跨流域调水的公正问题——基于环境正义的分析视角
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摘要
水资源时空分布不均造成的水资源短缺问题已成为阻碍区域发展的重要因素。为了应对区域间的水资源短缺问题,跨流域调水工程作为不同流域水资源优化配置的一种手段,被广泛用于解决水资源分配不均和区域需水不平衡问题。调水工程虽然短期内缓解了水资源压力,平衡了区域间用水需求,但其建设和运营过程对工程所涉区域的地方经济、地理环境、人文环境以及生态环境也造成不同程度的压力。本文通过对当前世界范围内跨流域调水工程的文献回顾,围绕跨流域调水工程所引发的社会公平正义层面的争议,借助环境正义理论的分析方法,通过对国内外调水案例的实践分析,追踪相关环境不公的现象和争议,剖析当前社会—生态冲突的产生机制。最后从我国水生态文明建设实际出发,提出以建立健全水权交易市场,构建"赋权—认同—合作"参与机制和树立"人类命运共同体"理念的解决对策,以期降低调水工程对环境和社会所造成的负面影响,推进水生态正义体系的建设。
Water crisis,especially water shortage caused by uneven spatial and temporal distribution of water resources,has become a limiting factor hindering regional development. The inter-basin water transfer,which is widely implemented around the world,is regarded as a technical solution with high efficiency,convenience,and stability. It transports water resources from water-rich areas to water-scarce areas to balance and match the demand of urbanization and industries development. At the same time,the distribution of benefits and risk-taking issues have brought more fierce social disputes. In recent years,western scholars have been studying on the social,economic,and ecological impacts or consequences produced by inter-basin water transfer projects,especially focus on the discussion of social equity and justice issues. Through the literature review of the current inter-basin water transfer projects around the world,we use the analysis framework of environmental justice,combined with the case studies,to track the controversies between the city and rural areas and give a better understanding about the socio-ecological conflicts related to water transfer. Finally,we suggest three routes to prevent or reduce the impact of social injustice by building a water rights trading market,improving the "empowerment-identification-cooperation"participation mechanism and creating the "human destiny community" conception.
Water crisis,especially water shortage caused by uneven spatial and temporal distribution of water resources,has become a limiting factor hindering regional development. The inter-basin water transfer,which is widely implemented around the world,is regarded as a technical solution with high efficiency,convenience,and stability. It transports water resources from water-rich areas to water-scarce areas to balance and match the demand of urbanization and industries development. At the same time,the distribution of benefits and risk-taking issues have brought more fierce social disputes. In recent years,western scholars have been studying on the social,economic,and ecological impacts or consequences produced by inter-basin water transfer projects,especially focus on the discussion of social equity and justice issues. Through the literature review of the current inter-basin water transfer projects around the world,we use the analysis framework of environmental justice,combined with the case studies,to track the controversies between the city and rural areas and give a better understanding about the socio-ecological conflicts related to water transfer. Finally,we suggest three routes to prevent or reduce the impact of social injustice by building a water rights trading market,improving the "empowerment-identification-cooperation"participation mechanism and creating the "human destiny community" conception.
引文
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[17]习近平.习近平谈治国理政[M].北京:外文出版社,2014:9-9.
[18]罗艳丽.马克思正义观的实践属性[J].山东社会科学,2016(11):136-141.
[19]王亚华,舒全峰,吴佳喆.水权市场研究述评与中国特色水权市场研究展望[J].中国人口·资源与环境,2017,27(6):87-100.
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[21]胡中华.环境正义视域下的公众参与[J].华中科技大学学报(社会科学版),2011,25(4):66-71.
[22]曾粤兴,魏思婧.构建公众参与环境治理的“赋权-认同-合作”机制--基于计划行为理论的研究[J].福建论坛(人文社会科学版),2017(10):169-176.
[23]赵闯.伤害与正义:一个环境视角[J].中国地质大学学报(社会科学版),2018,18(3):95-104.
[2]ZHOU Y L,GUO S L,HONG X J,et al.Systematic impact assessment on inter-basin water transfer projects of the Hanjiang River Basin in China[J].Journal of hydrology,2017,(553):584-595.
[3]HOLIFIELD R,PORTER M,WALKER G.Introduction spaces of environmental justice:frameworks for critical engagement[J].Antipode,2009,41(4):591-612.
[4]王韬洋.正义的共同体与未来世代--代际正义的可能性及其限度[J].华东师范大学学报(哲学社会科学版),2010,42(5):65-69.
[5]SYME G,PORTER N,GOEFT U,et al.Integrating social wellbeing into assessments of water policy:Meeting the challenge for decision makers[J].Water policy,2008,10(4):323-343.
[6]王云霞.分配、承认、参与和能力:环境正义的四重维度[J].自然辩证法研究,2017,33(4):39-44.
[7]王韬洋.环境正义的双重维度:分配与承认[M].上海:华东师范大学出版社,2015.
[8]张铃.工程的风险分配及其正义刍论[J].马克思主义与现实,2014(2):65-69.
[9]DOMéNECH L,MARCH H,SAURéD.Contesting large-scale water supply projects at both ends of the pipe in Kathmandu and Melamchi Valleys,Nepal[J].Geoforum,2013,(47):22-31.
[10]付汉良,刘晓君.再生水回用公众心理感染现象的验证及影响策略[J].资源科学,2018,40(6):1222-1229.
[11]SCHLOSBERG D.Defining Environmental Justice:Theories,Movements,and Nature[M].Oxford:Oxford University Press,2009.
[12]DELGADO J V.The socio-cultural,institutional and gender aspects of the water transfer-agribusiness model for food and water security.Lessons learned from Peru[J].Food security,2015,7(6):1187-1197.
[13]王韬洋.环境正义:从分配到承认[J].思想与文化,2015(1):110-122.
[14]钱永祥.动情的理性:政治哲学作为道德实践[M].台湾:联经出版事业股份有限公司,2014:181-182.
[15]FAN M F.Environmental justice and the politics of risk:water resource controversies in Taiwan[J].Human ecology,2016,44(4):425-434.
[16]郁乐.环境正义的分配、矫正与承认及其内在逻辑[J].吉首大学学报(社会科学版),2017,38(2):43-49.
[17]习近平.习近平谈治国理政[M].北京:外文出版社,2014:9-9.
[18]罗艳丽.马克思正义观的实践属性[J].山东社会科学,2016(11):136-141.
[19]王亚华,舒全峰,吴佳喆.水权市场研究述评与中国特色水权市场研究展望[J].中国人口·资源与环境,2017,27(6):87-100.
[20]陈吉宁.环境保护公众参与办法[EB/OL].(2015-07-13).http://www.mep.gov.cn/gkml/hbb/bl/201507/t20150720_306928.htm.
[21]胡中华.环境正义视域下的公众参与[J].华中科技大学学报(社会科学版),2011,25(4):66-71.
[22]曾粤兴,魏思婧.构建公众参与环境治理的“赋权-认同-合作”机制--基于计划行为理论的研究[J].福建论坛(人文社会科学版),2017(10):169-176.
[23]赵闯.伤害与正义:一个环境视角[J].中国地质大学学报(社会科学版),2018,18(3):95-104.
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