两种云杉种子萌发和幼苗生长对环境因子的适应性
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摘要
青海云杉是我国沙区通过种子育苗引种成功的物种。通过对不同储藏时间青海云杉和沙地云杉种子生活力测定、种子萌发对温度、光照、水盐胁迫以及幼苗生长对水盐胁迫和沙埋的响应实验,比较两种种子萌发和幼苗生长对环境因子适应性,为沙地云杉在我国沙区广泛引种提供参考。结果表明:1)在2年的储藏过程中,沙地云杉和青海云杉种子生活力分别由79%和72%下降了19%和5%; 2)沙地云杉和青海云杉种子适宜萌发温度分别为15—30℃和10—30℃,最适萌发温度分别为25℃(72%)和25/15℃(69%),除10℃和10/30℃外,两种种子萌发率在各温度下没有显著差异; 3)沙地云杉种子萌发光照条件为14 h光照/8 h黑暗交替(67%),青海云杉为24 h光照(61%)或24 h黑暗(61%); 4)水势在-2.7—0 MPa时,2种云杉的IGR(初始萌发率)、RGR(恢复萌发率)、ISL(初始幼苗长度)和RSL(恢复幼苗长度)均没有显著差异; 5) NaCl浓度在200 mmol/L和250 mmol/L,青海云杉种子IGR显著大于沙地云杉,NaCl浓度在0—450 mmol/L,青海云杉和沙地云杉种子RGR没有显著差异,当NaCl浓度为50 mmol/L和100 mmol/L,青海云杉ISL显著大于沙地云杉; 6)在0.5—2.0 cm沙埋深度时,青海云杉出苗率显著高于沙地云杉,沙地云杉最适沙埋深度0.5 cm,青海云杉为0.5—1.5 cm。因此,青海云杉种子萌发和幼苗生长比沙地云杉有更强的环境适应性,但只要采取合理的播种时间、播种深度和水分管理等措施,沙地云杉会和青海云杉一样在我国沙区大面积引种育苗。
Picea crassifolia is a species that has been successfully and widely introduced by raising seedlings in the desert areas of North China. This study was conducted to compare the adaptations between P. crassifolia and P. mongolica in seed germination to temperature,light conditions,water,and salt stress and seedling growth to water and salt stress and sand burial. Moreover,seed viability was also tested by TTC and compared in two plant species after being stored for two years in their habitats. The results showed that:(1) The seed viability of P. mongolica and P. crassifolia decreased from 79% and72% to 19% and 5%,respectively,during the course of seed storage for two years in their habitats.(2) The temperatures for germination in P. mongolica and P. crassifolia were 15— 30℃ and 10— 30℃, respectively, and the optimal temperatures were 25℃(72%) and 25/15℃(69%), respectively. Instead of 10℃ and 10/30℃, there were no significant differences between the germination rate of the two species in other temperatures.(3) The optimal light conditions for germination were 14 h light/8 h dark(67%) in P. mongolica,whereas they were 24 h light or 24 h dark in P. crassifolia.(4) There were no significant differences in IGR(Initial Germination Rate),RGR(Recovery GerminationRate),ISL(Initial Seedling Length),and RSL(Recovery Seedling Length) between P. mongolica and P. crassifolia at a water potential from-2.7 MPa to 0 MPa.(5) When the concentration of NaCl was 220 mmol/L and 250 mmol/L,the IGR of P. crassifolia was higher than that of P. mongolica, whereas the RGR was not significantly different at NaCl concentrations from 0 to 450 mmol/L. The ISL of P. crassifolia was significantly higher than that of P. mongolica at the NaCl concentration of 50 mmol/L and 100 mmol/L.(6) Seedling emergence in P. crassifolia was significantly higher than that of P. mongolica at sand burial depths from 0 to 2.0 cm. The optimal sand burial depth was 0.5 cm in P. mongolica and 0.5—1.5 cm in P. crassifolia. Therefore,P. crassifolia has stronger adaptations than P. mongolica in seed germination and seedling growth. If the effective measures(sowing time,sowing depth,and moisture management,etc.) in the course of raising seedlings are taken,then P. mongolica will be introduced widespread and raised from seedlings in the desert areas of North China.
Picea crassifolia is a species that has been successfully and widely introduced by raising seedlings in the desert areas of North China. This study was conducted to compare the adaptations between P. crassifolia and P. mongolica in seed germination to temperature,light conditions,water,and salt stress and seedling growth to water and salt stress and sand burial. Moreover,seed viability was also tested by TTC and compared in two plant species after being stored for two years in their habitats. The results showed that:(1) The seed viability of P. mongolica and P. crassifolia decreased from 79% and72% to 19% and 5%,respectively,during the course of seed storage for two years in their habitats.(2) The temperatures for germination in P. mongolica and P. crassifolia were 15— 30℃ and 10— 30℃, respectively, and the optimal temperatures were 25℃(72%) and 25/15℃(69%), respectively. Instead of 10℃ and 10/30℃, there were no significant differences between the germination rate of the two species in other temperatures.(3) The optimal light conditions for germination were 14 h light/8 h dark(67%) in P. mongolica,whereas they were 24 h light or 24 h dark in P. crassifolia.(4) There were no significant differences in IGR(Initial Germination Rate),RGR(Recovery GerminationRate),ISL(Initial Seedling Length),and RSL(Recovery Seedling Length) between P. mongolica and P. crassifolia at a water potential from-2.7 MPa to 0 MPa.(5) When the concentration of NaCl was 220 mmol/L and 250 mmol/L,the IGR of P. crassifolia was higher than that of P. mongolica, whereas the RGR was not significantly different at NaCl concentrations from 0 to 450 mmol/L. The ISL of P. crassifolia was significantly higher than that of P. mongolica at the NaCl concentration of 50 mmol/L and 100 mmol/L.(6) Seedling emergence in P. crassifolia was significantly higher than that of P. mongolica at sand burial depths from 0 to 2.0 cm. The optimal sand burial depth was 0.5 cm in P. mongolica and 0.5—1.5 cm in P. crassifolia. Therefore,P. crassifolia has stronger adaptations than P. mongolica in seed germination and seedling growth. If the effective measures(sowing time,sowing depth,and moisture management,etc.) in the course of raising seedlings are taken,then P. mongolica will be introduced widespread and raised from seedlings in the desert areas of North China.
引文
[1]郑光华.种子生理研究.北京:科学出版社,2014:15.
[2] Gutterman Y. Strategies of seed dispersal and germination in plants inhabiting deserts. The Botanical Review,1994,60(4):373-425.
[3] Dürr C,Dickie J B,Yang X Y,Pritchard H W. Ranges of critical temperature and water potential values for the germination of species worldwide:contribution to a seed trait database. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology,2015,200:222-232.
[4] Geraldine L D,Donovan L. Water potential and ionic effects on germination and seedling growth of two cold desert shrubs. American Journal of Botany,1999,86(6):1146-1153.
[5] Schütz W,Milberg P,Lamont B B. Germination requirements and seedling responses to water availability and soil type in four eucalypt species.Acta Oecologica,2002,23(1):23-30.
[6]刘建全,丁国民,郝虎,彭吉庭,刘兴明,王多尧,王零.青海云杉群落特征和动态的研究.西北林学院学报,2008,23(1):14-17,22-22.
[7]徐文铎.内蒙古沙地的白扦与白扦林.植物生态学报,1983,7(1):1-7.
[8] Nú1ez M R, Calvo L. Effect of high temperatures on seed germination of Pinus sylvestris and Pinus halepensis. Forest Ecology and Management,2000.
[9] Khan M A,Ungar I A. Seed polymorphism and germination responses to salinity stress in Atriplex triangularis Willd. Botanical Gazette,1984,145(4):487-494.
[10]刘青青,马祥庆,李艳娟,庄正,杜子龙,邢先双,刘博.杉木种子萌发及幼苗生长对光强的响应.应用生态学报,2016,27(12):3845-3852.
[11] Du X J,Guo Q F,Gao XM,Ma K P. Seed rain,soil seed bank,seed loss and regeneration of Castanopsis fargesii(Fagaceae)in a subtropical evergreen broad-leaved forest. Forest Ecology and Management,2007,212-219.
[12]任珺,余方可,陶玲.荒漠植物种子逆境萌发研究进展.植物研究,2011,31(1):121-128.
[13]张勇,薛贵林,高天鹏,晋玲,安黎哲.荒漠植物种子萌发研究进展.中国沙漠,2005,25(1):106-112.
[14]李有志,黄维山,朱杰辉.光照和温度对小叶章种子萌发及其幼苗生长的影响.湖南农业大学学报:自然科学版,2007,33(2):187-190.
[15]张肖,王旭,焦培培,李志军.胡杨(Populus euphratica)种子萌发及胚生长对盐旱胁迫的响应.中国沙漠,2016,36(6):1597-1605.
[16]苌伟,吴建国,刘艳红.荒漠木本植物种子萌发研究进展.应用生态学报,2007,18(2):436-444.
[17]于军,焦培培.聚乙二醇(PEG6000)模拟干旱胁迫抑制矮沙冬青种子的萌发.基因组学与应用生物学,2010,29(2):355-360.
[18]杨景宁,王彦荣. PEG模拟干旱胁迫对四种荒漠植物种子萌发的影响.草业学报,2012,21(6):23-29.
[19] Munns R. Comparative physiology of salt and water stress. Plant,Cell&Environment,2002,25(2):239-250.
[20]高茜,李毅,苏世平,ЖигуновАВ,单立山,种培芳.盐胁迫对红砂(Reaumuria soongorica)种子吸胀过程中生理特性的影响.中国沙漠,2014,34(1):83-87.
[21]高瑞如,赵瑞华,张双凤,邸丽珍,黄培祐.盐分和温度对盐节木种子萌发的影响.西北植物学报,2007,27(11):2281-2285.
[22]黄振英,张新时,Gutterman Y,郑光华.光照、温度和盐分对梭梭种子萌发的影响.植物生理学报,2001,27(3):275-280.
[23]杨帆,曹德昌,杨学军,高瑞如,黄振英.盐生植物角果碱蓬种子二型性对环境的适应策略.植物生态学报,2013,36(8):781-790.
[24] Brown J F. Effects of experimental burial on survival,growth,and resource allocation of three species of dune plants. Journal of Ecology,1997,85(2):151-158.
[25]陈文,王桔红,朱慧,齐威.沙埋对河西走廊4种旱生植物种子萌发和幼苗生长的影响.中国沙漠,2015,35(6):1532-1537.
[26] Zhang J H,Manu M A. Effects of sand burial on seed germination,seedling emergence,survival and growth of Agropyron psammophilum. Canadian Journal of Botany,1990,68(2):304-310.
[27] Gutterman Y. Seed Germination in Desert Plants(Adaptations of Desert Organisms). Berlin,Germany:Springer-Verlag,1993.
[28] Baskin C C,Baskin J M. Seeds:Ecology,Biogeography,and Evolution of dormancy and Germination. San Diego,California USA:Academic Press,1998.
[29] Miller T E. Effects of emergence time on survival and growth in an early old-field plant community. Oecologia,1987,72(2):272-278.
[30] Omami E N,Haigh A M,Medd R M,Nicol H I. Changes in germinability,dormancy and viability of Amaranthus retroflexus as affected by depth and duration of burial. Weed Research,1999,39(5):345-354.
[2] Gutterman Y. Strategies of seed dispersal and germination in plants inhabiting deserts. The Botanical Review,1994,60(4):373-425.
[3] Dürr C,Dickie J B,Yang X Y,Pritchard H W. Ranges of critical temperature and water potential values for the germination of species worldwide:contribution to a seed trait database. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology,2015,200:222-232.
[4] Geraldine L D,Donovan L. Water potential and ionic effects on germination and seedling growth of two cold desert shrubs. American Journal of Botany,1999,86(6):1146-1153.
[5] Schütz W,Milberg P,Lamont B B. Germination requirements and seedling responses to water availability and soil type in four eucalypt species.Acta Oecologica,2002,23(1):23-30.
[6]刘建全,丁国民,郝虎,彭吉庭,刘兴明,王多尧,王零.青海云杉群落特征和动态的研究.西北林学院学报,2008,23(1):14-17,22-22.
[7]徐文铎.内蒙古沙地的白扦与白扦林.植物生态学报,1983,7(1):1-7.
[8] Nú1ez M R, Calvo L. Effect of high temperatures on seed germination of Pinus sylvestris and Pinus halepensis. Forest Ecology and Management,2000.
[9] Khan M A,Ungar I A. Seed polymorphism and germination responses to salinity stress in Atriplex triangularis Willd. Botanical Gazette,1984,145(4):487-494.
[10]刘青青,马祥庆,李艳娟,庄正,杜子龙,邢先双,刘博.杉木种子萌发及幼苗生长对光强的响应.应用生态学报,2016,27(12):3845-3852.
[11] Du X J,Guo Q F,Gao XM,Ma K P. Seed rain,soil seed bank,seed loss and regeneration of Castanopsis fargesii(Fagaceae)in a subtropical evergreen broad-leaved forest. Forest Ecology and Management,2007,212-219.
[12]任珺,余方可,陶玲.荒漠植物种子逆境萌发研究进展.植物研究,2011,31(1):121-128.
[13]张勇,薛贵林,高天鹏,晋玲,安黎哲.荒漠植物种子萌发研究进展.中国沙漠,2005,25(1):106-112.
[14]李有志,黄维山,朱杰辉.光照和温度对小叶章种子萌发及其幼苗生长的影响.湖南农业大学学报:自然科学版,2007,33(2):187-190.
[15]张肖,王旭,焦培培,李志军.胡杨(Populus euphratica)种子萌发及胚生长对盐旱胁迫的响应.中国沙漠,2016,36(6):1597-1605.
[16]苌伟,吴建国,刘艳红.荒漠木本植物种子萌发研究进展.应用生态学报,2007,18(2):436-444.
[17]于军,焦培培.聚乙二醇(PEG6000)模拟干旱胁迫抑制矮沙冬青种子的萌发.基因组学与应用生物学,2010,29(2):355-360.
[18]杨景宁,王彦荣. PEG模拟干旱胁迫对四种荒漠植物种子萌发的影响.草业学报,2012,21(6):23-29.
[19] Munns R. Comparative physiology of salt and water stress. Plant,Cell&Environment,2002,25(2):239-250.
[20]高茜,李毅,苏世平,ЖигуновАВ,单立山,种培芳.盐胁迫对红砂(Reaumuria soongorica)种子吸胀过程中生理特性的影响.中国沙漠,2014,34(1):83-87.
[21]高瑞如,赵瑞华,张双凤,邸丽珍,黄培祐.盐分和温度对盐节木种子萌发的影响.西北植物学报,2007,27(11):2281-2285.
[22]黄振英,张新时,Gutterman Y,郑光华.光照、温度和盐分对梭梭种子萌发的影响.植物生理学报,2001,27(3):275-280.
[23]杨帆,曹德昌,杨学军,高瑞如,黄振英.盐生植物角果碱蓬种子二型性对环境的适应策略.植物生态学报,2013,36(8):781-790.
[24] Brown J F. Effects of experimental burial on survival,growth,and resource allocation of three species of dune plants. Journal of Ecology,1997,85(2):151-158.
[25]陈文,王桔红,朱慧,齐威.沙埋对河西走廊4种旱生植物种子萌发和幼苗生长的影响.中国沙漠,2015,35(6):1532-1537.
[26] Zhang J H,Manu M A. Effects of sand burial on seed germination,seedling emergence,survival and growth of Agropyron psammophilum. Canadian Journal of Botany,1990,68(2):304-310.
[27] Gutterman Y. Seed Germination in Desert Plants(Adaptations of Desert Organisms). Berlin,Germany:Springer-Verlag,1993.
[28] Baskin C C,Baskin J M. Seeds:Ecology,Biogeography,and Evolution of dormancy and Germination. San Diego,California USA:Academic Press,1998.
[29] Miller T E. Effects of emergence time on survival and growth in an early old-field plant community. Oecologia,1987,72(2):272-278.
[30] Omami E N,Haigh A M,Medd R M,Nicol H I. Changes in germinability,dormancy and viability of Amaranthus retroflexus as affected by depth and duration of burial. Weed Research,1999,39(5):345-354.