering geological research on dam foundation muddy interlayer[J]. Yangtze River, 1979(2):3-13.
[2]魏云杰,许模,陶连金,等.西南某水电站坝址区左岸高边坡变形机理及动力稳定性分析[J].北京工业大学学报, 2012(7):1036-1040.WEI Yun-jie, XU Mo, TAO Lian-jin, et al. Deformation mechanism and dynamic stability analysis of high slope at the dam area of a hydropower station, Southwest China[J].Journal of Beijing University of Technology, 2012(7):1036-1040.
[3] SKEMPTON A W, PETLEY D J. The strength along structural discontinuities in stiff clay[C]//Proceedings of the Geotechnical Conference on Shear Strength of Natural Soils and Rocks. Oslo:[s. n.], 1967:3-20.
[4] CEPEDA-DIAZ A F, MESRI G. Residual shear strength of clays and shales[J]. Géotechnique, 1986, 36(2):269-274.
[5]王幼麟.葛洲坝泥化夹层成因及性状的物理化学探讨[J].水文地质工程地质, 1980(4):1-7.WANG You-lin. Physicochemical studies on the causes of formation and characters of Gezhouba weak interlayer[J].Hydrogeology&Engineering Geology, 1980(4):1-7.
[6]徐瑞春.葛洲坝红层中软弱夹层的构造类型研究[J].人民长江, 1981(2):44-50.XU Rui-chun. Study on structural types of weak interlayer in Gezhouba red layer[J]. Yangtze River,1981(2):44-50.
[7]戴广秀,凌泽民,石秀峰,等.葛洲坝水利枢纽坝基红层内软弱夹层及其泥化层的某些工程地质性质[J].地质学报, 1979, 53(2):153-166.DAI Guang-xiu, LING Ze-min, SHI Xiu-feng, et al. Some engineering geological properties of weak interbeds and their clay-gouged intercalations in red beds under the dam foundation of Gezhouba water control project[J]. Acta Geologica Sinica, 1979, 53(2):153-166.
[8]肖树芳.泥化夹层蠕变全过程的模型及微结构的变化[J].岩石力学与工程学报, 1987, 6(2):113-122.XIAO Shu-fang. The creep model of intercalated clay layers and change of their microstructure during creep[J].Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering,1987, 6(2):113-122.
[9]王先锋,刘万,佴磊.泥化夹层的组构类型与微观结构[J].吉林大学学报(地球科学版), 1983(4):73-82.WANG Xian-feng, LIU Wan, ER Lei. Fabric types and microstructure of clay partings[J]. Journal of Jilin University(Earth Science Edition), 1983(4):73-82.
[10] HU Q, YE T, JU X, et al. Macro and mesoscopic structures of mudded interlayer based on digital image processing[J]. Journal of Geotechnical Engineering,2014(19):17657-17666.
[11]肖裕行,肖树芳.层间剪切带法向分布和地层法向有序差异[J].水文地质工程地质, 1996, 23(5):36-39.XIAO Yu-xing, XIAO Shu-fang. The normal spatial distribution and ordered difference of rock strata of interbedding shear zone[J]. Hydrogeology&Engineering Geology, 1996, 23(5):36-39.
[12] CHEN Z J, LI K R. Relaxation and creep properties of thin interbedded clayey seams and their fundamental role in the stability of dams[C]//Proceedings of the International Symposium on Weak Rock. Tokyo:[s. n.],1981:369-374.
[13]包承纲.坝基软弱夹层工程性质的土工研究方法[J].人民长江, 1987(6):1.BAO Cheng-gang. Geotechnical research method for engineering properties of weak interlayer in dam foundation[J]. Yangtze River, 1987(6):1.
[14]徐鼎平,冯夏庭,崔玉军,等.白鹤滩水电站层间错动带的剪切特性[J].岩石力学与工程学报, 2012, 31(增刊1):2692-2703.XU Ding-ping, FENG Xia-ting, CUI Yu-jun, et al. Shear behaviors of interlayer staggered zone at Baihetan hydropower station[J]. Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering, 2012, 31(Suppl.1):2692-2703.
[15]赵阳,周辉,冯夏庭,等.高压力下原状层间错动带三轴不排水剪切特性及其影响因素分析[J].岩土力学,2013, 34(2):365-371.ZHAO Yang, ZHOU Hui, FENG Xia-ting, et al.Undrained shear behaviour of intact infilled joint soil with triaxial shear tests under high pressure and its influence factor analysis[J]. Rock and Soil Mechanics, 2013, 34(2):365-371.
[16]段淑倩,冯夏庭,江权,等.高应力条件下错动带加卸荷力学特性试验研究[J].岩石力学与工程学报, 2016,35(6):1090-1101.DUAN Shu-qian, FENG Xia-ting, JIANG Quan, et al.Failure modes and mechanisms for rock masses with staggered zones of Baihetan underground caverns under high geostress[J]. Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering, 2016, 35(6):1090-1101.
[17]孙万和,杨连生,慎乃齐,等.葛洲坝坝基层间剪切带的模拟研究[J].武汉水利电力学院学报, 1991(5):495-502.SUN Wan-he, YANG Lian-sheng, SHEN Nai-qi, et al.Model study of intercalated shear zone in Gezhouba dam foundation[J]. Engineering Journal of Wuhan University, 1991(5):495-502.
[18]王在泉.泥化夹层长期强度的灰色预测[J].金属矿山,1998(2):16-17.WANG Zai-quan. Grey prediction of the long-term strength of mudded intercalation[J]. Metal Mine, 1998(2):16-17.
[19]唐良琴,聂德新,刘东燕,等.软弱夹层强度参数的主要影响因素分析[J].工程地质学报, 2012, 20(2):289-295.TANG Liang-qin, NIE De-xin, LIU Dong-yan, et al.Analysis of main factors influencing strength parameters of soft intercalation[J]. Journal of Engineering Geology,2012, 20(2):289-295.
[20]王世梅.层间剪切带工程地质专家系统知识模型的建立[J].工程地质学报, 1996, 4(2):44-50.WANG Shi-mei. Construction of knowledge model of expert system for interlayer shear zone[J]. Journal of Engineering Geology, 1996, 4(2):44-50.
[21]冯夏庭,王泳嘉.泥化夹层错动带残余强度的人工神经网络[J].中国有色金属学报, 1995, 5(3):17-21.FENG Xia-ting, WANG Yong-jia. Artificial neural network of the residual strength of mudded intercalation[J]. Transactions of Nonferrous Metals Society of China, 1995, 5(3):17-21.
[22]孟国涛,褚卫江.金沙江白鹤滩岩石力学综合研究地下厂房第I层开挖围岩破坏机制与工程对策研究[R].杭州:浙江中科依泰斯卡岩石工程研发有限公司,2014.MENG Guo-tao, CHU Wei-jing. Rock failure mechanism and engineering countermeasures in the excavation of the first layer of Baihetan hydropower station, Jinsha River[R]. Hangzhou:Hydro-China ITASCA R&D Center Corporation Limited, 2014.
[23]徐鼎平,冯夏庭,崔玉军,等.含层间错动带岩体的破坏模式及其剪切特性研究方法探讨[J].岩土力学, 2012,33(1):129-136.XU Ding-ping, FENG Xia-ting, CUI Yu-jun, et al. On failure mode and shear behavior of rock mass with interlayer staggered zone[J]. Rock and Soil Mechanics,2012, 33(1):129-136.
[24]孙广忠.岩体结构力学[M].北京:科学出版社, 1988.SUN Guang-zhong. Rock mass structural mechanics[M].Beijing:Science Press, 1998.
[25]周兴志.坝基泥化夹层的工程地质研究[J].人民长江,1979(2):3-13.ZHOU Xing-zhi. Engineering geological research on dam foundation muddy interlayer[J]. Yangtze River, 1979(2):3-13.