温度与日长对山桐子萌芽成枝的影响
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摘要
为了解环境信号对山桐子形成轮生枝的影响,以1年生山桐子苗木作为试验材料,研究温度与日长对山桐子顶侧芽萌发成枝的影响。设置3个温度和3个日长分别进行组合试验,共9组处理,同时以自然处理为对照,每10 d观测1次顶芽萌发高生长过程中侧芽萌发成枝的时间、数量和生长量等指标。结果表明,25/15℃和30/20℃变温条件下,日长对山桐子顶芽萌发高生长过程影响差异不显著;25℃恒温条件下,12、16 h日长时山桐子顶芽萌发高生长过程均呈断续高生长过程,而20 h日长下却呈连续高生长过程,12 h下高生长量最大,与16 h差异达到显著水平。25/15℃变温条件下16、20 h日长可以诱导侧芽萌发进行后发枝生长,日长越长分枝数越少,侧枝生长量越大;30/20℃变温条件下日长必须高达20 h才会出现侧芽萌发成枝现象;25℃恒温条件下,3种日长处理的山桐子苗木均萌发成侧枝。郑州气候条件下,山桐子苗木顶芽萌发后生长至5-6月,芽内叶原基全部展开并进入新叶原基形成和缓慢展开期时,顶端优势转换为侧端优势,外界温度和日长等环境信号有利于诱导侧芽萌发成枝,而7-8月高温期日长又变短,很难再诱导侧芽萌发成枝,导致每年集中形成一轮后发枝,进而形成分层型树冠。
In order to understand the influence of environmental signals on the formation of round branches of the Idesia polycarpa,the effects of temperature and photoperiod on the germination of the apical bud and lateral bud were studied with the annual seedlings as the test materials.Three temperatures and 3 photoperiods were set up and combined to form 9 treatments.Natural illumination was used as the control.Observations were carried out on the time,quantity and growth amount of branch after the lateral bud germinated during the height growth period of terminal bud every 10 days.The results showed that under the conditions of 25/15℃ and 30/20℃,the effect of photoperiod on the high-growth process after the terminal buds sprouted was not significant.Under the constant temperature of 25℃,the high growth process of the apical buds showed a intermittent high growth process at 12 h and 16 h,but it showed a continuous high growth process at 20 h.The amount of high growth of shoot after apical bud germinated was maximum at 12 h,and the difference was significant with 16 h.The growth of lateral buds after germinated could be induced to form sylleptic branches at the variable temperature condition of 25/15℃ and photoperiods of 16 h to 20 h,the longer the day length,the fewer number the branches,as well as the longer the length of branches.At at the variable temperature condition of 30/20℃,the day length must be as long as 20 h the lateral buds could be induced germination and branching.Under the constant temperature of 25℃,the seedlings treated with three kinds of photoperiods all sprouted into side branches.Under the climate conditions of Zhengzhou City,shoots stopped growing untill May-June after the germination of the apical buds of the seedlings,in which the proleaf primordia in the apical bud were all unfolded and entered the new leaf primordium formation and slowed development period,the apical dominance was converted to the lateral dominance,the environmental signals of temperature and photoperiod were favorable for inducing the germination of lateral buds.However,it was difficult to induce lateral bud germination and branch again at high temperature but short photoperiod from July to August,resulting in a round of sylleptic branches annually,and forming the stratified canopy of I.polycarpa.
In order to understand the influence of environmental signals on the formation of round branches of the Idesia polycarpa,the effects of temperature and photoperiod on the germination of the apical bud and lateral bud were studied with the annual seedlings as the test materials.Three temperatures and 3 photoperiods were set up and combined to form 9 treatments.Natural illumination was used as the control.Observations were carried out on the time,quantity and growth amount of branch after the lateral bud germinated during the height growth period of terminal bud every 10 days.The results showed that under the conditions of 25/15℃ and 30/20℃,the effect of photoperiod on the high-growth process after the terminal buds sprouted was not significant.Under the constant temperature of 25℃,the high growth process of the apical buds showed a intermittent high growth process at 12 h and 16 h,but it showed a continuous high growth process at 20 h.The amount of high growth of shoot after apical bud germinated was maximum at 12 h,and the difference was significant with 16 h.The growth of lateral buds after germinated could be induced to form sylleptic branches at the variable temperature condition of 25/15℃ and photoperiods of 16 h to 20 h,the longer the day length,the fewer number the branches,as well as the longer the length of branches.At at the variable temperature condition of 30/20℃,the day length must be as long as 20 h the lateral buds could be induced germination and branching.Under the constant temperature of 25℃,the seedlings treated with three kinds of photoperiods all sprouted into side branches.Under the climate conditions of Zhengzhou City,shoots stopped growing untill May-June after the germination of the apical buds of the seedlings,in which the proleaf primordia in the apical bud were all unfolded and entered the new leaf primordium formation and slowed development period,the apical dominance was converted to the lateral dominance,the environmental signals of temperature and photoperiod were favorable for inducing the germination of lateral buds.However,it was difficult to induce lateral bud germination and branch again at high temperature but short photoperiod from July to August,resulting in a round of sylleptic branches annually,and forming the stratified canopy of I.polycarpa.
引文
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[22] KAWAMURA K,TAKEDA H.Light environment and crown architecture of two temperate vaccinium species:inherent growth rules versus degree of plasticity in light response[J].Canadian Journal of Botany,2002,80(10):1063-1077.
[23] EVERS J B,VOS J,ANDRIEU B,et al.Cessation of tillering in spring wheat in relation to light interception and red :far-red ratio[J].Annals of Botany,2006,97(4):649-658.
[24] 劉震.亜熱帯域に分布するイイギリの休眠に関する研究[R].三重大学演习林报告,2000:107-161.
[25] LIU Z,KUSHIDA T,NAKASHIMA A,et al.Studies of external environment factors inducing apical growth cessation in seedlings of Idesia polycarpa[J].Environmental Engineering Research,1998,35:487-493
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[27] 吴慧源.不同种源山桐子年生长发育规律差异性研究[D].郑州:河南农业大学,2015.
[28] 永田洋.林木の芽の休眠[J].植物の化学調節,1969,4(1):33-39.
[29] 刘震,何松林,王艳梅,等.泡桐顶侧芽休眠发育的温度特性研究[J].林业科学,2004,40(3):46-50.
[30] 刘震,毕会涛,蒋建平,等.泡桐侧芽萌发成枝接干规律[J].林业科学,2005,41(4):42-47.LIU Z,BI H T,JIANG J P,et al.The laws of branching and trunk extension sprouted from lateral buds in Paulownia trees[J].Scientia Silvae Sinicae,2005,41(4):42-47.(in Chinese)
[2] 杨志玲.几种野生木本油料及其经济价值的研究[J].经济林研究,2001,19(4):36-37.
[3] 王艳梅,王东洪,刘震,等.6个种源山桐子种子含油率和脂肪酸GC/MS分析[J].河南农业大学学报,2011,45(5):530-533,547.
[4] 罗达,宋锋惠,史彦江,等.不同年龄枝条修剪对平欧杂种榛生长、光合及结实特性的影响[J].西北林学院学报,2018,33(5):87-93.LUO D,SONG F H,SHI Y J,et al.Effects of the pruning the branches with different ages on the growth,photosynthesis and fruiting characteristics of Corylus heterophylla×Corylus avellana[J].Journal of Northwest Forestry University,2018,33(5):87-93.(in Chinese)
[5] 邬荣领,胡建军,韩一凡,等.表型可塑性对木本植物树冠结构与发育的影响[J].林业科学,2002,38(4):141-156.
[6] DEMOTES-MAINARD S,HUCHé-THéLIER L,MOREL P,et al.Temporary water restriction or light intensity limitation promotes branching in rose bush[J].Sci.Hortic.,2013,150,432-440.
[7] LEDUC N,ROMAN H,BARBIER F,et al.Light signaling in bud outgrowth and branching in plants[J].Plants,2014,3(2):223-250.
[8] KUKK M,S?BER A.Bud development and shoot morphology in relation to crown location[J].AoB PLANTS,7,2016,7(1/2):48-51.
[9] 郭力宇,施曼,吴驭帆,等.光强对欧洲鹅耳枥秋季叶衰期光合性能及内源激素的影响[J].西北林学院学报,2018,33(4):17-23.GUO L Y,SHI M,WU Y F,et al.Effects of light intensity on photosynthetic characteristics and endogenous hormones of Carpinus betulus during autumn senescence[J].Journal of Northwest Forestry University,2018,33(4):17-23.(in Chinese)
[10] STEEVES T A,SUSSEX I M.Patterns in plant development:2nd edition[M].UK Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,1989:124-146.
[11] 王硕,葛秀秀.植物分枝性状研究进展[J].生物技术进展,2017,7(2):98-101.
[12] CANNELL M G R,LAST F T.Tree physiology and yield improvement[M].London,New York:Academic Press,1976:46-47.
[13] 永田洋,万木豊.アカマツにおける枝無し連続生長の誘導[J].日林誌,1986,68:397-405.
[14] 永田洋.櫛田達矢.万木豊.アカマツにおける土用芽誘導[J].日林誌,1994,76:361-363
[15] 原襄.植物形态学[M].东京:朝仓书店,1994:13-35.
[16] WU R,STETTLER R F.Quantitative genetics of growth and development in populus.i.a three-generation comparison of tree architecture during the first 2 years of growth[J].Theoretical & Applied Genetics,1994,89(7-8):1046-1054.
[17] WU R,STETTLER R F.The genetic resolution of juvenile canopy structure and function in a three-generation pedigree of populus[J].Trees,1996,11(2):99-108.
[18] 刘震,宋立宁,耿晓东,等.泡桐侧芽萌发成枝数量对树干生长的影响[J].河南农业大学学报,2008,42(3):283-288.
[19] 永田洋,佐佐木惠彦.树木环境生理学[M].东京:文堂出版社,2002:257.
[20] BARTHELEMY D,CARAGLIO Y.Plant architecture:a dynamic,multilevel and comprehensive approach to plant form,structure and ontogeny[J].Annals of Botany,2007,99:375-407.
[21] COOKE J E K,ERIKSSON M E,JUNTTILA O.The dynamic nature of bud dormancy in trees:environmental control and molecular mechanisms[J].Plant Cell Environ.2012,35:1707-1728.
[22] KAWAMURA K,TAKEDA H.Light environment and crown architecture of two temperate vaccinium species:inherent growth rules versus degree of plasticity in light response[J].Canadian Journal of Botany,2002,80(10):1063-1077.
[23] EVERS J B,VOS J,ANDRIEU B,et al.Cessation of tillering in spring wheat in relation to light interception and red :far-red ratio[J].Annals of Botany,2006,97(4):649-658.
[24] 劉震.亜熱帯域に分布するイイギリの休眠に関する研究[R].三重大学演习林报告,2000:107-161.
[25] LIU Z,KUSHIDA T,NAKASHIMA A,et al.Studies of external environment factors inducing apical growth cessation in seedlings of Idesia polycarpa[J].Environmental Engineering Research,1998,35:487-493
[26] 永田洋,中岛敦.万木豊.树木の芽の休眠[R].三重大学演习林报告,1994,18:17- 42.
[27] 吴慧源.不同种源山桐子年生长发育规律差异性研究[D].郑州:河南农业大学,2015.
[28] 永田洋.林木の芽の休眠[J].植物の化学調節,1969,4(1):33-39.
[29] 刘震,何松林,王艳梅,等.泡桐顶侧芽休眠发育的温度特性研究[J].林业科学,2004,40(3):46-50.
[30] 刘震,毕会涛,蒋建平,等.泡桐侧芽萌发成枝接干规律[J].林业科学,2005,41(4):42-47.LIU Z,BI H T,JIANG J P,et al.The laws of branching and trunk extension sprouted from lateral buds in Paulownia trees[J].Scientia Silvae Sinicae,2005,41(4):42-47.(in Chinese)