农田、退耕还湿地、天然草本沼泽土壤重金属和农药的分布及潜在生态风险评价——以抚远市乌苏镇东兴村为例
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摘要
为了解三江平原农田、退耕还湿地、天然草本沼泽土壤中重金属含量和农药残留状况,以黑龙江省抚远市乌苏镇东兴村为研究区,采集农田、退耕还湿地和天然草本沼泽土壤样品,分析了这些土壤中重金属含量和农药残留量;采用潜在生态风险指数法和风险商值法,分别评价了土壤中的重金属潜在生态风险水平和农药残留潜在生态风险水平。研究结果表明,研究区土壤中As、Cd、Cr、Ni和Cu的平均含量都低于国家土壤环境质量二级标准(GB15618—1995);农田土壤中的As、Cd、Cr、Cu和Ni平均质量比分别为12.4 mg/kg、0.24 mg/kg、97.06mg/kg、24.08 mg/kg和36.46 mg/kg,退耕还湿地土壤中的Cr和Ni平均质量比为95.13 mg/kg和31.43 mg/kg。农田、退耕还湿地和天然草本沼泽土壤中的滴滴涕残留以4.4'—滴滴伊为主,其4.4'—滴滴伊平均残留质量比分别为6.13 ng/g、6.80 ng/g和4.47 ng/g;农田土壤中检测出阿特拉津平均残留质量比达到了79.32 ng/g;农田土壤中的Cd含量达到了中等潜在生态风险水平;农田、退耕还湿地和天然草本沼泽土壤中5种重金属综合潜在生态风险处于轻度潜在生态风险水平;农田土壤中残留的阿特拉津的污染风险商大于1,说明阿特拉津残留可能有潜在的生态风险。
In order to explore the content of heavy metals and the residual condition of pesticide residue in the farmland soil, reverting farmland to wetland soil and natural marsh soil, the three types of soil in the areas of Dongxing Village of Wusu Town, Fuyuan City, Heilongjiang Province were collected. The content of heavy metals and the pesticide residue in soils were analyzed, and evaluated by the methods of potential ecological risk and risk quotient(RQ), respectively. The results showed that the average contents of As, Cd, Cr, Ni and Cu in the three types of soils were lower than the secondary standard of national soil environmental quality(GB15618—1995). The average contents of heavy metals As, Cd, Cr, Cu and Ni in the farmland soils were12.4 mg/kg, 0.24 mg/kg, 97.06 mg/kg, 24.08 mg/kg and 36.46 mg/kg, as well as the average contents of heavy metals Cr and Ni were 95.13 mg/kg and 31.43 mg/kg in the reverting farmland to wetland soils.Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane(DDT) in the farmland soils, the reverting farmland to wetland soils and the natural marsh soils was dominated by 4.4'-DDE residue, and the average contents of 4.4'-DDE were 6.13 ng/g,6.8 ng/g and 4.47 ng/g, respectively. The average level of atrazine in the farmland soils was detected to be79.32 ng/g. The potential ecological risk of Cd in the farmland soils in the study areas reached a medium level. The comprehensive potential ecological risk of five heavy metals in the farmland soils, the reverting farmland to wetland soils and the natural marsh soils were at a mild level. The risk quotient of atrazine in the farmland soils was greater than 1, indicating that atrazine residues might have potential ecological risks.
In order to explore the content of heavy metals and the residual condition of pesticide residue in the farmland soil, reverting farmland to wetland soil and natural marsh soil, the three types of soil in the areas of Dongxing Village of Wusu Town, Fuyuan City, Heilongjiang Province were collected. The content of heavy metals and the pesticide residue in soils were analyzed, and evaluated by the methods of potential ecological risk and risk quotient(RQ), respectively. The results showed that the average contents of As, Cd, Cr, Ni and Cu in the three types of soils were lower than the secondary standard of national soil environmental quality(GB15618—1995). The average contents of heavy metals As, Cd, Cr, Cu and Ni in the farmland soils were12.4 mg/kg, 0.24 mg/kg, 97.06 mg/kg, 24.08 mg/kg and 36.46 mg/kg, as well as the average contents of heavy metals Cr and Ni were 95.13 mg/kg and 31.43 mg/kg in the reverting farmland to wetland soils.Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane(DDT) in the farmland soils, the reverting farmland to wetland soils and the natural marsh soils was dominated by 4.4'-DDE residue, and the average contents of 4.4'-DDE were 6.13 ng/g,6.8 ng/g and 4.47 ng/g, respectively. The average level of atrazine in the farmland soils was detected to be79.32 ng/g. The potential ecological risk of Cd in the farmland soils in the study areas reached a medium level. The comprehensive potential ecological risk of five heavy metals in the farmland soils, the reverting farmland to wetland soils and the natural marsh soils were at a mild level. The risk quotient of atrazine in the farmland soils was greater than 1, indicating that atrazine residues might have potential ecological risks.
引文
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[31]郝红涛,孙波,周生路,等.太湖地区蔬菜地土壤中有机氯农药残留的变化[J].农业环境科学学报, 2008, 277(3):862-866.
[32]曹博.基于阿特拉津降解菌构建功能菌剂及其原位修复污染土壤研究[D].哈尔滨:东北农业大学, 2017.
[33]管仪庆,张丹蓉.土壤中阿特拉津降解实验研究[J].河海大学学报:自然科学版, 2005, 3333(4):357-360.
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[2]串丽敏,赵同科,郑怀国,等.土壤重金属污染修复技术研究进展[J].环境科学与技术, 2014, 3377(s2):213-222.
[3]赵玲,滕应,骆永明.中国农田土壤农药污染现状和防控对策[J].土壤, 2017, 4499(3):417-427.
[4]骆永明,滕应.我国土壤污染退化状况及防治对策[J].土壤,2006, 388(5):505-508.
[5]武海涛,吕宪国,杨青,等.三江平原典型湿地枯落物早期分解过程及影响因素[J].生态学报, 2007, 277(10):4027-4035.
[6]陈刚起.三江平原沼泽研究[M].北京:科学出版社, 1996.
[7]汪爱华,张树清,何艳芬. RS和GIS支持下的三江平原沼泽湿地动态变化研究[J].地理科学, 2002, 2222(5):636-640.
[8]佟守正,吕宪国,杨青,等.三江平原湿地研究发展与展望[J].资源科学, 2005, 2277(6):180-187.
[9]曹宏杰,王立民,罗春雨,等.三江平原地区农田土壤中几种重金属空间分布状况[J].生态与农村环境学报, 2014, 3300(2):155-161.
[10]梁玉凯,苏小四,宋铁军,等.土壤重金属元素的空间分布特征与来源分析—以三江平原某农业耕作区为例[J].科学技术与工程, 2017, 1177(25):145-150.
[11]Shan Y, Tysklind M, Hao F, et al. Identification of sources of heavy metals in agricultural soils using multivariate analysis and GIS[J]. Journal of Soils and Sediments, 2013, 1133(4):720-729.
[12]Hakanson L. An ecological risk index for aquatic pollution control.a sedimentological approach[J]. Water Research, 1980, 14(8):975-1001.
[13]徐争启,倪师军,庹先国,等.潜在生态危害指数法评价中重金属毒性系数计算[J].环境科学与技术, 2008, 3311(2):112-115.
[14]迟清华,鄢明才.应用地球化学元素丰度数据手册[M].北京:地质出版社, 2007.
[15]梁玉凯,苏小四,宋铁军,等.土壤重金属元素的空间分布特征与来源分析—以三江平原某农业耕作区为例[J].科学技术与工程, 2017, 1177(25):145-150.
[16]Calow P, Forbes V E. Does ecotoxicology inform ecological risk assessment?[J]. Environmental Science&Technology, 2003, 37(7):146A-151A.
[17]蔡霖.东北农业区土壤中农药残留特征及风险识别[D].大连:大连理工大学, 2017.
[18]陈玉东,王火焰,周健民,等.黑龙江省海伦市农田土壤重金属分布特征及污染评价[J].土壤, 2012, 4444(4):613-620.
[19]张丽会.哈尔滨市农田土壤重金属污染的研究[D].哈尔滨:哈尔滨师范大学, 2012.
[20]徐明露,方凤满,林跃胜.安庆菜子湖退耕湿地土壤中的重金属含量及其污染评价[J].湿地科学, 2015, 1133(4):437-443.
[21]刘娜,曾静,李旭,等.东洞庭湖湿地土壤重金属污染特征及潜在生态风险评价[J].农业现代化研究, 2015, 3366(5):901-905.
[22]邵学新,吴明,蒋科毅.西溪湿地土壤重金属分布特征及其生态风险评价[J].湿地科学, 2007, 55(3):253-259.
[23]Kara E E, Pirlak U,?zd?lek H G. Evaluation of Heavy Metals'(Cd, Cu, Ni, Ph, and Zn)Distribution in Sowing Regions of Potato Fields in the Province of Ni?de, Turkey[J]. Water, Air, and Soil Pollution, 2004, 115533(1-4):173-186.
[24]刘桂建,王桂梁,张威.煤中微量元素的环境地球化学研究:以兖州矿区为例[M].徐州:中国矿业大学出版社, 1999.
[25]欧阳凯,刘强,张晓飞,等.盐城滨海湿地表层沉积物重金属分布特征与污染评价[J].湿地科学, 2018, 1166(4):472-478.
[26]Xu L, Luo W, Lu Y, et al. Status and fuzzy comprehensive assessment of metals and arsenic contamination in farmland soils along the Yanghe River, China[J]. Chemistry&Ecology, 2011,2277(5):415-426.
[27]孙标,赵胜男,王利明,等.哈素海表层沉积物重金属污染特征及生态风险评价[J].湿地科学, 2018, 1166(6):756-763.
[28]Rios L M, Moore C, Jones P R. Persistent organic pollutants carried by synthetic polymers in the ocean environment[J]. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 2007, 5544(8):1230-1237.
[29]Turgut C, Atatanir L, Mazmanci B, et al. The occurrence and environmental effect of persistent organic pollutants(POPs)in Taurus Mountains soils[J]. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 2012, 1199(2):325-334.
[30]Strandberg B, Hites R A. Concentration of organochlorine pesticides in wine corks[J]. Chemosphere, 2001, 4444(4):729-735.
[31]郝红涛,孙波,周生路,等.太湖地区蔬菜地土壤中有机氯农药残留的变化[J].农业环境科学学报, 2008, 277(3):862-866.
[32]曹博.基于阿特拉津降解菌构建功能菌剂及其原位修复污染土壤研究[D].哈尔滨:东北农业大学, 2017.
[33]管仪庆,张丹蓉.土壤中阿特拉津降解实验研究[J].河海大学学报:自然科学版, 2005, 3333(4):357-360.
[34]秦传玉,赵勇胜,刘娜,等.阿特拉津在土壤中的吸附行为[J].环境污染与防治, 2007, 2299(3):165-167.
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