控施肥料对黄河三角洲盐碱土区苜蓿草地产量及土壤养分的影响
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摘要
采用田间随机区组试验方法,对黄河三角洲盐碱垦殖区苜蓿草地进行施肥处理,以期获得肥料类型对苜蓿产量的影响效应和土壤养分变化情况,为黄河三角洲退化苜蓿草地恢复和延缓衰退提出科学依据,对维护黄河三角洲苜蓿草地功能和周边环境具有重要的生态学意义。结果表明:不同类型肥料的输入均能显著提高苜蓿产量,平均增产幅度为19%,对于不同类型肥料,速效肥短期内可以取得较好的苜蓿生物学产量;但从周年生产来看,控释肥I(AF)和控释肥Ⅱ(BF)均可以促进分枝数量、根系长度、体积和干重增加,而控释肥Ⅱ(BF)表现为增产效果最好,比对照增产22%,控释肥I(AF)与速效肥(HF)差异显著(P<0.05)。不同类型肥料对土壤营养特性作用效果不同,施肥区0-20 cm深度的速效磷和速效钾含量普遍比对照区高1.5～3.0倍,这也是施肥区域苜蓿总产量提高的物质基础,说明在黄河三角洲地区,合理的施肥措施可以促进苜蓿产量的提高和土壤养分的变化,牧草的增产为草地恢复和延缓衰退奠定了基础。
The field randomized block experiment method was used to apply fertilizer to alfalfa fields in saline-alkali reclamation areas of the Yellow River Delta, in order to obtain the effects of fertilizer types on alfalfa yield and the changes of soil nutrients, and provide scientific basis for the restoration and delaying recession of alfalfa fields in the Yellow River Delta, and this research had important ecological significance for maintaining the functions of alfalfa fields and the surrounding environment in the Yellow River Delta. The results showed that the application of different types of fertilizers could significantly improve the alfalfa yield, with an average increase of 19%. For different types of fertilizers, the quick-acting fertilizer could get better biological yield of alfalfa in a short period. However, for the annual production, controlled release fertilizer I(AF) and controlled release fertilizer II(BF) could promote the increase of branch number, root length, volume and dry weight, while controlled-release fertilizer II(BF) was the best in improving the alfalfa yield, it improved the yield by 22% compared with the CK, and there was a significant difference in the yield between controlled release fertilizer I(AF) and quick-acting fertilizer(HF)(P<0.05). The different type fertilizer had different effects on soil nutrient characteristics, the content of soil available potassium and available phosphorus in 0-20 cm depth of fertilizer treatment plots was 1.5 ～ 3.0 times higher than that of CK, and this was also the material basis for the increase of total alfalfa yield in the fertilization area, which indicated that reasonable fertilization measures could promote the increase of alfalfa yield and the change of soil nutrients in the Yellow River Delta area, and the increase of forage yield laid a foundation for grassland restoration and delaying recession.
The field randomized block experiment method was used to apply fertilizer to alfalfa fields in saline-alkali reclamation areas of the Yellow River Delta, in order to obtain the effects of fertilizer types on alfalfa yield and the changes of soil nutrients, and provide scientific basis for the restoration and delaying recession of alfalfa fields in the Yellow River Delta, and this research had important ecological significance for maintaining the functions of alfalfa fields and the surrounding environment in the Yellow River Delta. The results showed that the application of different types of fertilizers could significantly improve the alfalfa yield, with an average increase of 19%. For different types of fertilizers, the quick-acting fertilizer could get better biological yield of alfalfa in a short period. However, for the annual production, controlled release fertilizer I(AF) and controlled release fertilizer II(BF) could promote the increase of branch number, root length, volume and dry weight, while controlled-release fertilizer II(BF) was the best in improving the alfalfa yield, it improved the yield by 22% compared with the CK, and there was a significant difference in the yield between controlled release fertilizer I(AF) and quick-acting fertilizer(HF)(P<0.05). The different type fertilizer had different effects on soil nutrient characteristics, the content of soil available potassium and available phosphorus in 0-20 cm depth of fertilizer treatment plots was 1.5 ～ 3.0 times higher than that of CK, and this was also the material basis for the increase of total alfalfa yield in the fertilization area, which indicated that reasonable fertilization measures could promote the increase of alfalfa yield and the change of soil nutrients in the Yellow River Delta area, and the increase of forage yield laid a foundation for grassland restoration and delaying recession.
引文
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[9] 邵蕾,张民,王丽霞.不同控释肥类型及施肥方式对肥料利用率和氮素平衡的影响[J].水土保持学报,2006,20(6):115-119.
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[12] 魏臻武,符昕,曹致中,等.苜蓿生长特性和产草量关系的研究[J].草业学报,2007,16(4):2-6.
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[15] 张菁,张于卉,马力,等.播期和施肥对冬闲田紫花苜蓿生长和品质的影响[J].中国草地学报,2015,37(6):35-41.
[16] 肖燕子,格根图,吕世杰,等.中苜2号苜蓿高产配方施肥的研究[J].干旱区资源与环境,2016,30(9):183-189.
[17] 孙瑞.施用有机无机复混肥对退化高寒草地群落组成及土壤肥力的影响[D].兰州:兰州大学,2016.
[18] 党民团,刘娟.我国保水缓/控释肥料的研发进展[J].磷肥与复肥,2011,26(5):23-25.
[19] 金容,李兰,郭萍,等.控释氮肥比例对土壤氮含量和玉米氮素吸收利用的影响[J].水土保持学报,2018,32(6):214-221.
[20] 邵蕾,王丽霞,张民,等.控释肥类型及氮素水平对氮磷钾利用率的影响[J].水土保持学报,2009,23(4):170-175.
[21] 肖文一,陈德新,吴渠来.饲用植物栽培与利用[M].北京:农业出版社,1991.
[22] 杨恒山,曹敏建,李春龙,等.苜蓿施用磷、钾肥效应的研究[J].草业科学,2003,20(11):19-22.
[23] 董合林,李鹏程,刘敬然,等.钾肥用量对麦棉两熟制作物产量和钾肥利用率的影响[J].植物营养与肥料学报,2015,21(5):1159-1168.
[24] 朱国梁,毕军,夏光利,等.不同缓释肥料对黄瓜产量、品质及养分利用率的影响[J].中国土壤与肥料,2013(1):68-73.
[25] 王燕,赵哈林,潘成臣.土地利用方式对盐渍化农田土壤理化特性的影响[J].干旱区资源与环境,2014,28(2):149-155.
[26] 刘学敏,罗久富,邓东周,等.氮添加对不同退化程度高寒草地生态系统的影响[J].草业科学,2018,35(12):2773-2783.
[2] 凌敏,刘汝海,王艳,等.黄河三角洲柽柳林场湿地土壤养分的空间异质性及其与植物群落分布的耦合关系[J].湿地科学,2010,8(1):92-97.
[3] 马霞,王丽丽,李卫军,等.不同施氮水平下接种根瘤菌对苜蓿固氮效能及种子生产的影响[J].草业学报,2013,22(1):95-102.
[4] Ventroni L M,Volenec J J,Cangiano C A.Fall dormancy and cutting frequency impact on alfalfa yield and yield components [J].Field Crops Research,2010,119(2/3):252-259.
[5] 王书转,郝明德,普琼,等.黄土区苜蓿人工草地群落生态与生产功能演替[J].草业学报,2014,23(6):1-10.
[6] 毕舒贻.不同水肥组合对苜蓿生产性能和品质的影响[D].北京:中国农业科学院,2017.
[7] 祁娟,姚拓,白小明,等.复合菌肥替代部分磷肥对苜蓿草地生产力及土壤肥力的影响[J].草业学报,2017,26(10):118-128.
[8] Liu J,Yang Y,Gao B,et al.Bio-based elastic polyurethane for controlled-release urea fertilizer:Fabrication,properties,swelling and nitrogen release characteristics [J].Journal of Cleaner Production,2019,209:528-537.
[9] 邵蕾,张民,王丽霞.不同控释肥类型及施肥方式对肥料利用率和氮素平衡的影响[J].水土保持学报,2006,20(6):115-119.
[10] 王亚玲,李晓芳,师尚礼,等.紫花苜蓿生产性能构成因子分析与评价[J] .中国草地学报,2007,29(5):8-15.
[11] 唐冰,刘世荣,蔡道雄,等.南亚热带不同植被恢复模式下土壤理化性质[J].应用生态学报,2010,21(10):2479-2486.
[12] 魏臻武,符昕,曹致中,等.苜蓿生长特性和产草量关系的研究[J].草业学报,2007,16(4):2-6.
[13] 鲍士旦.土壤农化分析[M].3版.北京:中国农业出版社,1999:42-50.
[14] Reis A F B,Almeida R E M,Lago B C,et al.Aerobic rice system improves water productivity,nitrogen recovery and crop performance in Brazilian weathered lowland soil [J].Field Crops Research,2018,218:59-68.
[15] 张菁,张于卉,马力,等.播期和施肥对冬闲田紫花苜蓿生长和品质的影响[J].中国草地学报,2015,37(6):35-41.
[16] 肖燕子,格根图,吕世杰,等.中苜2号苜蓿高产配方施肥的研究[J].干旱区资源与环境,2016,30(9):183-189.
[17] 孙瑞.施用有机无机复混肥对退化高寒草地群落组成及土壤肥力的影响[D].兰州:兰州大学,2016.
[18] 党民团,刘娟.我国保水缓/控释肥料的研发进展[J].磷肥与复肥,2011,26(5):23-25.
[19] 金容,李兰,郭萍,等.控释氮肥比例对土壤氮含量和玉米氮素吸收利用的影响[J].水土保持学报,2018,32(6):214-221.
[20] 邵蕾,王丽霞,张民,等.控释肥类型及氮素水平对氮磷钾利用率的影响[J].水土保持学报,2009,23(4):170-175.
[21] 肖文一,陈德新,吴渠来.饲用植物栽培与利用[M].北京:农业出版社,1991.
[22] 杨恒山,曹敏建,李春龙,等.苜蓿施用磷、钾肥效应的研究[J].草业科学,2003,20(11):19-22.
[23] 董合林,李鹏程,刘敬然,等.钾肥用量对麦棉两熟制作物产量和钾肥利用率的影响[J].植物营养与肥料学报,2015,21(5):1159-1168.
[24] 朱国梁,毕军,夏光利,等.不同缓释肥料对黄瓜产量、品质及养分利用率的影响[J].中国土壤与肥料,2013(1):68-73.
[25] 王燕,赵哈林,潘成臣.土地利用方式对盐渍化农田土壤理化特性的影响[J].干旱区资源与环境,2014,28(2):149-155.
[26] 刘学敏,罗久富,邓东周,等.氮添加对不同退化程度高寒草地生态系统的影响[J].草业科学,2018,35(12):2773-2783.
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