广州市某生活垃圾填埋场空气及地下水污染状况分析
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摘要
本文以广州市某生活垃圾填埋场为实例,通过监测场区、周边敏感点的空气和地下水的相关指标,依据现行生活垃圾填埋场污染控制标准,以及环境空气和地下水质量标准,分析了空气和地下水的污染状况.监测结果表明,风向是影响周边空气污染状况的主要因素,下风向监测点硫化氢和臭气指标超标状况比上风向监测点严重,温度高、湿度大、风速小的季节空气污染较严重;渗滤液及地下水流向是周边地下水污染状况的最主要影响因素,地下水上游位置的监测井地下水相关指标未超标,布置于地下水下游的4个监测井的总大肠杆菌、氨氮、锰、亚硝酸盐、耗氧量均超出《地下水质量标准》Ⅲ类限值,已达到重度污染的程度,且各污染监测井之间高度相关,相关系数均达0.99以上,而与背景井相关性很小,说明监测井的污染由渗滤液造成.主成分分析表明,污染因子主要来自3种不同的污染源,铅和锰、亚硝酸盐和大肠杆菌、氨氮和耗氧量分别来自不同的污染源,地下水污染因子超标特点可能与填埋垃圾成分有关.
This paper took a domestic waste landfill site in Guangzhou as the study site. According to the current pollution control standards of domestic waste landfill sites and the ambient air and groundwater quality standards, the pollution status of air and groundwater in the landfill was analyzed by monitoring the relevant indicators of air and groundwater in the area and surrounding sensitive points. The results showed that wind direction is the main factor affecting the surrounding air pollution. The levels of hydrogen sulfide and odors in downwind were higher than those in the upper wind direction. Air pollution was more serious in the season of high temperature, humidity and low wind speed. Leachate and groundwater were the most important factors affecting groundwater. At upstream locations, the monitoring factors of groundwater were within the standard range. But at the downstream, the total Escherichia coli, ammonia nitrogen, manganese, nitrite and oxygen consumption exceeded the category III of groundwater quality standard, and reached the level of serious pollution. The correlation coefficient of all the monitoring wells is more than 0.99, and the correlation with the background well is very small, which indicates that the pollution of monitoring well was caused by the leachate. The principal component analysis showed that the pollution factors mainly came from three different sources of pollution. Lead and manganese, nitrite, Escherichia coli, ammonia nitrogen and oxygen consumption came from different sources respectively. The pollution factors of groundwater may be related to the composition of landfill waste.
This paper took a domestic waste landfill site in Guangzhou as the study site. According to the current pollution control standards of domestic waste landfill sites and the ambient air and groundwater quality standards, the pollution status of air and groundwater in the landfill was analyzed by monitoring the relevant indicators of air and groundwater in the area and surrounding sensitive points. The results showed that wind direction is the main factor affecting the surrounding air pollution. The levels of hydrogen sulfide and odors in downwind were higher than those in the upper wind direction. Air pollution was more serious in the season of high temperature, humidity and low wind speed. Leachate and groundwater were the most important factors affecting groundwater. At upstream locations, the monitoring factors of groundwater were within the standard range. But at the downstream, the total Escherichia coli, ammonia nitrogen, manganese, nitrite and oxygen consumption exceeded the category III of groundwater quality standard, and reached the level of serious pollution. The correlation coefficient of all the monitoring wells is more than 0.99, and the correlation with the background well is very small, which indicates that the pollution of monitoring well was caused by the leachate. The principal component analysis showed that the pollution factors mainly came from three different sources of pollution. Lead and manganese, nitrite, Escherichia coli, ammonia nitrogen and oxygen consumption came from different sources respectively. The pollution factors of groundwater may be related to the composition of landfill waste.
引文
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[22] 郭艳华,阮晓波,周晓津.广州生活垃圾处理的思路与对策[J].环境监测管理与技术,2010,22(6):6-10.GUO Y H,RUAN X B,ZHOU X J.Countermeasures of domestic waste treatment in Guangzhou[J].The Administration and Technique of Environmental Monitoring,2010,22(6):6-10(in Chinses).
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[30] 杜军凯,傅尧,李晓星.模糊-主成分分析综合评价法在地下水水质评价中的应用[J].中国环境监测,2015,4(8):75-81.DU J K,FU Y,LI X X.Application of fuzzy comprehensive evaluation method-principal component analysis to groundwater quality evaluation[J].Environmental Monitoring in China,2015,4(8):75-81(in Chinses).
[31] 白海强,吕保玉.穿城河流邕江水质主成分特征分析研究[J].环境科学与管理,2015,40(1):139-142.BAI H Q,LV B Y.Application of principal component analysis in analyzing water quality of urban river Yongjiang[J].Environmental Science and Management,2015,40(1):139-142(in Chinses).
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[2] 王树文,文学娜,秦龙.中国城市生活垃圾公众参与管理与政府管制互动模型构建[J].中国人口资源与环境,2014,24(4):142-148.WANG S W,WEN X N,QIN L.Construction of public participation in management and government regulation interactive model of urban living garbage[J].China Population Resources and Environment,2014,24(4):142-148(in Chinses).
[3] 陈晓东.生活垃圾处理方案优选及实例分析[D].北京:中国科学院大学(工程管理与信息技术学院),2015.CHEN X D.The comparison and selection of MSW disposal technology and the instance analysis[D].Beijing:College of Engineering and Information Technology,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences,2015(in Chinses).
[4] 史谦,张学敏.中国城市生活垃圾处理方法现状分析研究[J].环境科学与管理,2013,38(9):41-44.SHI Q,ZHANG X M.Analysis on disposal methods of municipal solid waste in China[J].Environmental Science and Management,2013,38(9):41-44(in Chinses).
[5] 羌宁,王红玉,赵爱华,等.生活垃圾填埋场作业面恶臭散发率研究[J].环境科学,2014,35(2):513-518.QIANG N,WANG H Y,ZHAO A H.Odor emission rate of municipal solid waste from landfill working area[J].Environmental Science,2014,35(2):513-518(in Chinses).
[6] 闫凤越,邹克华,李伟芳,等.垃圾填埋场恶臭气体的指纹谱[J].环境化学,2013,32(5):854-858.YAN F Y,ZOU K H,LI W F,et al.Researvh of pollutants′s fingerprints in ambient air of landfill area[J].Environmental Chemistry,2013,32(5):854-858(in Chinses).
[7] YU C D,LIU J M,LIU S H,LI W H,et al.Assessment of the health risks and odor concentration of volatile compounds from a municipal solid waste landfill in China[J].Chemosphere,2018,202(7):1-8.
[8] SHEN T T.Air pollution assessment of toxic emissions from hazardous waste lagoons and landfills[J].Environment International,1985,11 (1):71-76.
[9] HAN Z Y,MA H N,SHI G Z,et al.A review of groundwater contamination near municipal solid waste landfill sites in China[J].Science of the Total Environment,2016,569-570(1):1255-1264.
[10] KUCZYNSKA A,WOLSKA L,NAMIESNIK J.Integrated approach for evaluation of pollution level of underground water in the vicinity of a municipal landfill[J].Fresenius Environmental Bulletin,2006,15(7):692-696.
[11] BAAWAIN M S,AL-FUTAISI A M.Studying groundwater quality affected by barka dumping site:An integrated approach[J].Arabian Journal for Science & Engineering,2014,39(8):5943-5957.
[12] 腾志坤,张颖,梁慧.黑龙江省垃圾填埋场地下水污染调查评价研究[J].环境科学与管理,2016,41(11):187-190.TENG Z K,ZHANG Y,LIANG H.Research on underground water pollution in a waste landfill plant of Qiqihar City[J].Environmental Science & Management,2016,41(11):187-190(in Chinses).
[13] TALALAJ I A,BIEDKA P.Use of the landfill water pollution index (LWPI) for groundwater quality assessment near the landfill sites[J].Environmental Science & Pollution Research,2016,23(24):1-13.
[14] 刘元元,王里奥,黄川,等.非规范生活垃圾填埋场填埋气横向迁移规律及控制[J].环境工程学报,2007,1(2):124-129.LIU Y Y,WANG L A,HUANG C,et al.Horizontal migration rule and control measures of landfill gas arising from non-sanitary municipal solid waste landfill[J].Chinses Journal of Environmental Engineering,2007,1(2):124-129(in Chinses).
[15] ITHNIN A,ZAKARIA N,SULONG N A,et al.Study of ambient and indoor air quality in the building built on the former landfill[J].American Journal of Applied Sciences,2012,9(8):1194-1198.
[16] 韩智勇,许模,刘国,等.生活垃圾填埋场地下水污染物识别与质量评价[J].中国环境科学,2015,35(9):2843-2852.HAN Z Y,XU M,LIU G,et al.Pollutant identification and quality assessment of groundwater near municipal solid waste landfills in China[J].China Environmental Science,2015,35(9):2843-2852(in Chinses).
[17] 孟庆玲,马桂科,韩相奎,等.某固体废物填埋场对附近地下水的污染及水质评价[J].环境污染与防治,2013,35(10):71-76.MENG Y L,MA G K,HAN X K,et al.Groundwater contamination near one industrial solid waste landfill and water quality assessment[J].Environmental Pollution and Control,2013,35(10):71-76(in Chinses).
[18] 仝晓霞,宁立波,董少刚.运用GMS模型对某垃圾场地下水污染的研究[J].环境科学与技术,2012,35(7):197-201.TONG X X,NING L B,DONG S G.GMS model for assessment and prediction of groundwater pollution of a garbage dumpling site in Luoyang[J].Environmental Science & Technology,2012,35(7):197-201(in Chinses).
[19] 王月,安达,席北斗,等.某基岩裂隙水型危险废物填埋场地下水污染特征分析[J].环境化学,2016,35(6):1196-1202.WANG Y,AN D,XI B D,et al.Groundwater pollution characteristics of the hazardous waste landfill built upon bedrock fissure water[J].Environmental Chemistry,2016,35(6):1196-1202(in Chinses).
[20] 贺密,贾杰,张敏.主成分分析法在地下水质量评价中的应用[J].地下水,2015,37(6):6-8.HE M,JIA M,ZHANG M.Principal component analysis (PCA) in the application of groundwater quality evaluation[J].Groung Water,2015,37(6):6-8(in Chinses).
[21] 谷朝君,潘颖.内梅罗指数法在地下水水质评价中的应用及存在问题[J].环境保护科学,2002,28(109):45-47.YU C J,PAN Y.The application and existed problems of nemero index in groundwater quality evaluation[J].Environmental Protection Science,2002,28(109):45-47(in Chinses).
[22] 郭艳华,阮晓波,周晓津.广州生活垃圾处理的思路与对策[J].环境监测管理与技术,2010,22(6):6-10.GUO Y H,RUAN X B,ZHOU X J.Countermeasures of domestic waste treatment in Guangzhou[J].The Administration and Technique of Environmental Monitoring,2010,22(6):6-10(in Chinses).
[23] 韩存亮,肖荣波,李义纯.广州市垃圾填埋场主要的环境问题与对策[J].环境,2013,36(S1):33-36.HAN C L,XIAO R B,LI Y C.Main environmental problems and countermeasures of landfill in Guanghzou[J].Environment,2013,36(S1):33-36(in Chinses).
[24] 生活垃圾填埋场污染控制标准(GB 16889—2008)[S].北京:中国环境科学出版社,2008.Standard for pollution control on the landfill site of municipal solid waste (GB 16889—2008)[S].Beijing:China Environmental Science Press,2008(in Chinses).
[25] 生活垃圾填埋场环境监测技术要求(GB/T 18772—2008)[S].住房和城乡建设部,2008.Technical requirement for environmental monitor on sanitary landfill site of domestic refuse (GB/T 18772—2008)[S].Ministry of housing and Urban-Rural Development of the People′s Republic of China,2008(in Chinses).
[26] 国家环境保护总局.大气污染物无组织排放监测技术导则(HJ/T55—2000)[S].北京:中国环境科学出版社,2000.Ministry of Environmental Protection of the People′s Republic of China.Technical guidelines for fugitive emission monitoring of air pollutants (HJ/T55—2000)[S].Beijing:China Environmental Science Press,2000(in Chinses).
[27] 国家环境保护总局.地下水环境监测技术规范(HJ/T164—2004)[S].北京:中国环境科学出版社,2004.Ministry of Environmental Protection of the People′s Republic of China.Technical specification for environmental monitoring of groundwater (HJ/T164—2004)[S].Beijing:China Environmental Science Press,2004(in Chinses).
[28] 国家环境保护局.地下水质量标准(GB/T 14848—2017)[S].北京:中国标准出版社,2017.Ministry of Environmental Protection of the People′s Republic of China.Standard for groundwaterquality (GB/T 14848—2017)[S].Beijing:China Standard Press,2017(in Chinses).
[29] YING O Y.Evaluation of river water quality monitoring stations by principal component analysis[J].Water Research,2005,39(12):2621-2635.
[30] 杜军凯,傅尧,李晓星.模糊-主成分分析综合评价法在地下水水质评价中的应用[J].中国环境监测,2015,4(8):75-81.DU J K,FU Y,LI X X.Application of fuzzy comprehensive evaluation method-principal component analysis to groundwater quality evaluation[J].Environmental Monitoring in China,2015,4(8):75-81(in Chinses).
[31] 白海强,吕保玉.穿城河流邕江水质主成分特征分析研究[J].环境科学与管理,2015,40(1):139-142.BAI H Q,LV B Y.Application of principal component analysis in analyzing water quality of urban river Yongjiang[J].Environmental Science and Management,2015,40(1):139-142(in Chinses).
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