新疆大气颗粒物的时空分布特征
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摘要
基于2015年新疆12个城市的PM_(10)和PM_(2.5)地面监测数据,并结合同期气象观测数据,分析了新疆PM_(10)和PM_(2.5)质量浓度的时空分布特征及其与气象要素的关联性。结果表明:新疆大气颗粒物年均质量浓度呈现南高北低特征,南疆各城市的年均PM_(10)质量浓度为150～262μg/m~3,年均PM_(2.5)质量浓度为50～118μg/m~3。北疆各城市的质量浓度相对较低,年均PM_(10)质量浓度为28～139μg/m~3,年均PM_(2.5)质量浓度为13～74μg/m~3。从时间变化来看,在春季和夏季,新疆以粗颗粒物污染为主,冬季以细颗粒物污染为主。此外,在南疆各城市3月PM_(10)质量浓度突然大幅升高与相对湿度明显下降、风速增大直接相关,沙尘天气是导致该区域春季高PM_(10)质量浓度的重要原因。
Based on the PM_(10) and PM_(2.5) ground monitoring data of 12 cities in Xinjiang in 2015, combined with corresponding meteorological observation data, this paper analyzed the temporal-spatial distribution characteristics of PM_(10) and PM_(2.5) concentrations in Xinjiang and its correlation with meteorological factors. The results showed that the annual concentration of atmospheric particulate matter in Xinjiang was obviously different from north to south, the average annual concentration of PM_(10) in southern cities was 150-262 μg/m~3 and PM_(2.5) was 50-118 μg/m~3. The concentration of PM_(10) in northern cities was relatively low, with an average annual PM_(10) concentration of 28-139 μg/m~3 and PM_(2.5) was 13-74 μg/m~3. For temporal variation, Xinjiang was mainly to coarse particulate pollution in spring and summer, and mainly to fine particulate pollution in winter. In addition, in the southern cities, the significant increase of PM_(10) concentration in March was directly related to the obviously decreased relative humidity and the rose wind speed, indicating that dust weather was an important reason for the high concentration of PM_(10) in spring in this region.
Based on the PM_(10) and PM_(2.5) ground monitoring data of 12 cities in Xinjiang in 2015, combined with corresponding meteorological observation data, this paper analyzed the temporal-spatial distribution characteristics of PM_(10) and PM_(2.5) concentrations in Xinjiang and its correlation with meteorological factors. The results showed that the annual concentration of atmospheric particulate matter in Xinjiang was obviously different from north to south, the average annual concentration of PM_(10) in southern cities was 150-262 μg/m~3 and PM_(2.5) was 50-118 μg/m~3. The concentration of PM_(10) in northern cities was relatively low, with an average annual PM_(10) concentration of 28-139 μg/m~3 and PM_(2.5) was 13-74 μg/m~3. For temporal variation, Xinjiang was mainly to coarse particulate pollution in spring and summer, and mainly to fine particulate pollution in winter. In addition, in the southern cities, the significant increase of PM_(10) concentration in March was directly related to the obviously decreased relative humidity and the rose wind speed, indicating that dust weather was an important reason for the high concentration of PM_(10) in spring in this region.
引文
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[26] WANG Q Q,SUN Y L,JIANG Q,et al.Chemical composition of Aerosol Particles and Light Extinction Apportionment Before and During the Heating Season in Beijing,China[J].Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres,2015,120(24):12 708-12 722.
[27] SUN Y L,WANG Z F,FU P Q,et al.The Impact of Relative Humidity on Aerosol Composition and Evolution Processes During Wintertime in Beijing,China[J].Atmospheric Environment,2013,77(3):927-934.
[28] QIN Y,XIE S D.Spatial and Temporal Variation of Anthropogenic Black Carbon Emissions in China for the Period 1980-2009[J].Atmospheric Chemistry & Physics,2012,12(11):4 825-4 841.
[29] STREETS D G,GUPTA S,WALDHOFF S T,et al.Black Carbon Emissions in China[J].Atmospheric Environment,2001,35(25):4 281-4 296.
[30] ZHANG Y L,CAO F.Fine Particulate Matter (PM2.5) in China at a City Level[J].Scientific Reports,2015,5:14 884.
[31] WESTERDAHL D,WANG X,PAN X C,et al.Characterization of On-Road Vehicle Emission Factors and Microenvironmental Air Quality in Beijing,China[J].Atmospheric Environment,2009,43(3):697-705.
[32] KONG S F,JI Y Q,LU B,et al.Characterization of PM Source Profiles for Fugitive Dust in Fushun City Famous for Coal[J].Atmospheric Environment,2011,45(30):5 351-5 365.
[33] WANG G H,CHENG C L,MENG J J,et al.Field Observation on Secondary Organic Aerosols During Asian Dust Storm Periods:Formation Mechanism of Oxalic Acid and Related Compounds on Dust Surface[J].Atmospheric Environment,2015,113:169-176.
[34] MURAYAMA T,SUGIMOTO N,UNO I,et al.Ground-Based Network Observation of Asian Dust Events of April 1998 in East Asia[J].Journal of Geophysical Research-Atmospheres,2001,106(16):18 345-18 359.
[2] WANG Y,WAN Q,MENG W,et al.Long-Term Impacts of Aerosols on Precipitation and Lightning over the Pearl River Delta Megacity Area in China[J].Atmos Chem Phys,2011,11(23):12 421-12 436.
[3] WANG Y,ZHANG R Y,SARAVANAN R.Asian Pollution Climatically Modulates Mid-Latitude Cyclones Following Hierarchical Modelling and Observational Analysis[J].Nat Commun,2014,5:3098.
[4] CHEN J,ZHAO C S,MA N,et al.A Parameterization of Low Visibilities for Hazy Days in the North China Plain[J].Atmos Chem Phys,2012,12(11):4 935-4 950.
[5] HARRISON R M,YIN J.Particulate Matter in the Atmosphere:Which Particle Properties are Important for Its Effects on Health?[J].The Science of the Total Environment,2000,249(1-3):85-101.
[6] WANG Y H,LIU Z R,ZHANG J K,et al.Aerosol Physicochemical Properties and Implications for Visibility During an Intense Haze Episode During Winter in Beijing[J].Atmos Chem Phys,2015,15(6):3 205-3 215.
[7] 李名升,张建辉,张殷俊,等.近10年中国大气PM10污染时空格局演变[J].地理学报,2013,68(11):1 504-1 512.LI Mingsheng,ZHANG Jianhui,ZHANG Yinjun,et al.Spatio-Temporal Pattern Changes of Ambient Air PM10 Pollution in China from 2002 to 2012[J].Acta Geographica Sinica,2013,68(11):1 504-1 512.
[8] YANG F,TAN J,ZHAO Q,et al.Characteristics of PM2.5 Speciation in Representative Megacities and Across China[J].Atmos Chem Phys,2011,11(11):5 207-5 219.
[9] CHAN C K,YAO X.Air Pollution in Mega Cities in China[J].Atmospheric Environment,2008,42(1):1-42.
[10] GUO S,HU M,ZAMORA M L,et al.Elucidating Severe Urban Haze Formation in China[J].P Natl Acad Sci USA,2014,111(49):17 373-17 378.
[11] CHEN Z F,BARROS C P,GIL-ALANA L A.The Persistence of Air Pollution in Four Mega-Cities of China[J].Habitat Int,2016,56:103-108.
[12] XU J,ZHANG Q,CHEN M,et al.Chemical Composition,Sources and Processes of Urban Aerosols During Summertime in Northwest China:Insights from High-Resolution Aerosol Mass Spectrometry[J].Atmos Chem Phys,2014,14(23):12 593-12 611.
[13] TAO J,CHENG T T,ZHANG R J,et al.Chemical Composition of PM2.5 at an Urban Site of Chengdu in Southwestern China[J].Advances in Atmospheric Sciences,2013,30(4):1 070-1 084.
[14] ZHANG F,WANG Z W,CHENG H R,et al.Seasonal Variations and Chemical Characteristics of PM2.5 in Wuhan,Central China[J].Science of the Total Environment,2015,518/519:97-105.
[15] CAO J J,WANG Q Y,CHOW J C,et al.Impacts of Aerosol Compositions on Visibility Impairment in Xi’an,China[J].Atmospheric Environment,2012,59:559-566.
[16] 张智胜,陶俊,谢绍东,等.成都城区PM2.5季节污染特征及来源解析[J].环境科学学报,2013,33(11):2 947-2 952.ZHANG Zhisheng,TAO Jun,XIE Shaodong,et al.Seasonal Variations and Source Apportionment of PM2.5 at Urban Area of Chengdu[J].Acta Scientiae Circumstantiae,2013,33(11):2 947-2 952.
[17] 魏复盛,滕恩江,吴国平,等.我国4个大城市空气PM2.5、PM10污染及其化学组成[J].中国环境监测,2001,17(增刊1):1-6.WEI Fusheng,TENG Enjiang,WU Guoping,et al.Concsentrations and Elemental Components of PM2.5、PM10 in Ambient Air in four Large Chinese Cities[J].Environmental Monitoring in China,2001,17(Supplement 1):1-6.
[18] QU W J,ARIMOTO R,ZHANG X Y,et al.Spatial Distribution and Interannual Variation of Surface PM10 Concentrations over Eighty-Six Chinese Cities[J].Atmos Chem Phys,2010,10(12):5 641-5 662.
[19] 郭宇宏,迪丽努尔·塔力甫,康宏,等.新疆部分城市可吸入颗粒物的浓度及粒径分布[J].环境科学与技术,2012,35(增刊2):240-244.GUO Yuhong,Delia·Tulifu,KANG Hong,et al.The Size Distribution of Fine Particle Matters in Some Cities in Xinjiang[J].Environmental Science & Technology,2012,35(Supplement 2):240-244.
[20] ZHAO P,FENG Y,ZHU T,et al.Characterizations of Resuspended Dust in Six Cities of North China[J].Atmospheric Environment,2006,40(30):5 807-5 814.
[21] 谢付莹.中国沙尘源区特性及起沙机制动力学模型研究 [D].北京:中国科学院大气物理研究所,2006.
[22] 徐锋.乌鲁木齐市2011年冬季PM2.5/PM10浓度特征分析[J].干旱环境监测,2012,26(2):81-84,111.XU Feng.Analysis of PM2.5/PM10 Concentration Characteristics Urumqi City in the Winter of 2011[J].Arid Environmental Monitoring,2012,26(2):81-84,111.
[23] 朱少钧,董雯,许嘉钰.乌鲁木齐市区PM2.5污染特征及其溯源与追踪分析[J].新疆环境保护,2012,34(3):6-11.ZHU Shaojun,DONG Wen,XU Jiayu.Study on Pollution Characteristics of PM2.5 Tracing and Tracking Atmospheric Particulates in Urumqi City[J].Environmental Protection of Xinjiang,2012,34(3):6-11.
[24] 张小啸,陈曦,王自发,等.新疆和田绿洲大气降尘和PM10浓度变化特征分析[J].干旱区地理,2015,38(3):454-462.ZHANG Xiaoxiao,CHEN Xi,WANG Zifa,et al.Variation Characteristics of Atmospheric Dustfall and PM10 Concentration in Hotan Oasis,Xinjiang[J].Arid Land Geography,2015,38(3):454-462.
[25] 程乾,周良驷,郑乐娟,等.吐鲁番市冬季重污染日气象成因及预报[J].新疆气象,1997,(5):22-24.CHENG Qian,ZHOU Liangsi,ZHENG Lejuan,et al.Reason and Forecast of Heavy Pollution on Winter Meteorological Conditions in Turpan[J].Xinjiang Meteorology,1997,(5):22-24.
[26] WANG Q Q,SUN Y L,JIANG Q,et al.Chemical composition of Aerosol Particles and Light Extinction Apportionment Before and During the Heating Season in Beijing,China[J].Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres,2015,120(24):12 708-12 722.
[27] SUN Y L,WANG Z F,FU P Q,et al.The Impact of Relative Humidity on Aerosol Composition and Evolution Processes During Wintertime in Beijing,China[J].Atmospheric Environment,2013,77(3):927-934.
[28] QIN Y,XIE S D.Spatial and Temporal Variation of Anthropogenic Black Carbon Emissions in China for the Period 1980-2009[J].Atmospheric Chemistry & Physics,2012,12(11):4 825-4 841.
[29] STREETS D G,GUPTA S,WALDHOFF S T,et al.Black Carbon Emissions in China[J].Atmospheric Environment,2001,35(25):4 281-4 296.
[30] ZHANG Y L,CAO F.Fine Particulate Matter (PM2.5) in China at a City Level[J].Scientific Reports,2015,5:14 884.
[31] WESTERDAHL D,WANG X,PAN X C,et al.Characterization of On-Road Vehicle Emission Factors and Microenvironmental Air Quality in Beijing,China[J].Atmospheric Environment,2009,43(3):697-705.
[32] KONG S F,JI Y Q,LU B,et al.Characterization of PM Source Profiles for Fugitive Dust in Fushun City Famous for Coal[J].Atmospheric Environment,2011,45(30):5 351-5 365.
[33] WANG G H,CHENG C L,MENG J J,et al.Field Observation on Secondary Organic Aerosols During Asian Dust Storm Periods:Formation Mechanism of Oxalic Acid and Related Compounds on Dust Surface[J].Atmospheric Environment,2015,113:169-176.
[34] MURAYAMA T,SUGIMOTO N,UNO I,et al.Ground-Based Network Observation of Asian Dust Events of April 1998 in East Asia[J].Journal of Geophysical Research-Atmospheres,2001,106(16):18 345-18 359.