甲基硅氧烷的分析方法研究进展
|
摘要
甲基硅氧烷的产量及消耗量巨大.作为全球环境中的新型污染物,部分甲基硅氧烷已在工业生产中被限制使用.甲基硅氧烷的同系物丰富,存在于多种样品基质中,且含量差异较大.为了更好地表征甲基硅氧烷的污染程度,以评估其对环境和人体健康的可能风险,需要建立准确、灵敏、高效的分析方法.本文系统地综述了国内外有关甲基硅氧烷的样品前处理技术及仪器分析方法,比较了不同方法的优缺点,提出了分析过程中要特别关注的问题,并就未来的研究方向进行了展望.
Methylsiloxanes have huge production and consumption. As a new class of pollutants in the global environment, some methylsiloxanes have been restricted in industrial production. The homologues of methylsiloxane are abundant. They exist in a variety of matrixes with large differences in content. To better represent the pollution levels of methylsiloxanes and assess their possible risk to the environment and human health, it is necessary to establish the accurate, sensitive and efficient analysis methods. In this review, pretreatments and analysis methods of methylsiloxanes in multiple sample matrixes were systematically summarized. The pros and cons of different methods were compared, and the problems that should be paid special attention to in analysis procedures were put forward. The prospect of further research direction is also included.
Methylsiloxanes have huge production and consumption. As a new class of pollutants in the global environment, some methylsiloxanes have been restricted in industrial production. The homologues of methylsiloxane are abundant. They exist in a variety of matrixes with large differences in content. To better represent the pollution levels of methylsiloxanes and assess their possible risk to the environment and human health, it is necessary to establish the accurate, sensitive and efficient analysis methods. In this review, pretreatments and analysis methods of methylsiloxanes in multiple sample matrixes were systematically summarized. The pros and cons of different methods were compared, and the problems that should be paid special attention to in analysis procedures were put forward. The prospect of further research direction is also included.
引文
[1] HAMELINK J L.The Handbook of Environmental Chemistry[M].Berlin:Springer-Verlag,1992,3,Part F:383-394.
[2] HOBSONJ F,ATKINSON R,CARTER W.Organosilicon materials//Chandra G (Ed.).The Handbook of Environmental Chemistry[M].New York:Springer-Verlag,1997:137-179.
[3] LIU N,XU L,CAI Y.Methyl siloxanes in barbershops and residence indoor dust and the implication for human exposures[J].The Science of the Total Environment,2018,618:1324-1330.
[4] TRAN M T,ABUALNAJA K O,ASIMAKOPOULOS A G,et al.A survey of cyclic and linear siloxanes in indoor dust and their implications for human exposures in twelve countries[J].Environment International,2015,78:39-44.
[5] MENG F Y,WU H.Indoor air pollution by methylsiloxane in household and automobile settings[J].PloS one,2015,10(8):e0135509.
[6] KNOERR S M,DURHAM J A,MCNETT D A.Development of collection,storage and analysis procedures for the quantification of cyclic volatile methylsiloxanes in wastewater treatment plant effluent and influent[J].Chemosphere,2017,182:114-121.
[7] HORII Y,MINOMO K,OHTSUKA N,et al.Distribution characteristics of volatile methylsiloxanes in Tokyo Bay watershed in Japan:Analysis of surface waters by purge and trap method[J].Science of the Total Environment,2017,586:56-65.
[8] LEE SY,LEE S,CHOI M,et al.An optimized method for the analysis of cyclic and linear siloxanes and their distribution in surface and core sediments from industrialized bays in Korea[J].Environmental Pollution,2018,236:111-118.
[9] SANCH S J,MART NEZ E,GINEBREDA A,et al.Occurrence of linear and cyclic volatile methylsiloxanes in wastewater,surface water and sediments from Catalonia[J].Science of the Total Environment,2013,443:530-538.
[10] ELWELL A C,ELSAYED N H,KUHN J N,et al.Design and analysis of siloxanes removal by adsorption from landfill gas for waste-to-energy processes[J].Waste Management,2018,73:189-196.
[11] HEPBURN C A,VALE P,BROWN A S,et al.Development of on-line FTIR spectroscopy for siloxane detection in biogas to enhance carbon contactor management[J].Talanta,2015,141:128-136.
[12] POWELL D E,SCHOYEN M,OXNEVAD S,et al.Bioaccumulation and trophic transfer of cyclic volatile methylsiloxanes (cVMS) in the aquatic marine food webs of the Oslofjord,Norway[J].Science of the Total Environment,2018,622:127-139.
[13] WANG D G,DE SOLLA S R,LEBEUF M,et al.Determination of linear and cyclic volatile methylsiloxanes in blood of turtles,cormorants,and seals from Canada[J].Science of the Total Environment,2017,574:1254-1260.
[14] CAPELA D,ALVES A,HOMEM V,et al.From the shop to the drain - Volatile methylsiloxanes in cosmetics and personal care products[J].Environment International,2016,92-93:50-62.
[15] DUDZINA T,VON GOETZ N,BOGDAL C,et al.Concentrations of cyclic volatile methylsiloxanes in European cosmetics and personal care products:Prerequisite for human and environmental exposure assessment[J].Environment International,2014,62:86-94.
[16] XU L,ZHI L,CAI Y.Methylsiloxanes in children silicone-containing products from China:Profiles,leaching,and children exposure[J].Environment International,2017,101:165-172.
[17] FENG D,YANG H,QI D,et al.Extraction,confirmation,and screening of non-target compounds in silicone rubber teats by purge-and-trap and SPME combined with GC-MS[J].Polymer Testing,2016,56:91-98.
[18] XU L,SHI Y,LIU N,et al.Methyl siloxanes in environmental matrices and human plasma/fat from both general industries and residential areas in China[J].Science of the Total Environment,2015,505:454-463.
[19] HANSSEN L,WARNER N A,BRAATHEN T,et al.Plasma concentrations of cyclic volatile methylsiloxanes (cVMS) in pregnant and postmenopausal Norwegian women and self-reported use of personal care products (PCPs)[J].Environment International,2013,51:82-87.
[20] US EPA.High Production Volume (HPV) Challenge Program[EB/OL].[2012-11-21].http://www.epa.gov/hpv/pubs/update/spnchems.htm.
[21] OECD.Manual for investigation of HPV chemicals[EB/OL].OECD Secretariat,2007.http://www.oecd.org/chemicalsafety/risk-assessment/manualfortheassessmentofchemicals.htm
[22] 徐琳.典型区域甲基硅氧烷的环境行为及人群暴露研究 [D].北京:中国科学院生态环境研究中心.2013.XU L.Occurence and human exposure of methl siloxanes in typicle areas of China[D].Beijing:Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences,Chinese Academy of Sciences,2013(in Chinese).
[23] 封棣,张喜荣,戚冬雷.甲基硅氧烷对人体暴露途径的研究进展[J].环境化学,2018,37(5):1022-1036.FENG D,ZHANG X R,QI D L.Human exposure pathways of methylsiloxanes:A review of recent studies[J].Environmental Chemistry,2018,37(5):1022-1036(in Chinese).
[24] KIERKEGAARD A,MCLACHLAN M S.Determination of decamethylcyclopentasiloxane in air using commercial solid phase extraction cartridges[J].Journal of Chromatography A,2010,1217(21):3557-3560.
[25] PIERI F,KATSOYIANNIS A,MARTELLINI T,et al.Occurrence of linear and cyclic volatile methyl siloxanes in indoor air samples (UK and Italy) and their isotopic characterization[J].Environment International,2013,59 (3):363-371.
[26] KROGSETH IS,KIERKEGAARD A,MS MCLACHLAN,et al.Occurrence and seasonality of cyclic volatile methyl siloxanes in arctic air[J].Environmental Science & Technology,2013,47(1):502-509.
[27] COMPANIONI-DAMAS E Y,SANTOS F,GALCERAN M T.Linear and cyclic methylsiloxanes in air by concurrent solvent recondensation-large volume injection-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry[J].Talanta,2014,118:245-252.
[28] BADJAGBO K,H ROUX M,ALAEE M,et al.Quantitative analysis of volatile methylsiloxanes in waste-to-energy landfill biogases using direct APCI-MS/MS[J].Environmental Science & Technology,2010,44(2):600-605.
[29] CORTADA C,DOS REIS L C,VIDAL L,et al.Determination of cyclic and linear siloxanes in wastewater samples by ultrasound-assisted dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction followed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry[J].Talanta,2014,120:191-197.
[30] SPARHAM C,VAN EGMOND R,O′CONNOR S,et al.Determination of decamethylcyclopentasiloxane in river water and final effluent by headspace gas chromatography/mass spectrometry[J].Journal of Chromatography A,2008,1212(1):124-129.
[31] SPARHAM C,VAN EGMOND R,HASTIE C,et al.Determination of decamethylcyclopentasiloxane in river and estuarine sediments in the UK[J].Journal of Chromatography A,2011,1218(6):817-823.
[32] 徐琳,史亚利,蔡亚岐.顶空固相微萃取/气相色谱-质谱联用测定水中6种挥发性硅氧烷[J].分析测试学报,2012,31(9):1115-1119.XU L,SHI Y L,CAI Y Q.Determination of six volatile siloxanes in aqueous samples by HS-SPME/GC-MS[J].Journal of Instrumental Analysis,2012,31(9):1115-1119(in Chinese).
[33] RAMOS S,SILVA J,HOMEM V,et al.Solvent-saving approaches for the extraction of siloxanes from pine needles,soils and passive air samplers[J].Analytical Methods,2016,8:5378-5387.
[34] LU Y,YUAN T,WANG W,et al.Concentrations and assessment of exposure to siloxanes and synthetic musks in personal care products from China[J].Environmental Pollution,2011,159(12):3522-3528.
[35] WANG R,MOODY R P,KONIECKI D,et al.Low molecular weight cyclic volatile methylsiloxanes in cosmetic products sold in Canada:Implication for dermal exposure[J].Environment International,2009,35(6):900-904.
[36] ZHANG K,WONG J,BEGLEY T,et al.Determination of siloxanes in silicone products and potential migration to milk,formula and liquid simulants[J].Food Additives & Contaminants,2012,29(8):1311-1321.
[37] GROSS J H.Analysis of Silicones released from household items and baby articles by direct analysis in real time-mass spectrometry[J].Journal of the American Society for Mass Spectrometry,2015,26(3):511-521.
[38] SANCH S J,LLORCA M,PIC Y,et al.Volatile dimethylsiloxanes in market seafood and freshwater fish from the Xúquer River,Spain[J].Science of the Total Environment,2016,545-546:236-243.
[39] KIERKEGAARD A,ADOLFSSON-ERICI M,MCLACHLAN M S.Determination of cyclic volatile methylsiloxanes in biota with a purge and trap method[J].Analytical Chemistry,2010,82(22):9573-9578.
[40] KIERKEGAARD A,BIGNERT A,MCLACHLAN M S.Cyclic volatile methylsiloxanes in fish from the Baltic Sea[J].Chemosphere,2013,93(5):774-778.
[41] 祖文川,汪雨,武彦文等.笑气-乙炔火焰原子吸收光谱法测定食用油脂中聚二甲基硅氧烷[J].分析试验室,2014,33(5):561-564.ZU W C,WANG Y,WU Y W,et al.Determination of polydimethylsiloxane in edible fats and oils by nitrous gas-acetylene flame atomic absorption spectrometry[J].Chinese Journal of Analysis Laboratory,2014,33(5):561-564(in Chinese).
[42] 汪雨,祖文川,李冰宁等.氧化亚氮-乙炔火焰-连续光源原子吸收光谱法测定植物油中的聚二甲基硅氧烷[J].食品科学,2015,36(2):198-200.WANG Y,ZU W C,LI B N,et al.Determination of polydimethylsiloxane in vegetable oils using continuum source atomic absorption spectrometer with nitrous oxide-acetylene flame[J].Food Science,2015,36(2):198-200(in Chinese).
[43] HELLING R,MIETH A,ALTMANN S,et al.Determination of the overall migration from silicone baking moulds into simulants and food using 1H-NMR techniques[J].Food Additives and Contaminants Part a-Chemistry Analysis Control Exposure & Risk Assessment,2009,26(3):395-407.
[44] SANCHEZ B C,MIGUEL E,ALBERO B,et al.Determination of cyclic and linear siloxanes in soil samples by ultrasonic-assisted extraction and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry[J].Journal of Chromatography A,2010,1217(45):7024-7030.
[45] 中国国家标准委员会.硅橡胶中挥发性甲基硅氧烷残留量的测定:GB-T 28112-2011[S].北京:中国标准出版社,2011.China National Standards Committee.Determination of residual dimethylcyclosiloxane volatiles in silicone rubber:GB-T 28112-2011[S].Beijing:Standards Press of China,2011(in Chinese).
[46] 封棣,杨慧敏,栗真真等.吹扫捕集-气质联用法对婴幼儿橡胶奶嘴中挥发性潜在迁移物的高通量筛查[J].中国食品学报,2015,15(4):164-174.FENG D,YANG H M,LI Z Z,et al.Research on volatile non-target substances in food contact silicone rubber bakewares by purge & trap and chromatography-mass[J].Journal of Chinese Institute of Food Science and Technology,2015,(4):164-174(in Chinese).
[47] COMPANIONI-DAMAS E Y,SANTOS F J,GALCERAN M T.Analysis of linear and cyclic methylsiloxanes in water by headspace-solid phase microextraction and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry[J].Talanta,2012,89(Supplement C):63-69.
[48] 封棣,戚冬雷,殷宇婷,等.12 种婴幼儿食品接触热塑性弹性体制品中潜在迁移物的分析[J].食品科学,2017,38(8):225-230.FENG D,QI D L,YIN Y T,et al.Analysis of potential migrants in twelve infant food contact thermoplastic elastomer products[J].Food Science,2017,38(8):225-230(in Chinese).
[49] WANG X M,LEE S C,SHENG G Y,et al.Cyclic organosilicon compounds in ambient air in Guangzhou,Macau and Nanhai,Pearl River Delta[J].Applied Geochemistry,2001,16(11):1447-1454.
[50] LUND K H,PETERSEN J.Safety of food contact silicone rubber:Liberation of volatile compounds from soothers and teats[J].European Food Research and Technology,2002,214(5):429-434.
[51] HELLING R,SEIFRIED P,FRITZSCHE D,et al.Characterisation and migration properties of silicone materials during typical long-term commercial and household use applications:a combined case study[J].Food Additives & Contaminants:Part A,2012,29(9):1489-1500.
[52] 黄垚.大连市地表水中环状硅氧烷的分析与测定[D].大连:大连理工大学,2013.HUANG Y.The analysis of volatile cyclic siloxane in Dalian water[D].Dalian:Dalian University of Technology,2013(in Chinese).
[53] CAPELA D,HOMEM V,ALVES A,et al.Volatile methylsiloxanes in personal care products - Using QuEChERS as a “green” analytical approach[J].Talanta,2016,155:94-100.
[54] 曹翠玲,丁文丽,吕延延,等.TGA-FTIR与Py-GC/MS分析医用硅橡胶[J].橡胶科技,2017,15(2):48-52.CAO C L,DING W L,LYU Y Y,et al.Analysis of medical silicone rubber by TGA-FTIR and Py-GC/MS[J].Rubber Science and Technology,2017,15(2):48-52(in Chinese).
[55] VARAPRATH S,STUTTS D H,KOZERSKI G E.A primer on the analytical aspects of silicones at trace levels-challenges and artifacts:A review[J].Silicon Chemistry,2006,3(1):79-102.
[56] 付桂兰,王全.有机硅混合环硅氧烷色谱-质谱联用定性分析[J].色谱,1995,3(13):185-187,194.FU G L,WANG Q.Qualitative analysis of mixed organocyclosiloxanes by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) [J].Chinese Journal of Chromatography,1995,3(13):185-187,194(in Chinese).
[57] 李莉莉,赵丽娇,钟儒刚.红外光谱法检测生物大分子损伤的研究进展[J].光谱学与光谱分析,2011,31(12):3194-3199.LI L L,ZHAO L J,ZHONG R G.progress in study of biomacromolecular damages by infrared spectroscopy[J].Spectroscopy and Spectral Analysis,2011,31(12):3194-3199(in Chinese).
[58] 杨柳,陈宇飞,张一.利用NMR研究赤藓糖醇对糙米面包贮藏期间保水性的影响[J].食品科学,2015,36(6):262-266.YANG L,CHEN Y F,ZHANG Y.Nuclear magnetic resonance (nmr) studies of the effect of erythritol on water-retaining property of brown rice bread during storag[J].Food Science,2015,36(6):262-266(in Chinese).
[59] 冉坚,张琦,刘淼等.基于氢核磁共振和偏最小二乘法-判别分析建立鹿龟酒质量控制方法的研究[J].食品科学,2012,33(7):69-72.RAN J,ZHANG Q,LIU M.,et al.Establishment of a quality control method for lu-gui tincture based on 1H NMR-PLS-DA[J].Food Science,2012,33(7):69-72(in Chinese).
[60] BROTHERS H M,BOVENS E,BRUNI A,et al.A practical gas chromatography flame ionization detection method for the determination of octamethylcyclotetrasiloxane,decamethylcyclopentasiloxane,and dodecamethylcyclohexasiloxane in silicone emulsions[J].Journal of Chromatography A,2016,1441(Supplement C):116-125.
[61] WANG DG,ALAEE M,STEER H,et al.Determination of cyclic volatile methylsiloxanes in water,sediment,soil,biota,and biosolid using large-volume injection-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry[J].Chemosphere,2013,93(5):741-748.
[62] ZHANG Z,QI H,REN N,et al.Survey of cyclic and linear siloxanes in sediment from the songhua river and in sewage sludge from wastewater treatment plants,northeastern china[J].Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology,2011,60(2):204-211.
[63] MCGOLDRICK D J,DURHAM J,LEKNES H,et al.Assessing inter-laboratory comparability and limits of determination for the analysis of cyclic volatile methyl siloxanes in whole Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss)[J].Chemosphere,2011,85(8):1241-1247.
[64] LYKISSA E D,KALA S V,HURLEY J B,et al.Release of low molecular weight silicones and platinum from silicone breast implants[J].Analytical Chemistry,1997,69(23):4912-4916.
[65] 崔灵芝,陈关喜,冯建跃.氢封端聚二甲基硅氧烷的定性分析[J].浙江大学学报,2013,40(2):182-185.CUI L Z,CHEN G X,FENG J Y.Qualitative analysis of polymethysiloxane terminated with hydrogen[J].Journal of Zhejiang University,2013,40(2):182-185(in Chinese).
[66] 景治中,赵媛媛,许威亚等.有机硅橡胶裂解产物气相色谱-质谱联用分析[J].分析测试学报,2000,19(3):31-33.JING Z Z,ZHAO Y Y,XU W Y,et al.GC-MS analysis of crackates of organic silicon rubber[J].Journal of Instrumental Analysis,2000,19(3):31-33(in Chinese).
[67] GROSS J H.Polydimethylsiloxane-based wide-range mass calibration for direct analysis in real-time mass spectrometry[J].Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry,2013,405(26):8663-8668.
[68] LIU X M,MAZIARZ E P,HEILER D J,et al.Comparative studies of poly(dimethyl siloxanes) using automated GPC-MALDI-TOF MS and on-line GPC-ESI-TOF MS[J].Journal of the American Society for Mass Spectrometry,2003,14(3):195-202.
[69] 高峰,李小林,冯骞,等.电感耦合等离子体发射光谱法测定食品中聚二甲基硅氧烷的含量[J].食品科学,2013,34(8):182-185.GAO F,LI X L,FENG Q,et al.Determination of dimethylpolysiloxanes in foodstuffs by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry[J].Food Science,2013,34(8):182-185(in Chinese).
[2] HOBSONJ F,ATKINSON R,CARTER W.Organosilicon materials//Chandra G (Ed.).The Handbook of Environmental Chemistry[M].New York:Springer-Verlag,1997:137-179.
[3] LIU N,XU L,CAI Y.Methyl siloxanes in barbershops and residence indoor dust and the implication for human exposures[J].The Science of the Total Environment,2018,618:1324-1330.
[4] TRAN M T,ABUALNAJA K O,ASIMAKOPOULOS A G,et al.A survey of cyclic and linear siloxanes in indoor dust and their implications for human exposures in twelve countries[J].Environment International,2015,78:39-44.
[5] MENG F Y,WU H.Indoor air pollution by methylsiloxane in household and automobile settings[J].PloS one,2015,10(8):e0135509.
[6] KNOERR S M,DURHAM J A,MCNETT D A.Development of collection,storage and analysis procedures for the quantification of cyclic volatile methylsiloxanes in wastewater treatment plant effluent and influent[J].Chemosphere,2017,182:114-121.
[7] HORII Y,MINOMO K,OHTSUKA N,et al.Distribution characteristics of volatile methylsiloxanes in Tokyo Bay watershed in Japan:Analysis of surface waters by purge and trap method[J].Science of the Total Environment,2017,586:56-65.
[8] LEE SY,LEE S,CHOI M,et al.An optimized method for the analysis of cyclic and linear siloxanes and their distribution in surface and core sediments from industrialized bays in Korea[J].Environmental Pollution,2018,236:111-118.
[9] SANCH S J,MART NEZ E,GINEBREDA A,et al.Occurrence of linear and cyclic volatile methylsiloxanes in wastewater,surface water and sediments from Catalonia[J].Science of the Total Environment,2013,443:530-538.
[10] ELWELL A C,ELSAYED N H,KUHN J N,et al.Design and analysis of siloxanes removal by adsorption from landfill gas for waste-to-energy processes[J].Waste Management,2018,73:189-196.
[11] HEPBURN C A,VALE P,BROWN A S,et al.Development of on-line FTIR spectroscopy for siloxane detection in biogas to enhance carbon contactor management[J].Talanta,2015,141:128-136.
[12] POWELL D E,SCHOYEN M,OXNEVAD S,et al.Bioaccumulation and trophic transfer of cyclic volatile methylsiloxanes (cVMS) in the aquatic marine food webs of the Oslofjord,Norway[J].Science of the Total Environment,2018,622:127-139.
[13] WANG D G,DE SOLLA S R,LEBEUF M,et al.Determination of linear and cyclic volatile methylsiloxanes in blood of turtles,cormorants,and seals from Canada[J].Science of the Total Environment,2017,574:1254-1260.
[14] CAPELA D,ALVES A,HOMEM V,et al.From the shop to the drain - Volatile methylsiloxanes in cosmetics and personal care products[J].Environment International,2016,92-93:50-62.
[15] DUDZINA T,VON GOETZ N,BOGDAL C,et al.Concentrations of cyclic volatile methylsiloxanes in European cosmetics and personal care products:Prerequisite for human and environmental exposure assessment[J].Environment International,2014,62:86-94.
[16] XU L,ZHI L,CAI Y.Methylsiloxanes in children silicone-containing products from China:Profiles,leaching,and children exposure[J].Environment International,2017,101:165-172.
[17] FENG D,YANG H,QI D,et al.Extraction,confirmation,and screening of non-target compounds in silicone rubber teats by purge-and-trap and SPME combined with GC-MS[J].Polymer Testing,2016,56:91-98.
[18] XU L,SHI Y,LIU N,et al.Methyl siloxanes in environmental matrices and human plasma/fat from both general industries and residential areas in China[J].Science of the Total Environment,2015,505:454-463.
[19] HANSSEN L,WARNER N A,BRAATHEN T,et al.Plasma concentrations of cyclic volatile methylsiloxanes (cVMS) in pregnant and postmenopausal Norwegian women and self-reported use of personal care products (PCPs)[J].Environment International,2013,51:82-87.
[20] US EPA.High Production Volume (HPV) Challenge Program[EB/OL].[2012-11-21].http://www.epa.gov/hpv/pubs/update/spnchems.htm.
[21] OECD.Manual for investigation of HPV chemicals[EB/OL].OECD Secretariat,2007.http://www.oecd.org/chemicalsafety/risk-assessment/manualfortheassessmentofchemicals.htm
[22] 徐琳.典型区域甲基硅氧烷的环境行为及人群暴露研究 [D].北京:中国科学院生态环境研究中心.2013.XU L.Occurence and human exposure of methl siloxanes in typicle areas of China[D].Beijing:Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences,Chinese Academy of Sciences,2013(in Chinese).
[23] 封棣,张喜荣,戚冬雷.甲基硅氧烷对人体暴露途径的研究进展[J].环境化学,2018,37(5):1022-1036.FENG D,ZHANG X R,QI D L.Human exposure pathways of methylsiloxanes:A review of recent studies[J].Environmental Chemistry,2018,37(5):1022-1036(in Chinese).
[24] KIERKEGAARD A,MCLACHLAN M S.Determination of decamethylcyclopentasiloxane in air using commercial solid phase extraction cartridges[J].Journal of Chromatography A,2010,1217(21):3557-3560.
[25] PIERI F,KATSOYIANNIS A,MARTELLINI T,et al.Occurrence of linear and cyclic volatile methyl siloxanes in indoor air samples (UK and Italy) and their isotopic characterization[J].Environment International,2013,59 (3):363-371.
[26] KROGSETH IS,KIERKEGAARD A,MS MCLACHLAN,et al.Occurrence and seasonality of cyclic volatile methyl siloxanes in arctic air[J].Environmental Science & Technology,2013,47(1):502-509.
[27] COMPANIONI-DAMAS E Y,SANTOS F,GALCERAN M T.Linear and cyclic methylsiloxanes in air by concurrent solvent recondensation-large volume injection-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry[J].Talanta,2014,118:245-252.
[28] BADJAGBO K,H ROUX M,ALAEE M,et al.Quantitative analysis of volatile methylsiloxanes in waste-to-energy landfill biogases using direct APCI-MS/MS[J].Environmental Science & Technology,2010,44(2):600-605.
[29] CORTADA C,DOS REIS L C,VIDAL L,et al.Determination of cyclic and linear siloxanes in wastewater samples by ultrasound-assisted dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction followed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry[J].Talanta,2014,120:191-197.
[30] SPARHAM C,VAN EGMOND R,O′CONNOR S,et al.Determination of decamethylcyclopentasiloxane in river water and final effluent by headspace gas chromatography/mass spectrometry[J].Journal of Chromatography A,2008,1212(1):124-129.
[31] SPARHAM C,VAN EGMOND R,HASTIE C,et al.Determination of decamethylcyclopentasiloxane in river and estuarine sediments in the UK[J].Journal of Chromatography A,2011,1218(6):817-823.
[32] 徐琳,史亚利,蔡亚岐.顶空固相微萃取/气相色谱-质谱联用测定水中6种挥发性硅氧烷[J].分析测试学报,2012,31(9):1115-1119.XU L,SHI Y L,CAI Y Q.Determination of six volatile siloxanes in aqueous samples by HS-SPME/GC-MS[J].Journal of Instrumental Analysis,2012,31(9):1115-1119(in Chinese).
[33] RAMOS S,SILVA J,HOMEM V,et al.Solvent-saving approaches for the extraction of siloxanes from pine needles,soils and passive air samplers[J].Analytical Methods,2016,8:5378-5387.
[34] LU Y,YUAN T,WANG W,et al.Concentrations and assessment of exposure to siloxanes and synthetic musks in personal care products from China[J].Environmental Pollution,2011,159(12):3522-3528.
[35] WANG R,MOODY R P,KONIECKI D,et al.Low molecular weight cyclic volatile methylsiloxanes in cosmetic products sold in Canada:Implication for dermal exposure[J].Environment International,2009,35(6):900-904.
[36] ZHANG K,WONG J,BEGLEY T,et al.Determination of siloxanes in silicone products and potential migration to milk,formula and liquid simulants[J].Food Additives & Contaminants,2012,29(8):1311-1321.
[37] GROSS J H.Analysis of Silicones released from household items and baby articles by direct analysis in real time-mass spectrometry[J].Journal of the American Society for Mass Spectrometry,2015,26(3):511-521.
[38] SANCH S J,LLORCA M,PIC Y,et al.Volatile dimethylsiloxanes in market seafood and freshwater fish from the Xúquer River,Spain[J].Science of the Total Environment,2016,545-546:236-243.
[39] KIERKEGAARD A,ADOLFSSON-ERICI M,MCLACHLAN M S.Determination of cyclic volatile methylsiloxanes in biota with a purge and trap method[J].Analytical Chemistry,2010,82(22):9573-9578.
[40] KIERKEGAARD A,BIGNERT A,MCLACHLAN M S.Cyclic volatile methylsiloxanes in fish from the Baltic Sea[J].Chemosphere,2013,93(5):774-778.
[41] 祖文川,汪雨,武彦文等.笑气-乙炔火焰原子吸收光谱法测定食用油脂中聚二甲基硅氧烷[J].分析试验室,2014,33(5):561-564.ZU W C,WANG Y,WU Y W,et al.Determination of polydimethylsiloxane in edible fats and oils by nitrous gas-acetylene flame atomic absorption spectrometry[J].Chinese Journal of Analysis Laboratory,2014,33(5):561-564(in Chinese).
[42] 汪雨,祖文川,李冰宁等.氧化亚氮-乙炔火焰-连续光源原子吸收光谱法测定植物油中的聚二甲基硅氧烷[J].食品科学,2015,36(2):198-200.WANG Y,ZU W C,LI B N,et al.Determination of polydimethylsiloxane in vegetable oils using continuum source atomic absorption spectrometer with nitrous oxide-acetylene flame[J].Food Science,2015,36(2):198-200(in Chinese).
[43] HELLING R,MIETH A,ALTMANN S,et al.Determination of the overall migration from silicone baking moulds into simulants and food using 1H-NMR techniques[J].Food Additives and Contaminants Part a-Chemistry Analysis Control Exposure & Risk Assessment,2009,26(3):395-407.
[44] SANCHEZ B C,MIGUEL E,ALBERO B,et al.Determination of cyclic and linear siloxanes in soil samples by ultrasonic-assisted extraction and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry[J].Journal of Chromatography A,2010,1217(45):7024-7030.
[45] 中国国家标准委员会.硅橡胶中挥发性甲基硅氧烷残留量的测定:GB-T 28112-2011[S].北京:中国标准出版社,2011.China National Standards Committee.Determination of residual dimethylcyclosiloxane volatiles in silicone rubber:GB-T 28112-2011[S].Beijing:Standards Press of China,2011(in Chinese).
[46] 封棣,杨慧敏,栗真真等.吹扫捕集-气质联用法对婴幼儿橡胶奶嘴中挥发性潜在迁移物的高通量筛查[J].中国食品学报,2015,15(4):164-174.FENG D,YANG H M,LI Z Z,et al.Research on volatile non-target substances in food contact silicone rubber bakewares by purge & trap and chromatography-mass[J].Journal of Chinese Institute of Food Science and Technology,2015,(4):164-174(in Chinese).
[47] COMPANIONI-DAMAS E Y,SANTOS F J,GALCERAN M T.Analysis of linear and cyclic methylsiloxanes in water by headspace-solid phase microextraction and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry[J].Talanta,2012,89(Supplement C):63-69.
[48] 封棣,戚冬雷,殷宇婷,等.12 种婴幼儿食品接触热塑性弹性体制品中潜在迁移物的分析[J].食品科学,2017,38(8):225-230.FENG D,QI D L,YIN Y T,et al.Analysis of potential migrants in twelve infant food contact thermoplastic elastomer products[J].Food Science,2017,38(8):225-230(in Chinese).
[49] WANG X M,LEE S C,SHENG G Y,et al.Cyclic organosilicon compounds in ambient air in Guangzhou,Macau and Nanhai,Pearl River Delta[J].Applied Geochemistry,2001,16(11):1447-1454.
[50] LUND K H,PETERSEN J.Safety of food contact silicone rubber:Liberation of volatile compounds from soothers and teats[J].European Food Research and Technology,2002,214(5):429-434.
[51] HELLING R,SEIFRIED P,FRITZSCHE D,et al.Characterisation and migration properties of silicone materials during typical long-term commercial and household use applications:a combined case study[J].Food Additives & Contaminants:Part A,2012,29(9):1489-1500.
[52] 黄垚.大连市地表水中环状硅氧烷的分析与测定[D].大连:大连理工大学,2013.HUANG Y.The analysis of volatile cyclic siloxane in Dalian water[D].Dalian:Dalian University of Technology,2013(in Chinese).
[53] CAPELA D,HOMEM V,ALVES A,et al.Volatile methylsiloxanes in personal care products - Using QuEChERS as a “green” analytical approach[J].Talanta,2016,155:94-100.
[54] 曹翠玲,丁文丽,吕延延,等.TGA-FTIR与Py-GC/MS分析医用硅橡胶[J].橡胶科技,2017,15(2):48-52.CAO C L,DING W L,LYU Y Y,et al.Analysis of medical silicone rubber by TGA-FTIR and Py-GC/MS[J].Rubber Science and Technology,2017,15(2):48-52(in Chinese).
[55] VARAPRATH S,STUTTS D H,KOZERSKI G E.A primer on the analytical aspects of silicones at trace levels-challenges and artifacts:A review[J].Silicon Chemistry,2006,3(1):79-102.
[56] 付桂兰,王全.有机硅混合环硅氧烷色谱-质谱联用定性分析[J].色谱,1995,3(13):185-187,194.FU G L,WANG Q.Qualitative analysis of mixed organocyclosiloxanes by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) [J].Chinese Journal of Chromatography,1995,3(13):185-187,194(in Chinese).
[57] 李莉莉,赵丽娇,钟儒刚.红外光谱法检测生物大分子损伤的研究进展[J].光谱学与光谱分析,2011,31(12):3194-3199.LI L L,ZHAO L J,ZHONG R G.progress in study of biomacromolecular damages by infrared spectroscopy[J].Spectroscopy and Spectral Analysis,2011,31(12):3194-3199(in Chinese).
[58] 杨柳,陈宇飞,张一.利用NMR研究赤藓糖醇对糙米面包贮藏期间保水性的影响[J].食品科学,2015,36(6):262-266.YANG L,CHEN Y F,ZHANG Y.Nuclear magnetic resonance (nmr) studies of the effect of erythritol on water-retaining property of brown rice bread during storag[J].Food Science,2015,36(6):262-266(in Chinese).
[59] 冉坚,张琦,刘淼等.基于氢核磁共振和偏最小二乘法-判别分析建立鹿龟酒质量控制方法的研究[J].食品科学,2012,33(7):69-72.RAN J,ZHANG Q,LIU M.,et al.Establishment of a quality control method for lu-gui tincture based on 1H NMR-PLS-DA[J].Food Science,2012,33(7):69-72(in Chinese).
[60] BROTHERS H M,BOVENS E,BRUNI A,et al.A practical gas chromatography flame ionization detection method for the determination of octamethylcyclotetrasiloxane,decamethylcyclopentasiloxane,and dodecamethylcyclohexasiloxane in silicone emulsions[J].Journal of Chromatography A,2016,1441(Supplement C):116-125.
[61] WANG DG,ALAEE M,STEER H,et al.Determination of cyclic volatile methylsiloxanes in water,sediment,soil,biota,and biosolid using large-volume injection-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry[J].Chemosphere,2013,93(5):741-748.
[62] ZHANG Z,QI H,REN N,et al.Survey of cyclic and linear siloxanes in sediment from the songhua river and in sewage sludge from wastewater treatment plants,northeastern china[J].Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology,2011,60(2):204-211.
[63] MCGOLDRICK D J,DURHAM J,LEKNES H,et al.Assessing inter-laboratory comparability and limits of determination for the analysis of cyclic volatile methyl siloxanes in whole Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss)[J].Chemosphere,2011,85(8):1241-1247.
[64] LYKISSA E D,KALA S V,HURLEY J B,et al.Release of low molecular weight silicones and platinum from silicone breast implants[J].Analytical Chemistry,1997,69(23):4912-4916.
[65] 崔灵芝,陈关喜,冯建跃.氢封端聚二甲基硅氧烷的定性分析[J].浙江大学学报,2013,40(2):182-185.CUI L Z,CHEN G X,FENG J Y.Qualitative analysis of polymethysiloxane terminated with hydrogen[J].Journal of Zhejiang University,2013,40(2):182-185(in Chinese).
[66] 景治中,赵媛媛,许威亚等.有机硅橡胶裂解产物气相色谱-质谱联用分析[J].分析测试学报,2000,19(3):31-33.JING Z Z,ZHAO Y Y,XU W Y,et al.GC-MS analysis of crackates of organic silicon rubber[J].Journal of Instrumental Analysis,2000,19(3):31-33(in Chinese).
[67] GROSS J H.Polydimethylsiloxane-based wide-range mass calibration for direct analysis in real-time mass spectrometry[J].Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry,2013,405(26):8663-8668.
[68] LIU X M,MAZIARZ E P,HEILER D J,et al.Comparative studies of poly(dimethyl siloxanes) using automated GPC-MALDI-TOF MS and on-line GPC-ESI-TOF MS[J].Journal of the American Society for Mass Spectrometry,2003,14(3):195-202.
[69] 高峰,李小林,冯骞,等.电感耦合等离子体发射光谱法测定食品中聚二甲基硅氧烷的含量[J].食品科学,2013,34(8):182-185.GAO F,LI X L,FENG Q,et al.Determination of dimethylpolysiloxanes in foodstuffs by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry[J].Food Science,2013,34(8):182-185(in Chinese).