我国畜禽粪污集中处理模式的运行机理分析
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摘要
畜禽粪污集中处理是我国畜禽养殖环境污染治理的新举措。基于理论分析和国内外研究现状综述,提出研究我国畜禽粪污集中处理模式问题及推广价值的必要性。依据理清畜禽粪污集中处理模式运行机理,选择北京市、江苏省、四川省采用PPP运营手段的畜禽粪污集中处理中心作案例调研,运用案例分析法从技术方式、纵向关系(运营方式、合作主体、融资渠道)、政府监管、成本收益四方面剖析畜禽粪污集中处理模式运行特征、效果、困境及适应性。结果表明,目前畜禽粪污集中处理模式可在降低政府监管成本基础上实现区域内环境效益和社会效益,但存在技术标准缺失、运营融资难、亏损普遍等困境,需政府协助打通资源化产品销售渠道。据此提出该模式的推广适用条件主要有具备合理的种养产业结构和布局、有较高项目建设运营财力和能力的社会资本、完善的社会化服务组织、政府充分发挥扶持监管职能等,指出种养结合或就近消纳均属于交易成本及政府监管成本相对较低的治理模式,应是未来畜禽粪污治理模式的主要选择方向。
Centralized treatment of livestock and poultry manure is a new practice of environmental pollution control in livestock and poultry breeding in China. Based on the theoretical analysis and the review of domestic and foreign research status, the necessity of studying the centralized treatment mode of livestock and poultry manure in China and its popularization value was proposed. On the basis of clarifying the operation mechanism of the centralized treatment mode of livestock and poultry manure, four centralized treatment centers of livestock and poultry manure were selected in Beijing, Jiangsu, Sichuan and other provinces and cities using PPP(Public-Private-Partnership) operation as case studies by case analysis method to analyze the characteristics, effects, difficulties and adaptability of centralized livestock and poultry manure treatment models from four aspects: technical mode, vertical relationship(operation mode,cooperation subject, and financing channel), government supervision and cost-benefit. The results showed that the centralized treatment mode could achieve regional environmental and social benefits on the basis of reducing the cost of government supervision, but there were main dilemmas, such as lacking technical standards, financing difficulty in operation, and widespread loss, what required government assistance in opening up the sales channels of resource-based on products. Accordingly, the popularization of this model requires suitable conditions, such as rational structure and layout of planting and breeding industry, social capital with high financial resources and operational capacity, excellent socialization service organization,giving full play to supporting and supervising functions of the government, etc. Direct combination of planting and breeding or near-by absorption should be the main choice direction of future livestock and poultry manure treatment model.
Centralized treatment of livestock and poultry manure is a new practice of environmental pollution control in livestock and poultry breeding in China. Based on the theoretical analysis and the review of domestic and foreign research status, the necessity of studying the centralized treatment mode of livestock and poultry manure in China and its popularization value was proposed. On the basis of clarifying the operation mechanism of the centralized treatment mode of livestock and poultry manure, four centralized treatment centers of livestock and poultry manure were selected in Beijing, Jiangsu, Sichuan and other provinces and cities using PPP(Public-Private-Partnership) operation as case studies by case analysis method to analyze the characteristics, effects, difficulties and adaptability of centralized livestock and poultry manure treatment models from four aspects: technical mode, vertical relationship(operation mode,cooperation subject, and financing channel), government supervision and cost-benefit. The results showed that the centralized treatment mode could achieve regional environmental and social benefits on the basis of reducing the cost of government supervision, but there were main dilemmas, such as lacking technical standards, financing difficulty in operation, and widespread loss, what required government assistance in opening up the sales channels of resource-based on products. Accordingly, the popularization of this model requires suitable conditions, such as rational structure and layout of planting and breeding industry, social capital with high financial resources and operational capacity, excellent socialization service organization,giving full play to supporting and supervising functions of the government, etc. Direct combination of planting and breeding or near-by absorption should be the main choice direction of future livestock and poultry manure treatment model.
引文
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[2]白璐,雷昊,赵海燕,等.基于种养关系重构的畜禽养殖污染治理政策设计——以江苏省太湖流域为例[J].农业科学研究, 2016,37(2):39-47.
[3]舒畅,乔娟,耿宁.畜禽养殖废弃物资源化的纵向关系选择研究——基于北京市养殖场户视角[J].资源科学, 2017, 39(7):1338-1348.
[4]潘丹.基于农户偏好的牲畜粪便污染治理政策选择——以生猪养殖为例[J].中国农村观察, 2016(02):68-83, 96-97.
[5]姜海,雷昊,白璐,等.我国畜禽养殖污染多中心治理典型案例与优化路径[J].江苏农业科学, 2018, 46(2):235-239
[6]王子臣,吴昊,姜海,等.小型分散畜禽养殖场粪污收集服务体系建设研究[J].江苏农业科学, 2015, 43(6):360-363
[7]谷晓明,邢可霞,易礼军,等.农村养殖户畜禽粪污综合利用的公共私营合作制(PPP)模式分析[J].生态与农村环境学报, 2017, 33(1):62-69
[8]林赛男,李冬梅,冉毅,等.沼肥还田的公共私营合作制(PPP)模式浅析——以邛崃市为例[J].中国沼气, 2017, 35(6)89-93.
[9]郑绸,冉瑞平,陈娟.畜禽养殖废弃物市场化困境及破解对策——基于四川邛崃的实践[J].中国农业资源与区划, 2019(3):70-77.
[10]张雷.产业链纵向关系治理模式研究[D].上海:复旦大学, 2017.
[11]吴学兵.基于质量安全的生猪产业链纵向关系研究[D].北京:中国农业大学, 2014.
[12] Alary V, Corbeels M, Affholder F, et al. Economic assessment of conservation agriculture options in mixed crop-livestock systems in Brazil using farm modeling[J]. Agricultural Systems, 2016(144):33-45.