不同潜在蒸散发估算方法在辽宁省的适用性分析
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摘要
准确估算潜在蒸散发(PET)是研究区域水文循环和农业灌溉管理必不可少的理论依据。本文利用辽宁省及周边27个气象站点1968—2017年的历史气象数据,选用6种估算方法(Penman-Monteith(PM)法、Rohwer(Roh)法、Hamon(Ham)法、Hargreaves(Har)法、Makkink(Mak)法和Priestley-Taylor(PT)法)计算PET。并以PM法月值作为标准,对5种估算方法的经验系数进行修正,再从年、月两个时间尺度和空间尺度分析修正经验系数前后5种估算方法在辽宁省的适用情况。结果表明:①修正前,年尺度上,Mak法、PT法和PM法的结果较为接近,相对误差均在25%以内。月尺度上,PT法相对误差最小为13.96%,其次是Mak法。空间尺度上,5种估算方法在辽东北地区估算精度较低,整体空间差异明显,相对来说PT法估算适用性更好。②修正后,5种估算方法适用性和相关性都有明显的提高,在年尺度上各估算方法与PM法计算结果年际变化大致相同,其中Mak法和PT法最为合适,相对误差均在10%以内,月尺度和空间尺度上,PT法都优于其他方法。因此,在计算辽宁省PET时,本文推荐使用修正经验系数后的PT法,其次是Mak法。
Accurate estimation of potential evapotranspiration(PET) is a basis for studying regional hydrological cycles and agricultural irrigation management. In this study, six estimation methods Penman-Monteith(PM) method, Rohwer(Roh) method, Hamon(Ham) method,Hargreaves(Har) method, Makkink(Mak) method, and Priestley-Taylor(PT) method were tested based on historical meteorological data of 27 meteorological stations in Liaoning Province and surrounding areas from 1968 to 2017. Potential evapotranspiration was calculated by the Makkink(Mak) method and the Priestley-Taylor(PT) method. The PM method was used as the standard to correct the empirical coefficients of the five estimation methods. Then, the application of the five estimation methods for annual and monthly PET in Liaoning Province before and after the correction of the empirical coefficients was analyzed. The results show that:(1) Before the correction, the results of the Mak, PT, and PM methods are relatively close, and the relative errors are all within 25%. On the monthly scale, the relative error of the PT method is the lowest(13.96%), followed by the Mak method. Spatially, the five estimation methods have lower estimation accuracy in the northeastern part of the province, and the overall spatial difference is obvious. Comparatively, the PT method is more applicable.(2) After the amendment, the applicability and correlation of the five estimation methods are clearly improved. On the annual scale, the estimation results are almost the same as the inter-annual changes of the PM method. The Mak and PT methods are most suitable, and their relative errors are all within 10%. On the monthly scale and with regard to the spatial pattern, the PT method is superior to other methods. Therefore,when calculating PET in Liaoning Province, we recommend using the PT method after the correction of the empirical coefficients, followed by the Mak method.
Accurate estimation of potential evapotranspiration(PET) is a basis for studying regional hydrological cycles and agricultural irrigation management. In this study, six estimation methods Penman-Monteith(PM) method, Rohwer(Roh) method, Hamon(Ham) method,Hargreaves(Har) method, Makkink(Mak) method, and Priestley-Taylor(PT) method were tested based on historical meteorological data of 27 meteorological stations in Liaoning Province and surrounding areas from 1968 to 2017. Potential evapotranspiration was calculated by the Makkink(Mak) method and the Priestley-Taylor(PT) method. The PM method was used as the standard to correct the empirical coefficients of the five estimation methods. Then, the application of the five estimation methods for annual and monthly PET in Liaoning Province before and after the correction of the empirical coefficients was analyzed. The results show that:(1) Before the correction, the results of the Mak, PT, and PM methods are relatively close, and the relative errors are all within 25%. On the monthly scale, the relative error of the PT method is the lowest(13.96%), followed by the Mak method. Spatially, the five estimation methods have lower estimation accuracy in the northeastern part of the province, and the overall spatial difference is obvious. Comparatively, the PT method is more applicable.(2) After the amendment, the applicability and correlation of the five estimation methods are clearly improved. On the annual scale, the estimation results are almost the same as the inter-annual changes of the PM method. The Mak and PT methods are most suitable, and their relative errors are all within 10%. On the monthly scale and with regard to the spatial pattern, the PT method is superior to other methods. Therefore,when calculating PET in Liaoning Province, we recommend using the PT method after the correction of the empirical coefficients, followed by the Mak method.
引文
[1]钟巧,焦黎,李稚,等.博斯腾湖流域潜在蒸散发时空演变及归因分析[J].干旱区地理,2019,42(1):103-112.[Zhong Q,Jiao L,Li Z,et al.Spatiotemporal evolution and attribution analysis of potential evapotranspiration in the Bosten Lake Basin[J].Arid Land Geography,2019,42(1):103-112.]
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[7]杨志刚,唐小萍,路红亚,等.近50年雅鲁藏布江流域潜在蒸散量的变化特征[J].地理学报,2013,68(9):1263-1268.[Yang ZG,Tang X P,Lu H Y,et al.The changes of potential evaportranspiration over Yarlung Zangbo River Basin during 1961-2010[J].Acta Geographica Sinica,2013,68(9):1263-1268.]
[8]赵玲玲,夏军,许崇育,等.水文循环模拟中蒸散发估算方法综述[J].地理学报,2013,68(1):127-136.[Zhao L L,Xia J,Xu C Y,et al.A review of evapotranspiration estimation methods in hydrological Models[J].Acta Geographica Sinica,2013,68(1):127-136.]
[9]李天生,夏军,匡洋,等.不同潜在蒸散发估算方法在汉江流域中上游地区的适用性研究[J].南水北调与水利科技,2017,15(6):1-10.[Li T S,Xia J,Kuang Y,et al.The applicability of various potential evapotranspiration estimation methods in the middle and upper reaches of Hanjiang River Basin[J].South-to-North Water Transfers and Water Science&Technology,2017,15(6):1-10.]
[10]赵捷,徐宗学,左德鹏,等.基于辐射的潜在蒸散发量估算方法在黑河流域的适用性分析[J].干旱区资源与环境,2013,27(10):107-114.[Zhao J,Xu Z X,Zuo D P,et al.Radiation-based methods to estimate potential evapotranspiration in the Heihe River Basin[J].Journal of Arid Land Resources and Environment,2013,27(10):107-114.]
[11]张宪冬.辽宁省农业气象灾害类型及防御措施[J].农民致富之友,2015,(24):289.[Zhang X D.Types and defensive measures of agricultural meteorological disasters in Liaoning Province[J].Friends of Farmers’Wealth,2015,(24):289.]
[12]周晓宇,赵春雨,张新宜,等.1961-2009年辽宁省气温、降水变化特征及突变分析[J].干旱区资源与环境,2013,27(10):87-93.[Zhou X Y,Zhao C Y,Zhang X Y,et al.Climate change characteristics and abrupt change analysis for Liaoning Province,1961-2009[J].Journal of Arid Land Resources and Environment,2013,27(10):87-93.]
[13]杨东,刘洪敏,郭盼盼,等.1956-2008年辽宁省日照时数变化特征[J].干旱区研究,2010,27(6):885-891.[Yang D,Liu H M,Guo P P,et al.Characteristic on sunshine duration in Liaoning Province during the period from 1956 to 2008[J].Arid Zone Research,2010,27(6):885-891.]
[14]刘新安,范辽生,王艳华,等.辽宁省太阳辐射的计算方法及其分布特征[J].资源科学,2002,24(1):82-87.[Liu X A,Fan L S,Wang Y H,et al.The calculation methods and distributive character of solar radiation in Liaoning Province[J].Resources Science,2002,24(1):82-87.]
[15]陶新娥,陈华,许崇育.潜在蒸散发公式2种修正方法及其在闽江流域的应用研究[J].亚热带资源与环境学报,2014,9(3):12-19.[Tao X E,Chen H,Xu C Y.Potential evapotranspiration equations:Two modification methods and their application in Minjiang River Basin[J].Journal of Subtropical Resources and Environment,2014,9(3):12-19.]
[16]邹磊,夏军,马细霞,等.潜在蒸散发量估算方法在河南省的适用性分析[J].水文,2014,34(3):17-23.[Zou L,Xia J,Ma X X,et al.Applicability of potential evapotranspiration methods in Henan Province[J].Journal of China Hydrology,2014,34(3):17-23.]
[17]秦年秀,陈喜,薛显武,等.潜在蒸散发量计算公式在贵州省适用性分析[J].水科学进展,2010,21(3):357-363.[Qin N X,Chen X,Xue X W,et al.An applicability study of potential evapotranspiration models in Guizhou Province[J].Advances in Water Science,2010,21(3):357-363.]
[18]Hargreaves G H.Moisture availability and crop production[J].Transactions of the American Society of Agricultural Engineers,1975,18(5):980-984.
[19]Makkink G F.Testing the Penman formula by means of lysimeters[J].International Journal of Water Engineering,1957,11(3):277-288.
[20]Priestley C H B,Taylor R J.On the assessment of the surface heat flux and evaporation using large-scale parameters[J].Monthly Weather Review,1972,100(2):81-92.
[21]刘晓英,李玉中,王庆锁.几种基于温度的参考作物蒸散量计算方法的评价[J].农业工程学报,2006,22(6):12-18.[Liu X Y,Li YZ,Wang Q S.Evaluation on several temperature:Based methods for estimating reference crop evapotranspiration[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering,2006,22(6):12-18.]
[22]赵玲玲,夏军,许崇育,等.六种基于能量的潜在蒸散发估算方法在海河流域的适用性[J].水电能源科学,2015,33(1):1-6.[Zhao L L,Xia J,Xu C Y,et al.Applicability of six potential evapotranspiration estimation methods in Haihe Basin[J].Water Resources and Power,2015,33(1):1-6.]
[23]赵福年,赵铭,王莺,等.石羊河流域1960-2009年参考蒸散量与蒸发皿蒸发量变化特征[J].干旱气象,2014,32(4):560-568.[Zhao F N,Zhao M,Wang Y,et al.Variation characteristics of reference evapotranspiration and pan evaporation during 1960-2009in Shiyang River Basin[J].Journal of Arid Meteorology,2014,32(4):560-568.]
[24]廖晓芳,钱胜,彭彦铭,等.蒸发皿蒸发和潜在蒸散发对气候变化的响应[J].人民黄河,2010,32(11):42-44.[Liao X F,Qian S,Peng Y M,et al.Response of evaporation of evaporator and potential evapotranspiration to the climate variation[J].Yellow River,2010,32(11):42-44.]
[25]曹永强,李维佳.辽宁省潜在蒸散时空变化特征与成因[J].生态学报,2018,38(20):7276-7287.[Cao Y Q,Li W J.Spatio-temporal distribution characteristics of potential evapotranspiration and impact factors in Liaoning Province[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2018,38(20):7276-7287.]
[26]吴霞,王培娟,霍治国,等.1961-2015年中国潜在蒸散时空变化特征与成因[J].资源科学,2017,39(5):964-977.[Wu X,Wang P J,Huo Z G,et al.Spatio-temporal distribution characteristics of potential evapotranspiration and impact factors in China from 1961 to 2015[J].Resources Science,2017,39(5):964-977.]
[27]王声锋,段爱旺,张展羽.半干旱地区不同水文年Hargreaves和P-M公式的对比分析[J].农业工程学报,2008,24(7):29-33.[Wang S F,Duan A W,Zhang Z Y.Comparison and analysis of Hargreaves equation and Penman-Monteith equation during the different hydrological years in the semi-arid region[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering,2008,24(7):29-33.]
[28]曹永强,高璐,袁立婷,等.辽宁省潜在蒸散发量及其敏感性规律分析[J].地理科学,2017,37(9):1422-1429.[Cao Y Q,Gao L,Yuan L T,et al.Analysis of potential evaporation and its sensitivity in Liaoning Province[J].Scientia Geographica Sinica,2017,37(9):1422-1429.]
[29]陆桂华,吴志勇,何海.水文循环过程及定量预报[M].北京:科学出版社,2010.[Lu G H,Wu Z Y,He H.Hydrological Cycle Process and Quantitative Forecast[M].Beijing:Science Press,2010.]
[2]Li G,Zhang F,Jing Y,et al.Response of evapotranspiration to changes in land use and land cover and climate in China during2001-2013[J].Science of The Total Environment,2017,596-597:256-265.
[3]王飞宇,占车生,胡实,等.典型山地蒸散发时空变化模拟研究[J].资源科学,2017,39(2):276-287.[Wang F Y,Zhan C S,Hu S,et al.Simulation of spatio-temporal changes in evapotranspiration in typical mountains[J].Resources Science,2017,39(2):276-287]
[4]Han J Y,Zhao Y,Wang J H,et al.Effects of different land use types on potential evapotranspiration in Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei Region[J].Journal of Geographical Sciences,2019,29(6):922-934.]
[5]韩松俊,张宝忠.基于Penman方法和互补原理的蒸散发研究历程与展望[J].水利学报,2018,49(09):1158-1168.[Han S J,Zhang B Z.Research and prospect of evapotranspiration based on Penman method and complementary principle[J].Journal of Hydraulic Engineering,2018,49(09):1158-1168.]
[6]韦振锋,陈思源,黄毅.1981-2010年陕西潜在蒸散量时空特征及其对气候因子的响应[J].地理科学,2015,35(8):1033-1041.[Wei Z F,Chen S Y,Huang Y.Spatial and temporal characteristics of potential evaporation and climatic factors on the impact in Shaanxi Province in 1981-2010[J].Scientia Geographica Sinica,2015,35(8):1033-1041.]
[7]杨志刚,唐小萍,路红亚,等.近50年雅鲁藏布江流域潜在蒸散量的变化特征[J].地理学报,2013,68(9):1263-1268.[Yang ZG,Tang X P,Lu H Y,et al.The changes of potential evaportranspiration over Yarlung Zangbo River Basin during 1961-2010[J].Acta Geographica Sinica,2013,68(9):1263-1268.]
[8]赵玲玲,夏军,许崇育,等.水文循环模拟中蒸散发估算方法综述[J].地理学报,2013,68(1):127-136.[Zhao L L,Xia J,Xu C Y,et al.A review of evapotranspiration estimation methods in hydrological Models[J].Acta Geographica Sinica,2013,68(1):127-136.]
[9]李天生,夏军,匡洋,等.不同潜在蒸散发估算方法在汉江流域中上游地区的适用性研究[J].南水北调与水利科技,2017,15(6):1-10.[Li T S,Xia J,Kuang Y,et al.The applicability of various potential evapotranspiration estimation methods in the middle and upper reaches of Hanjiang River Basin[J].South-to-North Water Transfers and Water Science&Technology,2017,15(6):1-10.]
[10]赵捷,徐宗学,左德鹏,等.基于辐射的潜在蒸散发量估算方法在黑河流域的适用性分析[J].干旱区资源与环境,2013,27(10):107-114.[Zhao J,Xu Z X,Zuo D P,et al.Radiation-based methods to estimate potential evapotranspiration in the Heihe River Basin[J].Journal of Arid Land Resources and Environment,2013,27(10):107-114.]
[11]张宪冬.辽宁省农业气象灾害类型及防御措施[J].农民致富之友,2015,(24):289.[Zhang X D.Types and defensive measures of agricultural meteorological disasters in Liaoning Province[J].Friends of Farmers’Wealth,2015,(24):289.]
[12]周晓宇,赵春雨,张新宜,等.1961-2009年辽宁省气温、降水变化特征及突变分析[J].干旱区资源与环境,2013,27(10):87-93.[Zhou X Y,Zhao C Y,Zhang X Y,et al.Climate change characteristics and abrupt change analysis for Liaoning Province,1961-2009[J].Journal of Arid Land Resources and Environment,2013,27(10):87-93.]
[13]杨东,刘洪敏,郭盼盼,等.1956-2008年辽宁省日照时数变化特征[J].干旱区研究,2010,27(6):885-891.[Yang D,Liu H M,Guo P P,et al.Characteristic on sunshine duration in Liaoning Province during the period from 1956 to 2008[J].Arid Zone Research,2010,27(6):885-891.]
[14]刘新安,范辽生,王艳华,等.辽宁省太阳辐射的计算方法及其分布特征[J].资源科学,2002,24(1):82-87.[Liu X A,Fan L S,Wang Y H,et al.The calculation methods and distributive character of solar radiation in Liaoning Province[J].Resources Science,2002,24(1):82-87.]
[15]陶新娥,陈华,许崇育.潜在蒸散发公式2种修正方法及其在闽江流域的应用研究[J].亚热带资源与环境学报,2014,9(3):12-19.[Tao X E,Chen H,Xu C Y.Potential evapotranspiration equations:Two modification methods and their application in Minjiang River Basin[J].Journal of Subtropical Resources and Environment,2014,9(3):12-19.]
[16]邹磊,夏军,马细霞,等.潜在蒸散发量估算方法在河南省的适用性分析[J].水文,2014,34(3):17-23.[Zou L,Xia J,Ma X X,et al.Applicability of potential evapotranspiration methods in Henan Province[J].Journal of China Hydrology,2014,34(3):17-23.]
[17]秦年秀,陈喜,薛显武,等.潜在蒸散发量计算公式在贵州省适用性分析[J].水科学进展,2010,21(3):357-363.[Qin N X,Chen X,Xue X W,et al.An applicability study of potential evapotranspiration models in Guizhou Province[J].Advances in Water Science,2010,21(3):357-363.]
[18]Hargreaves G H.Moisture availability and crop production[J].Transactions of the American Society of Agricultural Engineers,1975,18(5):980-984.
[19]Makkink G F.Testing the Penman formula by means of lysimeters[J].International Journal of Water Engineering,1957,11(3):277-288.
[20]Priestley C H B,Taylor R J.On the assessment of the surface heat flux and evaporation using large-scale parameters[J].Monthly Weather Review,1972,100(2):81-92.
[21]刘晓英,李玉中,王庆锁.几种基于温度的参考作物蒸散量计算方法的评价[J].农业工程学报,2006,22(6):12-18.[Liu X Y,Li YZ,Wang Q S.Evaluation on several temperature:Based methods for estimating reference crop evapotranspiration[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering,2006,22(6):12-18.]
[22]赵玲玲,夏军,许崇育,等.六种基于能量的潜在蒸散发估算方法在海河流域的适用性[J].水电能源科学,2015,33(1):1-6.[Zhao L L,Xia J,Xu C Y,et al.Applicability of six potential evapotranspiration estimation methods in Haihe Basin[J].Water Resources and Power,2015,33(1):1-6.]
[23]赵福年,赵铭,王莺,等.石羊河流域1960-2009年参考蒸散量与蒸发皿蒸发量变化特征[J].干旱气象,2014,32(4):560-568.[Zhao F N,Zhao M,Wang Y,et al.Variation characteristics of reference evapotranspiration and pan evaporation during 1960-2009in Shiyang River Basin[J].Journal of Arid Meteorology,2014,32(4):560-568.]
[24]廖晓芳,钱胜,彭彦铭,等.蒸发皿蒸发和潜在蒸散发对气候变化的响应[J].人民黄河,2010,32(11):42-44.[Liao X F,Qian S,Peng Y M,et al.Response of evaporation of evaporator and potential evapotranspiration to the climate variation[J].Yellow River,2010,32(11):42-44.]
[25]曹永强,李维佳.辽宁省潜在蒸散时空变化特征与成因[J].生态学报,2018,38(20):7276-7287.[Cao Y Q,Li W J.Spatio-temporal distribution characteristics of potential evapotranspiration and impact factors in Liaoning Province[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2018,38(20):7276-7287.]
[26]吴霞,王培娟,霍治国,等.1961-2015年中国潜在蒸散时空变化特征与成因[J].资源科学,2017,39(5):964-977.[Wu X,Wang P J,Huo Z G,et al.Spatio-temporal distribution characteristics of potential evapotranspiration and impact factors in China from 1961 to 2015[J].Resources Science,2017,39(5):964-977.]
[27]王声锋,段爱旺,张展羽.半干旱地区不同水文年Hargreaves和P-M公式的对比分析[J].农业工程学报,2008,24(7):29-33.[Wang S F,Duan A W,Zhang Z Y.Comparison and analysis of Hargreaves equation and Penman-Monteith equation during the different hydrological years in the semi-arid region[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering,2008,24(7):29-33.]
[28]曹永强,高璐,袁立婷,等.辽宁省潜在蒸散发量及其敏感性规律分析[J].地理科学,2017,37(9):1422-1429.[Cao Y Q,Gao L,Yuan L T,et al.Analysis of potential evaporation and its sensitivity in Liaoning Province[J].Scientia Geographica Sinica,2017,37(9):1422-1429.]
[29]陆桂华,吴志勇,何海.水文循环过程及定量预报[M].北京:科学出版社,2010.[Lu G H,Wu Z Y,He H.Hydrological Cycle Process and Quantitative Forecast[M].Beijing:Science Press,2010.]