钻形紫菀对小麦与白菜潜在化感作用的研究
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摘要
钻形紫菀为小麦与白菜的常见农田杂草;为探究其入侵机理,采用培养皿法研究了钻形紫菀茎、叶水浸提液对小麦与白菜萌发和生长的影响。结果表明:1)小麦和白菜的萌发率、萌发指数随水浸提液浓度增加而降低,且小麦萌发对低浓度钻形紫菀水浸提液不敏感,但在高浓度水浸提液处理下(20,40g·L-1)受到的抑制较白菜强。2)水浸提液对小麦和白菜的鲜重、苗长和根长具有抑制作用,且随浓度的增加抑制作用增强。其中,水浸提液对白菜的鲜重、苗长仅在较高浓度(20,40g·L-1)时具有显著抑制作用,而对小麦的鲜重、苗长的抑制在低浓度(5,10g·L-1)时即达到显著性水平,且在各浓度下均比白菜强;白菜根长在5g·L-1水浸提液处理下抑制效应不显著,而在其他浓度下受到的抑制较小麦强。3)随水浸提液浓度增加,除白菜过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性呈波动趋势外,其余保护酶[CAT、过氧化物酶(POD)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)]活性均逐渐降低,膜透率以及白菜丙二醛含量均逐渐上升,小麦丙二醛含量则呈先降后升的趋势,根系活力与叶绿素含量均呈下降趋势;总体而言,白菜生理指标受到的抑制更强。研究表明,钻形紫菀水浸提液可通过降低保护酶活性、破坏膜系统以及影响呼吸作用和光合作用来抑制2种植物的萌发和生长。4)各浓度下白菜化感综合效应的绝对值均大于小麦,说明白菜对钻形紫菀水浸提液更为敏感。
Aster subulatus is a common weed of wheat(Triticum aestivum) and Chinese cabbage(Brassica chinensis) in farmland. To explore its invasion mechanism, a Petri dish method was used to evaluate the potential allelopathic effect of aqueous extracts from the stem and leaf of A. subulatus on T. aestivum and B. chinensis. In general, the germination rates and germination indexes of T. aestivum and B. chinensis decreased with increasing concentrations of the A. subulatus aqueous extracts. T. aestivum was not sensitive to lower concentrations of the aqueous extracts but was more strongly inhibited than B. chinensis by higher concentrations(20, 40 g·L~(-1)) of the aqueous extracts. The fresh weight, shoot length, and root length of T. aestivum and B. chinensis were more strongly inhibited as the concentration of the aqueous extracts increased. The aqueous extracts at higher concentrations(20, 40 g·L~(-1)) had significant negative effects on the fresh weight and shoot length of B. chinensis, and significant negative effects on those of T. aestivum at lower concentrations(5, 10 g·L~(-1)). In all treatments, higher concentrations of the aqueous extracts had stronger negative effects than lower concentrations. The aqueous extracts at the lowest concentration(5 g·L~(-1)) negatively affected the root length of T. aestivum, but not that of B. chinensis. As the concentration of the aqueous extracts increased, the activities of protective enzymes(catalase, peroxidase, superoxide dismutase) gradually decreased, except that the catalase activity fluctuated in B. chinensis. During treatment with the aqueous extracts, the malondialdehyde content and membrane permeability gradually increased in B. chinensis, while the malondialdehyde content of T. aestivum decreased first and then increased, and its root activity and chlorophyll content showed downward trends. Overall, the aqueous extracts had stronger negative effects on the physiological indexes of B. chinensis than on those of T. aestivum. The results of this study showed that aqueous extracts of A. subulatus inhibited the germination and growth of two crop plants by reducing protective enzyme activities, disrupting the membrane system, and affecting respiration and photosynthesis. For all measured indexes, the standard error values were higher for B. chinensis than for T. aestivum, indicating that B. chinensis was more sensitive than T. aestivum to the aqueous extracts of A. subulatus.
Aster subulatus is a common weed of wheat(Triticum aestivum) and Chinese cabbage(Brassica chinensis) in farmland. To explore its invasion mechanism, a Petri dish method was used to evaluate the potential allelopathic effect of aqueous extracts from the stem and leaf of A. subulatus on T. aestivum and B. chinensis. In general, the germination rates and germination indexes of T. aestivum and B. chinensis decreased with increasing concentrations of the A. subulatus aqueous extracts. T. aestivum was not sensitive to lower concentrations of the aqueous extracts but was more strongly inhibited than B. chinensis by higher concentrations(20, 40 g·L~(-1)) of the aqueous extracts. The fresh weight, shoot length, and root length of T. aestivum and B. chinensis were more strongly inhibited as the concentration of the aqueous extracts increased. The aqueous extracts at higher concentrations(20, 40 g·L~(-1)) had significant negative effects on the fresh weight and shoot length of B. chinensis, and significant negative effects on those of T. aestivum at lower concentrations(5, 10 g·L~(-1)). In all treatments, higher concentrations of the aqueous extracts had stronger negative effects than lower concentrations. The aqueous extracts at the lowest concentration(5 g·L~(-1)) negatively affected the root length of T. aestivum, but not that of B. chinensis. As the concentration of the aqueous extracts increased, the activities of protective enzymes(catalase, peroxidase, superoxide dismutase) gradually decreased, except that the catalase activity fluctuated in B. chinensis. During treatment with the aqueous extracts, the malondialdehyde content and membrane permeability gradually increased in B. chinensis, while the malondialdehyde content of T. aestivum decreased first and then increased, and its root activity and chlorophyll content showed downward trends. Overall, the aqueous extracts had stronger negative effects on the physiological indexes of B. chinensis than on those of T. aestivum. The results of this study showed that aqueous extracts of A. subulatus inhibited the germination and growth of two crop plants by reducing protective enzyme activities, disrupting the membrane system, and affecting respiration and photosynthesis. For all measured indexes, the standard error values were higher for B. chinensis than for T. aestivum, indicating that B. chinensis was more sensitive than T. aestivum to the aqueous extracts of A. subulatus.
引文
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[12] Zheng L,Feng Y L.Allelopathic effects of Eupatorium adenophorum Spreng.on seed germination and seedling growth in ten herbaceous species.Acta Ecologica Sinica,2005,25(10):2782-2787.郑丽,冯玉龙.紫茎泽兰叶片化感作用对10种草本植物种子萌发和幼苗生长的影响.生态学报,2005,25(10):2782-2787.
[13] Zeng K,Liu L,Cai Y M,et al.Allelopathy of the root aqueous extracts of pioneer shurb species on alpine foroge species in the restoration course of the alpine desertification meadow.Acta Botanica Boreali-Occidentalia Sinica,2017,37(7):1312-1322.曾凯,刘琳,蔡义民,等.高寒沙化草地中先锋灌木根系水浸提液对4种高原牧草的化感效应分析.西北植物学报,2017,37(7):1312-1322.
[14] Tang S H,Luo C.Experimental course of plant physiology.Chongqing:Southwest China Normal University Press,2012.汤绍虎,罗充.植物生理学实验教程.重庆:西南师范大学出版社,2012.
[15] Zhang F J,Xu X Y,Chen F M,et al.Allelopathic effect of aqueous extract of Flavera bidentis Kunta on chinese cabbage and rice seedlings growth.Acta Botanica Boreali-Occidentalia Sinica,2008,28(8):1669-1674.张风娟,徐兴友,陈凤敏,等.黄顶菊茎叶浸提液对白菜和水稻幼苗化感作用的初步研究.西北植物学报,2008,28(8):1669-1674.
[16] Li D X,Guo Y X,Yun H Y,et al.Determined methods of chlorophyll from maize.Chinese Agricultural Science Bulletin,2005,21(6):153-155.李得孝,郭月霞,员海燕,等.玉米叶绿素含量测定方法研究.中国农学通报,2005,21(6):153-155.
[17] Cao C L,Ma P D.Experimental guidelines in plant physiology.Yangling:Northwest A&F University Press,2016.曹翠玲,麻鹏达.植物生理学教学实验指导.杨凌:西北农林科技大学出版社,2016.
[18] Wu Q S.Experimental guidelines in plant physiology.Beijing:China Agriculture Press,2018.吴强盛.植物生理学实验指导.北京:中国农业出版社,2018.
[19] Williamson G B,RichardsonI D.Bioassays for allelopathy:Measuring treatment responses with independent controls.Journal of Chemical Ecology,1998,14(1):181-187.
[20] Duo J J.Allelopathy effects of several edificators in Mu Us Sandland.Yangling:Northwest A&F University,2015.多杰吉.毛乌素沙地几种主要建群植物的化感效应研究.杨凌:西北农林科技大学,2015.
[21] Li H,Xu H.Introduction to the science of alien species invasion.Beijing:Science Press,2016.李宏,许惠.外来物种入侵科学导论.北京:科学出版社,2016.
[22] Zhao C Y,Li J S,Liu X Y.Risk warning and management on the main invasive alien species in China.Beijing:China Environmental Science Press,2016.赵彩云,李俊生,柳晓燕.中国主要外来入侵物种风险预警与管理.北京:中国环境出版社,2016.
[23] Wang Q,Xu Z,Hu T X,et al.Effect of decomposing walnut leaf litter on the growth and physiology of radish.Acta Botanica Boreali-Occidentalia Sinica,2014,34(12):2475-2482.王茜,徐郑,胡庭兴,等.核桃凋落叶分解对萝卜生长和生理的影响.西北植物学报,2014,34(12):2475-2482.
[24] Huang S Q,Liu G X,Han J G.Effect of seed size and sowing depth on seeding establishment.Pratacultural Science,2007,24(6):44-49.黄双全,刘桂霞,韩建国.种子大小和播种深度对种苗建植的影响.草业科学,2007,24(6):44-49.
[25] Li X,Yang S Y,Shen H M,et al.Allelopathy and its mechanism of extract solution of Oxytropis ochrocephala on Avena sativa.Acta Botanica Boreali-Occidentalia Sinica,2011,31(7):1367-1375.李翔,杨顺义,沈慧敏,等.黄花棘豆水提液对燕麦的化感作用及其机理研究.西北植物学报,2011,31(7):1367-1375.
[26] Yang G Q,Wan F H,Liu W X.Influences of main-functional allelochemicals derived from the leachates of Ageratina adenophora Sprengel on anatomical structures of upland rice seedling root tips.Plant Protection,2008,34(6):20-24.杨国庆,万方浩,刘万学.紫茎泽兰淋溶主效化感物质对旱稻幼苗根尖解剖结构的影响.植物保护,2008,34(6):20-24.
[2] Zhu S X,Qin H N,Chen Y L.Alien species of Compositae in China.Guihaia,2005,25(1):69-76.朱世新,覃海宁,陈艺林.中国菊科植物外来种概述.广西植物,2005,25(1):69-76.
[3] Ministry of Ecological and Environment of the People’s Republic of China.Announcement on the publication of the list of invasive alien species in China (The Third Batch) .(2014-8-15)[2014-8-20].http://www.mee.gov.cn/gkml/hbb/bgg/201408/t20140828_288367.htm.中华人民共和国生态环境部.关于发布中国外来入侵物种名单(第三批)的公告.(2014-8-15)[2014-8-20].http://www.mee.gov.cn/gkml/hbb/bgg/201408/t20140828_288367.htm.
[4] Yan X L,Liu Q R,Shou H Y,et al.The categorization and analysis on the geographic distribution patterns of Chinese alien invasive plants.Biodiversity Science,2014,22(5):667-676.闫小玲,刘全儒,寿海洋,等.中国外来入侵植物的等级划分与地理分布格局分析.生物多样性,2014,22(5):667-676.
[5] Zhuge X L,Zhu M,Ji L,et al.The influence of plant traits on seed wind dispersal of two invasive weeds,Conyza canadensis and Aster subulatus.Journal of Agro-Environment Science,2011,30(10):1978-1984.诸葛晓龙,朱敏,季璐,等.入侵杂草小飞蓬和钻形紫菀种子风传扩散生物学特性研究.农业环境科学学报,2011,30(10):1978-1984.
[6] Wan F H,Hou Y M,Jiang M X.Invasion biology.Beijing:Science Press,2015.万方浩,侯有明,蒋明星.入侵生物学.北京:科学出版社,2015.
[7] Li S T,Zhou J M,Wang H Y,et al.Allelopathic mechanism of plant.Rural Eco-Environment,2001,17(4):52-55.李寿田,周健民,王火焰,等.植物化感作用机理的研究进展.农村生态环境,2001,17(4):52-55.
[8] Ma J H,Yang W X,Sun L L,et al.Physiological mechanisms of the allelochemical stress to three weed species caused by Eupatorium adenophorum extracts.Acta Ecologica Sinica,2018,38(10):3514-3523.马金虎,杨文秀,孙亮亮,等.紫茎泽兰提取物对3种杂草的化感胁迫作用.生态学报,2018,38(10):3514-3523.
[9] Liao Y L.Allelopathic effect and mechanism of leaf litter of an invasive plant:Solidago canadensis L.Zhenjiang:Jiangsu University,2017.廖亚丽.入侵植物加拿大一枝黄花凋落叶的化感作用及机理研究.镇江:江苏大学,2017.
[10] Zhen W W.Research on allelopathic effects of extracts from Alternanthera philoxeroides on three kinds of crops.Yangzhou:Yangzhou University,2012.甄伟伟.空心莲子草浸提液对三种作物化感效应的研究.扬州:扬州大学,2012.
[11] Zhang Z Z,Shi Q X,Sun Z H,et al.Allelopathic effects of invasive plant Alternanthera philoxeroides on lettuce and radish.Acta Prataculturae Sinica,2013,22(1):288-293.张志忠,石秋香,孙志浩,等.入侵植物空心莲子草对生菜和萝卜的化感效应.草业学报,2013,22(1):288-293.
[12] Zheng L,Feng Y L.Allelopathic effects of Eupatorium adenophorum Spreng.on seed germination and seedling growth in ten herbaceous species.Acta Ecologica Sinica,2005,25(10):2782-2787.郑丽,冯玉龙.紫茎泽兰叶片化感作用对10种草本植物种子萌发和幼苗生长的影响.生态学报,2005,25(10):2782-2787.
[13] Zeng K,Liu L,Cai Y M,et al.Allelopathy of the root aqueous extracts of pioneer shurb species on alpine foroge species in the restoration course of the alpine desertification meadow.Acta Botanica Boreali-Occidentalia Sinica,2017,37(7):1312-1322.曾凯,刘琳,蔡义民,等.高寒沙化草地中先锋灌木根系水浸提液对4种高原牧草的化感效应分析.西北植物学报,2017,37(7):1312-1322.
[14] Tang S H,Luo C.Experimental course of plant physiology.Chongqing:Southwest China Normal University Press,2012.汤绍虎,罗充.植物生理学实验教程.重庆:西南师范大学出版社,2012.
[15] Zhang F J,Xu X Y,Chen F M,et al.Allelopathic effect of aqueous extract of Flavera bidentis Kunta on chinese cabbage and rice seedlings growth.Acta Botanica Boreali-Occidentalia Sinica,2008,28(8):1669-1674.张风娟,徐兴友,陈凤敏,等.黄顶菊茎叶浸提液对白菜和水稻幼苗化感作用的初步研究.西北植物学报,2008,28(8):1669-1674.
[16] Li D X,Guo Y X,Yun H Y,et al.Determined methods of chlorophyll from maize.Chinese Agricultural Science Bulletin,2005,21(6):153-155.李得孝,郭月霞,员海燕,等.玉米叶绿素含量测定方法研究.中国农学通报,2005,21(6):153-155.
[17] Cao C L,Ma P D.Experimental guidelines in plant physiology.Yangling:Northwest A&F University Press,2016.曹翠玲,麻鹏达.植物生理学教学实验指导.杨凌:西北农林科技大学出版社,2016.
[18] Wu Q S.Experimental guidelines in plant physiology.Beijing:China Agriculture Press,2018.吴强盛.植物生理学实验指导.北京:中国农业出版社,2018.
[19] Williamson G B,RichardsonI D.Bioassays for allelopathy:Measuring treatment responses with independent controls.Journal of Chemical Ecology,1998,14(1):181-187.
[20] Duo J J.Allelopathy effects of several edificators in Mu Us Sandland.Yangling:Northwest A&F University,2015.多杰吉.毛乌素沙地几种主要建群植物的化感效应研究.杨凌:西北农林科技大学,2015.
[21] Li H,Xu H.Introduction to the science of alien species invasion.Beijing:Science Press,2016.李宏,许惠.外来物种入侵科学导论.北京:科学出版社,2016.
[22] Zhao C Y,Li J S,Liu X Y.Risk warning and management on the main invasive alien species in China.Beijing:China Environmental Science Press,2016.赵彩云,李俊生,柳晓燕.中国主要外来入侵物种风险预警与管理.北京:中国环境出版社,2016.
[23] Wang Q,Xu Z,Hu T X,et al.Effect of decomposing walnut leaf litter on the growth and physiology of radish.Acta Botanica Boreali-Occidentalia Sinica,2014,34(12):2475-2482.王茜,徐郑,胡庭兴,等.核桃凋落叶分解对萝卜生长和生理的影响.西北植物学报,2014,34(12):2475-2482.
[24] Huang S Q,Liu G X,Han J G.Effect of seed size and sowing depth on seeding establishment.Pratacultural Science,2007,24(6):44-49.黄双全,刘桂霞,韩建国.种子大小和播种深度对种苗建植的影响.草业科学,2007,24(6):44-49.
[25] Li X,Yang S Y,Shen H M,et al.Allelopathy and its mechanism of extract solution of Oxytropis ochrocephala on Avena sativa.Acta Botanica Boreali-Occidentalia Sinica,2011,31(7):1367-1375.李翔,杨顺义,沈慧敏,等.黄花棘豆水提液对燕麦的化感作用及其机理研究.西北植物学报,2011,31(7):1367-1375.
[26] Yang G Q,Wan F H,Liu W X.Influences of main-functional allelochemicals derived from the leachates of Ageratina adenophora Sprengel on anatomical structures of upland rice seedling root tips.Plant Protection,2008,34(6):20-24.杨国庆,万方浩,刘万学.紫茎泽兰淋溶主效化感物质对旱稻幼苗根尖解剖结构的影响.植物保护,2008,34(6):20-24.
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