电化学氧化灭活铜绿微囊藻及藻毒素的降解
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摘要
利用混合金属氧化物(IrO_2-Ta_2O_5/Ti)电极在氯化钠电解质中产生的活性氯(氯气和次氯酸)灭活铜绿微囊藻细胞.活性氯在溶液中的生成符合法拉第定律,其浓度与电流密度和反应时间成正比.实验系统考察了藻细胞完整性、表面形态和光合活性在电化学氧化过程中的变化,并研究了藻类有机物和微囊藻毒素(MC-LR)在该过程中的释放与降解情况.结果表明:电化学氧化工艺可有效灭活铜绿微囊藻细胞;电流密度越大,反应时间越长,藻细胞破损程度越严重;胞外MC-LR在氧化过程中呈现先升高再降低的趋势,最终质量浓度可达到1.0μg·L~(-1)以下.电化学氧化工艺不仅可以有效灭活藻细胞,还能有效控制藻细胞胞外有机物和藻毒素,因此对于高藻水处理具有良好的应用前景.
Active chlorine(chlorine and hypochlorite)was generated with NaCl electrolytes by mixed metal oxide(IrO_2-Ta_2O_5/Ti)electrode to inactivate Microcystis aeruginosa. The generation of active chlorine abides by the Faraday's law, and its concentration is proportional to the applied current density and reaction time. The variation of integrity, surface morphology, and photosynthetic ability of Microcystis aeruginosa during the electrochemical oxidation processes(EOPs)were investigated, and the release and degradation of algal organic matters and microcystins(MC-LR)were also studied. The results indicat that the EOPs can effectively inactivate Microcystis aeruginosa, and the proportion of cell lysis increases with current density and reaction time. The concentration of extracellular MCLR during the EOPs increased and then decreased to below 1.0 μg·L~(-1). The EOPs can not only inactivate Microcystis aeruginosa,but also control the concentrations of algal organic matters and MC-LR. Therefore,the EOPs have a promising application potential for treating algae-laden water.
Active chlorine(chlorine and hypochlorite)was generated with NaCl electrolytes by mixed metal oxide(IrO_2-Ta_2O_5/Ti)electrode to inactivate Microcystis aeruginosa. The generation of active chlorine abides by the Faraday's law, and its concentration is proportional to the applied current density and reaction time. The variation of integrity, surface morphology, and photosynthetic ability of Microcystis aeruginosa during the electrochemical oxidation processes(EOPs)were investigated, and the release and degradation of algal organic matters and microcystins(MC-LR)were also studied. The results indicat that the EOPs can effectively inactivate Microcystis aeruginosa, and the proportion of cell lysis increases with current density and reaction time. The concentration of extracellular MCLR during the EOPs increased and then decreased to below 1.0 μg·L~(-1). The EOPs can not only inactivate Microcystis aeruginosa,but also control the concentrations of algal organic matters and MC-LR. Therefore,the EOPs have a promising application potential for treating algae-laden water.
引文
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[3]高乃云,沈嘉钰,黎雷,等.高锰酸钾灭活铜绿微囊藻及胞内毒素释放机制[J].同济大学学报(自然科学版),2014,42(5):721-728.GAO N Y,SHEN J Y,LI L,et al.Inactivation of Microcystis aeruginosa by permanganate and release kinetics of intracellular microcystin[J].Journal of Tongji University(Natural Science),2014,42(5):721-728.(In Chinese)
[4]张可佳,高乃云,黎雷.高锰酸钾氧化嗅味物质β-环柠檬醛的动力学[J].中南大学学报(自然科学版),2011,42(4):1161-1166.ZHANG K J,GAO N Y,LI L.Kinetics of oxidation of odorantβ-cyclocitral by potassium permanganate[J].Journal of Central South University(Science and Technology),2011,42(4):1161-1166.(In Chinese)
[5]ZHOU S Q,SHAO Y S,GAO N Y,et al.Characterization of algal organic matters of Microcystis aeruginosa:biodegradability,DBPformation and membrane fouling potential[J].Water Research,2014,52:199-207.
[6]HENDERSON R K,BAKER A,PARSONS S A,et al.Characterisation of algogenic organic matter extracted from cyanobacteria,green algae and diatoms[J].Water Research,2008,42:3435-3445.
[7]罗岳平,施周,张丽娟,等.高岭土对铜绿微囊藻的PAC强化絮凝去除技术[J].湖南大学学报(自然科学版),2009,36(2):22-26.LUO Y P,SHI Z,ZHANG L J,et al.Study of enhanced removal of Microsystis aeruginosa by adding Kaolin and PAM in PAC flocculation process[J].Journal of Hunan University(Natural Sciences),2009,36(2):22-26.(In Chinese)
[8]PIVOKONSKY M,KLOUCEK O,PIVOKONSKA L.Evaluation of the production,composition and aluminum and iron complexation of algogenic organic matter[J].Water Research,2006,40:3045-3052.
[9]ZAMYADI A,FAN Y,DALY R I,et al.Chlorination of Microcystis aeruginosa:toxin release and oxidation,cellular chlorine demand and disinfection by-products formation[J].Water Research,2013,47:1080-1090.
[10]欧桦瑟,高乃云,郭建伟,等.氯化和UVC灭活铜绿微囊藻的机理[J].华南理工大学学报(自然科学版),2011,39(6):100-105.OU H S,GAO N Y,GUO J W,et al.Inactivation mechanism of Microcystis aeruginosa by chlorination and UVC irradiation[J].Journal of South China University of Technology(Natural Science Edition),2011,39(6):100-105.(In Chinese)
[11]ZHOU S Q,SHAO Y S,GAO N Y,et al.Effect of chlorine dioxide on cyanobacterial cell integrity,toxin degradation and disinfection by-product formation[J].Science of the Total Environment,2014,482:208-213.
[12]LI L,SHAO C,LIN T F,et al.Kinetics of cell inactivation,toxin release,and degradation during permanganation of Microcystis aeruginosa[J].Environmental Science&Technology,2014,48:2885-2892.
[13]RADJENOVIC J,SEDLAK D L.Challenges and opportunities for electrochemical processes as next-generation technologies for the treatment of contaminated water[J].Environmental Science&Technology,2015,49:11292-11302.
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[15]MARTíNEZ-HUITLE C A,RODRIGO M A,SIRES I,et al.Single and coupled electrochemical processes and reactors for the abatement of organic water pollutants:a critical review[J].Chemical Review,2015,115:13362-13407.
[16]BU L J,ZHOU S Q,SHI Z,et al.Removal of 2-MIB and geosmin by electrogenerated persulfate:performance,mechanism and pathways[J].Chemosphere,2017,168:1309-1316.
[17]ZHOU S Q,BU L J,YU Y H,et al.A comparative study of microcystin-LR degradation by electrogenerated oxidants at BDD and MMO anodes[J].Chemosphere,2016,165:381-387.
[18]COMNINELLIS C.Electrocatalysis in the electrochemical conversion/combustion of organic pollutants for waste water treatment[J].Electrochimical Acta,1994,39:1857-1862.
[19]DALY R I,HO L,BROOKES J D.Effect of chlorination on Microcystis aeruginosa cell integrity and subsequent microcystin release and degradation[J].Environmental Science&Technology,2007,41:4447-4453.
[20]World Health Organization.Cyanobacterial toxins:microcystinLR,guidelines for drinking-water quality,addendum to vol.2[M].Geneva:World Health Organization,1998:95-110.