黄土高原土壤湿度对地表能量和大气边界层影响的观测研究
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摘要
利用黄土高原区域甘肃平凉地区陆面过程与灾害天气观测研究站2016—2017年夏季(6—8月)晴好天气下的观测资料,定量分析了平凉地区土壤湿度在干、中、湿三种不同状况下对地表辐射和地表能量分配及大气边界层的影响,并根据总体变化趋势,将土壤湿度进一步分为干、中区间(0. 158～0. 220 m~3·m~(-3))和中、湿区间(0. 179～0. 325 m~3·m~(-3)),与波文比、感热通量、潜热通量进行相关性分析,从而探究土壤湿度通过影响地表能量分配和大气边界层进而影响降水的可能物理机制。结果表明:(1)土壤湿度变化对反照率影响相对较小,对波文比影响显著,主要是影响感热、潜热变化,即影响地表能量分配过程。随着土壤湿度增加,潜热增大,感热减小,波文比显著降低;土壤湿度变化对地表净辐射影响显著,主要影响净长波辐射变化,随着土壤湿度增加,净短波辐射呈现略微增加,净长波辐射显著增加。(2)土壤湿度分区间分析结果显示,土壤湿度在干、中区间(0. 158～0. 220 m~3·m~(-3))对潜热通量以及边界层高度的影响相比土壤湿度在中、湿区间(0. 179～0. 325 m~3·m~(-3))的影响更大,即土壤偏干情况下,地表通量变化和大气边界层发展更显著。此次观测数据定量分析结果与理论机理较为一致,表明该观测数据的可靠性,可为数值模式在黄土高原区域的模拟提供重要的数据基础。
Based on the observational data of land surface processes and disastrous weather observation and research station in Pingliang area of Gansu Province during the summer( June,July and August) of 2016—2017,the effects of soil moisture on surface radiation,surface energy distribution and the development of atmospheric boundary layer in Pingliang area under dry,medium and wet conditions were quantitatively analyzed. And then,according to the general soil moisture change trend,the soil moisture was further divided into dry-medium sections(0. 158～0. 22 m~3·m~(-3)) and medium-wet( 0. 179～0. 325 m~3·m~(-3)) sections and the correlation between soil moisture and Bowen's ratio,sensible heat flux and latent heat flux was analyzed to explore the possible physical mechanism of soil moisture affecting precipitation by affecting surface turbulent energy distribution and the development of atmospheric boundary layer. The results show that:( 1) Soil moisture has a relatively small impact on albedo,and has a significant impact on Bowen's ratio,mainly affecting sensible and latent heat changes,that is,affecting the process of surface energy distribution. With the increase of soil moisture,latent heat increases,sensible heat decreases and Bowen ratio decreases significantly. The change of soil moisture has a significant impact on net radiation,mainly on net long-wave radiation. With the increase of soil moisture,net short-wave radiation increases slightly and net long-wave radiation increases significantly.( 2) Inter-zonal analysis of soil moisture showed that the influence of soil moisture on latent heat flux and boundary layer height was greater in the dry and middle sections( 0. 158～0. 220 m~3·m~(-3)) than in the middle and wet sections( 0. 179～0. 325 m~3·m~(-3)).That is to say,the change of surface flux and the development of atmospheric boundary layer are more significant when the soil is dry. The results of quantitative analysis of the observations are consistent with the theoretical mechanism,which shows the reliability of the observed data and the data can provide an important data basis for the simulation of the numerical model in the Loess Plateau region.
Based on the observational data of land surface processes and disastrous weather observation and research station in Pingliang area of Gansu Province during the summer( June,July and August) of 2016—2017,the effects of soil moisture on surface radiation,surface energy distribution and the development of atmospheric boundary layer in Pingliang area under dry,medium and wet conditions were quantitatively analyzed. And then,according to the general soil moisture change trend,the soil moisture was further divided into dry-medium sections(0. 158～0. 22 m~3·m~(-3)) and medium-wet( 0. 179～0. 325 m~3·m~(-3)) sections and the correlation between soil moisture and Bowen's ratio,sensible heat flux and latent heat flux was analyzed to explore the possible physical mechanism of soil moisture affecting precipitation by affecting surface turbulent energy distribution and the development of atmospheric boundary layer. The results show that:( 1) Soil moisture has a relatively small impact on albedo,and has a significant impact on Bowen's ratio,mainly affecting sensible and latent heat changes,that is,affecting the process of surface energy distribution. With the increase of soil moisture,latent heat increases,sensible heat decreases and Bowen ratio decreases significantly. The change of soil moisture has a significant impact on net radiation,mainly on net long-wave radiation. With the increase of soil moisture,net short-wave radiation increases slightly and net long-wave radiation increases significantly.( 2) Inter-zonal analysis of soil moisture showed that the influence of soil moisture on latent heat flux and boundary layer height was greater in the dry and middle sections( 0. 158～0. 220 m~3·m~(-3)) than in the middle and wet sections( 0. 179～0. 325 m~3·m~(-3)).That is to say,the change of surface flux and the development of atmospheric boundary layer are more significant when the soil is dry. The results of quantitative analysis of the observations are consistent with the theoretical mechanism,which shows the reliability of the observed data and the data can provide an important data basis for the simulation of the numerical model in the Loess Plateau region.
引文
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D’Odorico P,Bhattachan A,Davis K F,et al,2013.Global desertification:Drivers and feedbacks[J].Advances in Water Resources,51:326-344.
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Findell K L,1997.An analysis of the soil moisture-rainfall feedback,based on direct observations from Illinois[J].Water Resources Research,33(4):725-735.
Georgakakos K P,Bae D H,Cayan D R,1995.Hydroclimatology of continental w atersheds:1.Temporal analyses[J].Water Resources Research,31(3):655-676.
Giorgi F,M earns L O,Shields C,et al,1996.A regional model study of the importance of local versus remote controls of the 1988drought and the 1993 flood over the central United States[J].Journal of Climate,9(5):1150-1168.
Huang J,Vand D H M,Georgarakos K P,1996.Analysis of modelcalculated soil moisture over the United States(1931-1993)and applications to long-range temperature forecasts[J].Journal of Climate,9(6):1350-1362.
Koster R D,Suarez M J,Higgins R W,et al,2003.Observational evidence that soil moisture variations affect precipitation[J].Geophysical Research Letters,30(5):45-41.
Koster R D,Sud Y C,Guo Z,et al,2006.GLACE:The global landatmosphere coupling experiment.Part I:Overview[J].Journal of Hydrometeorology,7(4):590.
Lettau H,Lettau K,M olion L C B,1979.Amazonia's hydrologic cycle and the role of atmospheric recycling in assessing deforestation effects[J].M onthly Weather Review,107(3):227.
M illy P C D,Dunne K A,1994.Sensitivity of the global w ater cycle to the w ater-holding capacity of land[J].Journal of Climate,7(4):506-526.
Namias J,1958.Persistence of mid-tropospheric circulations betw een adjacent months and seasons[M].Rossby M emorial Volume,Rockefeller Institute Press and Oxford University Press,240-248.
Namias J,1963.Surface-atmosphere interactions as fundamental causes of droughts and other climatic fluctuations[M].Arid Zone Research,Vol 20.Changes of Climate Proc Of Rome Symp,UNESCO.75700 Paris,France,345-359.
Nicholson S,2000.Land surface processes and Sahel climate[J].Review s Geophysics,38(1):117-139.
Oglesby R J,Erickson D J I,1989.Soil moisture and the persistence of North American drought.[J].Journal of Climate,2(11):1362-1380.
Okin G S,Parsons A J,Wainw right J,et al,2009.Do Changes in Connectivity Explain Desertification?[J].BioSci,59(3):237-244.
Pitman A J,2003.The evolution of,and revolution in,land surface schemes designed for climate models[J].International Journal of Climatologyl,23(5):479-510.
Reynolds J F,Smith D M,Lambin E F,et al,2007.Global desertification:Building a science for dryland development[J].Science,316(5826):847-51.
Rind D,1982.The influence of ground moisture conditions in North A-merica on summer climate as modeled in the GISS GCM[J].M onthly Weather Review s,110(10):833-842.
Rodriguez-Iturbe I,Entekhabi D,Bras R L,1991.Nonlinear dynamics of soil moisture at climate scales:1.Stochastic analysis[J].Water Resources Reserrch,27(8):1899-1906.
Sanchez-M ejia Z M,Papuga S A,2014.Observations of a tw o-layer soil moisture influence on surface energy dynamics and planetary boundary layer characteristics in a semiarid shrubland[J].Water Resources Research,50(1):306-317.
Savenije H H G,1995.New definitions for moisture recycling and the relationship w ith land-use changes in the Sahel[J].Journal of Hydrology,167(1-4):57-78.
Seneviratne S I,Corti T,Davin E L,et al,2010.Investigating soil moisture-climate interactions in a changing climate:A review[J].Earth Science Review s,99(3):125-161.
Shukla J,M intz Y,1982.Influence of land-surface evapotranspiration on the earth's climate[J].Science,215(4539):1498-1501.
Shuttlew orth,James W,1991.The modellion concept[J].Review s of Geophysics,29(4):585-606.
Small E E,Kurc S A,2003.Tight coupling betw een soil moisture and the surface radiation budget in semiarid environments:Implications for land-atmosphere interactions[J].Water Resources Research,39(10):SWC 4-1.
Taylor C M,Lambin E F,Stephenne N,et al,2002.The influence of land use change on climate in the Sahel.[J].Journal of Climate,15(24):3615-3629.
Vivoni E R,Moreno H A,Mascaro G,et al,2008.Observed relation between evapotranspiration and soil moisture in the North American monsoon region[J].Geophysical Research Letters,35(22):659-662.
Wen J,Wang L,Wei Z G,2009.An overview of the Loess Plateau mesa region land surface process field experiment series(LOPEXs)[J].Hydrology and Earth System Sciences,13(6):945-951.
Williams C A,Albertson J D,2004.Soil moisture controls on canopyscale w ater and carbon fluxes in an African savanna[J].Water Resources Research,40(9):333-341.
Yeh T,Wetherald R T,M anabe S,1984.The effect of soil moisture on the short-term climate and hydrology change-A numerical experiment[J].M onthly Weather Review s,112(3):474.
陈海山,孙照渤,2002.陆气相互作用及陆面模式的研究进展[J].南京气象学院学报,25(2):277-288.
陈星,余晔,陈晋北,等,2016.黄土高原半干旱区雨养农田地表辐射和能量通量的季节变化[J].高原气象,35(2):351-362.DOI:10.7522/j.issn.1000-0534.2015.00004.
戴永久,曾庆存,1996.陆面过程研究[J].水科学进展,7(S1):40-53.
丁旭,赖欣,范广洲,等,2018.再分析土壤温湿度资料在青藏高原地区适用性的分析[J].高原气象,37(3):626-641.DOI:10.7522/j.issn.1000-0534.2017.00060.
郭维栋,马柱国,王会军,2007.土壤湿度-一个跨季度降水预测中的重要因子及其应用探讨[J].气候与环境研究,12(1):20-28.
栾澜,孟宪红,吕世华,等,2018.青藏高原土壤湿度触发午后对流降水模拟试验研究[J].高原气象,37(4):873-885.DOI:10.7522/j.issn.1000-0534.2018.00008.
马柱国,魏和林,符淙斌,2000.中国东部区域土壤湿度的变化及其与气候变率的关系[J].气象学报,58(3):278-287.
马柱国,符淙斌,谢力,等,2001.土壤湿度和气候变化关系研究中的某些问题[J].地球科学进展,20(4):563-568.
王静,祁莉,吴志伟,等,2018.多套土壤湿度替代资料在青藏高原的适用性分析[J].高原气象,37(2):371-381.DOI:10.7522/j.issn.1000-0534.2017.00074.
章焕,范广洲,张永莉,等,2018.青藏高原土壤湿度对一例高原涡影响的数值模拟[J].高原气象,37(4):886-898.DOI:10.7522/j.issn.1000-0534.2018.00004.
朱智,师春香,张涛,等,2018.四套再分析土壤湿度资料在中国区域的适用性分析[J].高原气象,37(1):240-252.DOI:10.7522/j.issn.1000-0534.2017.00033.
Brubaker K L,Entekhabi D,1996.Analysis of feedback mechanisms in land-atmosphere interaction[J].Water Resources Research,32(5):1343-1357.
D’Odorico P,Bhattachan A,Davis K F,et al,2013.Global desertification:Drivers and feedbacks[J].Advances in Water Resources,51:326-344.
Eltahir E A B,1989.A feedback mechanism in annual rainfall,Central Sudan[J].Journal of Hydrology,110(3),323-334.
Eltahir E A B,1998.A soil moisture-rainfall feedback mechanism:Theory and observations[J].Water Resources Research,34(4):777-785.
Findell K L,1997.An analysis of the soil moisture-rainfall feedback,based on direct observations from Illinois[J].Water Resources Research,33(4):725-735.
Georgakakos K P,Bae D H,Cayan D R,1995.Hydroclimatology of continental w atersheds:1.Temporal analyses[J].Water Resources Research,31(3):655-676.
Giorgi F,M earns L O,Shields C,et al,1996.A regional model study of the importance of local versus remote controls of the 1988drought and the 1993 flood over the central United States[J].Journal of Climate,9(5):1150-1168.
Huang J,Vand D H M,Georgarakos K P,1996.Analysis of modelcalculated soil moisture over the United States(1931-1993)and applications to long-range temperature forecasts[J].Journal of Climate,9(6):1350-1362.
Koster R D,Suarez M J,Higgins R W,et al,2003.Observational evidence that soil moisture variations affect precipitation[J].Geophysical Research Letters,30(5):45-41.
Koster R D,Sud Y C,Guo Z,et al,2006.GLACE:The global landatmosphere coupling experiment.Part I:Overview[J].Journal of Hydrometeorology,7(4):590.
Lettau H,Lettau K,M olion L C B,1979.Amazonia's hydrologic cycle and the role of atmospheric recycling in assessing deforestation effects[J].M onthly Weather Review,107(3):227.
M illy P C D,Dunne K A,1994.Sensitivity of the global w ater cycle to the w ater-holding capacity of land[J].Journal of Climate,7(4):506-526.
Namias J,1958.Persistence of mid-tropospheric circulations betw een adjacent months and seasons[M].Rossby M emorial Volume,Rockefeller Institute Press and Oxford University Press,240-248.
Namias J,1963.Surface-atmosphere interactions as fundamental causes of droughts and other climatic fluctuations[M].Arid Zone Research,Vol 20.Changes of Climate Proc Of Rome Symp,UNESCO.75700 Paris,France,345-359.
Nicholson S,2000.Land surface processes and Sahel climate[J].Review s Geophysics,38(1):117-139.
Oglesby R J,Erickson D J I,1989.Soil moisture and the persistence of North American drought.[J].Journal of Climate,2(11):1362-1380.
Okin G S,Parsons A J,Wainw right J,et al,2009.Do Changes in Connectivity Explain Desertification?[J].BioSci,59(3):237-244.
Pitman A J,2003.The evolution of,and revolution in,land surface schemes designed for climate models[J].International Journal of Climatologyl,23(5):479-510.
Reynolds J F,Smith D M,Lambin E F,et al,2007.Global desertification:Building a science for dryland development[J].Science,316(5826):847-51.
Rind D,1982.The influence of ground moisture conditions in North A-merica on summer climate as modeled in the GISS GCM[J].M onthly Weather Review s,110(10):833-842.
Rodriguez-Iturbe I,Entekhabi D,Bras R L,1991.Nonlinear dynamics of soil moisture at climate scales:1.Stochastic analysis[J].Water Resources Reserrch,27(8):1899-1906.
Sanchez-M ejia Z M,Papuga S A,2014.Observations of a tw o-layer soil moisture influence on surface energy dynamics and planetary boundary layer characteristics in a semiarid shrubland[J].Water Resources Research,50(1):306-317.
Savenije H H G,1995.New definitions for moisture recycling and the relationship w ith land-use changes in the Sahel[J].Journal of Hydrology,167(1-4):57-78.
Seneviratne S I,Corti T,Davin E L,et al,2010.Investigating soil moisture-climate interactions in a changing climate:A review[J].Earth Science Review s,99(3):125-161.
Shukla J,M intz Y,1982.Influence of land-surface evapotranspiration on the earth's climate[J].Science,215(4539):1498-1501.
Shuttlew orth,James W,1991.The modellion concept[J].Review s of Geophysics,29(4):585-606.
Small E E,Kurc S A,2003.Tight coupling betw een soil moisture and the surface radiation budget in semiarid environments:Implications for land-atmosphere interactions[J].Water Resources Research,39(10):SWC 4-1.
Taylor C M,Lambin E F,Stephenne N,et al,2002.The influence of land use change on climate in the Sahel.[J].Journal of Climate,15(24):3615-3629.
Vivoni E R,Moreno H A,Mascaro G,et al,2008.Observed relation between evapotranspiration and soil moisture in the North American monsoon region[J].Geophysical Research Letters,35(22):659-662.
Wen J,Wang L,Wei Z G,2009.An overview of the Loess Plateau mesa region land surface process field experiment series(LOPEXs)[J].Hydrology and Earth System Sciences,13(6):945-951.
Williams C A,Albertson J D,2004.Soil moisture controls on canopyscale w ater and carbon fluxes in an African savanna[J].Water Resources Research,40(9):333-341.
Yeh T,Wetherald R T,M anabe S,1984.The effect of soil moisture on the short-term climate and hydrology change-A numerical experiment[J].M onthly Weather Review s,112(3):474.
陈海山,孙照渤,2002.陆气相互作用及陆面模式的研究进展[J].南京气象学院学报,25(2):277-288.
陈星,余晔,陈晋北,等,2016.黄土高原半干旱区雨养农田地表辐射和能量通量的季节变化[J].高原气象,35(2):351-362.DOI:10.7522/j.issn.1000-0534.2015.00004.
戴永久,曾庆存,1996.陆面过程研究[J].水科学进展,7(S1):40-53.
丁旭,赖欣,范广洲,等,2018.再分析土壤温湿度资料在青藏高原地区适用性的分析[J].高原气象,37(3):626-641.DOI:10.7522/j.issn.1000-0534.2017.00060.
郭维栋,马柱国,王会军,2007.土壤湿度-一个跨季度降水预测中的重要因子及其应用探讨[J].气候与环境研究,12(1):20-28.
栾澜,孟宪红,吕世华,等,2018.青藏高原土壤湿度触发午后对流降水模拟试验研究[J].高原气象,37(4):873-885.DOI:10.7522/j.issn.1000-0534.2018.00008.
马柱国,魏和林,符淙斌,2000.中国东部区域土壤湿度的变化及其与气候变率的关系[J].气象学报,58(3):278-287.
马柱国,符淙斌,谢力,等,2001.土壤湿度和气候变化关系研究中的某些问题[J].地球科学进展,20(4):563-568.
王静,祁莉,吴志伟,等,2018.多套土壤湿度替代资料在青藏高原的适用性分析[J].高原气象,37(2):371-381.DOI:10.7522/j.issn.1000-0534.2017.00074.
章焕,范广洲,张永莉,等,2018.青藏高原土壤湿度对一例高原涡影响的数值模拟[J].高原气象,37(4):886-898.DOI:10.7522/j.issn.1000-0534.2018.00004.
朱智,师春香,张涛,等,2018.四套再分析土壤湿度资料在中国区域的适用性分析[J].高原气象,37(1):240-252.DOI:10.7522/j.issn.1000-0534.2017.00033.