乌梁素海叶绿素a的时空分布及其与环境因子的关系
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摘要
叶绿素a是浮游植物均具有的光合色素,是评价水环境质量的重要指标之一。以叶绿素a为指示性指标对冰封期和非冰封期叶绿素a及相关环境因子含量指标进行了监测,以了解乌梁素海水体叶绿素a在治理前后(2014-2017年)在时间和空间上的分布变化特征及影响因素,尤其是针对寒区湖泊的特点,对冰封期叶绿素a、总氮、总磷的时空分布进行了深入分析,运用相关性分析和逐步回归分析方法探讨了叶绿素a与理化环境因子的关系。结果表明,绿素a总体上呈冰封期高于非冰封期的特征,2014-2016年叶绿素a呈逐年递减趋势,但2017年又略有回升,且区域性差异显著,与氮磷营养盐空间分布趋势一致,表现为湖北区总排干入水口附近大于湖心区和湖南区。影响乌梁素海的主要水化学因子依次为总磷、溶解氧、溶解无机磷、总氮、正磷酸盐、总溶解性固体;同时,透明度与叶绿素a呈极显著负相关;冰层厚度因其影响冰下水体污染物的蓄积,也是影响水域环境的关键因素。总体上,治理后叶绿素a较治理前有明显的下降趋势,表明湖北区总排干入湖水的污染物得到了有效控制,对乌梁素海水体污染控制与修复取得了一定成效,同时也显现出乌梁素海冰封期水体由于水体冻结使得污染物析出,致使冰下水体富营养化较其他时期严重。
Chl.a as a photosynthetic pigment of phytoplankton has been used for one of the important indicators to evaluate the quality of water environment. To get a better understanding of the spatial and temporal distribution of Chl.a and its influencing factors, Chl.a and its related environmental factors were monitored in Lake Ulansuhai from 2014 to 2017 before and after the lake environment governance. The spatial and temporal distribution of Chl.a, TN, and TP was studied. The relationships between Chl.a and the related physical and chemical environmental factors were analyzed through the correlation analysis and the stepwise regression analysis. The results showed that Chl.a was higher in the ice-sealed period than that in non-ice-sealed period. However,Chl.a showed a decreasing trend from 2014 to 2016 except for a slight increase in 2017. But it changed significantly from the north to the south lake areas where were near the intake in the north area, the concentrations of Chl.a, TN, and TP were higher than that in the central and the south areas. The main aquatic chemistry factors affecting the lake environment were TP, DO, DIP, TN, DTP, and TDS in turn. Transparency was negatively correlated with Chl.a and ice thickness was also one of the key factors affecting the water environment. In a word, Chl.a had decreased significantly after governance in the whole area of the lake. This indicated that as the pollutants discharged into lake water the intake were effectively controlled, the pollution of Lake Ulansuhai water body had been controlled and remediated to some extent although the eutrophication degree in the water body under the ice was more serious during the ice-sealing period than that in the other seasons.
Chl.a as a photosynthetic pigment of phytoplankton has been used for one of the important indicators to evaluate the quality of water environment. To get a better understanding of the spatial and temporal distribution of Chl.a and its influencing factors, Chl.a and its related environmental factors were monitored in Lake Ulansuhai from 2014 to 2017 before and after the lake environment governance. The spatial and temporal distribution of Chl.a, TN, and TP was studied. The relationships between Chl.a and the related physical and chemical environmental factors were analyzed through the correlation analysis and the stepwise regression analysis. The results showed that Chl.a was higher in the ice-sealed period than that in non-ice-sealed period. However,Chl.a showed a decreasing trend from 2014 to 2016 except for a slight increase in 2017. But it changed significantly from the north to the south lake areas where were near the intake in the north area, the concentrations of Chl.a, TN, and TP were higher than that in the central and the south areas. The main aquatic chemistry factors affecting the lake environment were TP, DO, DIP, TN, DTP, and TDS in turn. Transparency was negatively correlated with Chl.a and ice thickness was also one of the key factors affecting the water environment. In a word, Chl.a had decreased significantly after governance in the whole area of the lake. This indicated that as the pollutants discharged into lake water the intake were effectively controlled, the pollution of Lake Ulansuhai water body had been controlled and remediated to some extent although the eutrophication degree in the water body under the ice was more serious during the ice-sealing period than that in the other seasons.
引文
GROVER J P,2017.Sink or swim?Vertical movement and nutrient storage in phytoplankton[J].Journal of Theoretical Biology,432:38-48.
KATSIAPI M,MOUSTAKA-GOUNI M,SOMMER U,2016.Assessing ecological water quality of freshwaters:PhyCoI:A new phytoplankton community Index[J].Ecological Informatics,31:22-29.
KRUSKOPF M,FLYNN K J,2006.Chlorophyll content and fluorescence responses cannot be used to gauge reliably phytoplankton biomass,nutrient status or growth rate[J].New Phytologist,169(3):525-536.
POPOVA E E,YOOL A,COWARD A C,et al.,2010.Control of primary production in the Arctic by nutrients and light:insights from a high resolution ocean general circulation model[J].Biogeosciences Discussions,7(11):3569-3591.
REYNOLDS C S,1984.Phytoplankton periodicity:the interactions of form,function and environmental variability[J].Freshwater Biology,14(2):111-142.
SALMASO N,MORABITO G,BUZZI F,et al.,2006.Phytoplankton as an Indicator of the water quality of the deep lakes south of the Alps[J].Hydrobiologia,563(1):167-187.
冯伟莹,张生,王圣瑞,等,2013.草型湖泊叶绿素a浓度时空分布特征及其与氮磷浓度关系[J].环境工程,31(4):126-129.FENG W Y,ZHANG S,WANG S R,et al.,2013.Space-time distribution of chlorophyll-a and its relationship with TN and TPconcentrations in plant type lake[J].Environmental Engineering,31(4):126-129.
韩知明,贾克力,赵胜男,等,2017.呼伦湖冰封期与非冰封期营养盐与离子分布特征研究[J].生态环境学报,26(7):1201-1209.HAN Z M,JIA K L,ZHAO S N,et al.,2017.Distribution characteristics of the nutrients and ion of Hulun Lake in frozen and unfrozen period[J].Ecology and Environmental Sciences,26(7):1201-1209.
黄慧琴,侯进菊,翁辰,等,2016.崇明岛典型河道水体中叶绿素a动态特征及其与环境因子的相关分析[J].生态环境学报,25(8):1369-1375.HUANG H Q,HOU J J,WENG C,et al.,2016.Dynamics of chlorophyll-a and its potential relationship with environmental factors in typical river of Chongming Island[J].Ecology and Environmental Sciences,25(8):1369-1375.
李畅游,高瑞忠,刘廷玺,等,2005.乌梁素海水质富营养化评价及其年季动态变化特征[J].水资源与水工程学报,16(2):11-15.LI C Y,GAO R Z,LIU T X,et al.,2015.Study on the eutrophication synthetical evaluation and the season-year change in Wuliangsuhai Lake[J].Journal of Water Resources and Water Engineering,16(2):11-15.
李畅游,史小红,2014.乌梁素海沉积物环境地球化学特征研究[M].北京:科学出版社:1-181.LI C Y,SHI X H,2014.Study on the environmental geochemical characteristics of the sediments in Wuliangsuhai Lake[M].Beijing:science press:1-181.
李红悦,李兴,管超,等,2018.乌梁素海水质变化特征[J].安徽农业科学,591(14):88-91.LI H Y,LI X,GUAN C,et al.,2018.Variation characteristics of water quality in Wuliangsuhai Lake[J].Journal of Anhui Agricultural Sciences,591(14):88-91.
刘波,崔莉凤,刘载文,2008.北京市城区地表水体叶绿素a与藻密度相关性研究[J].环境科学与技术,31(8):29-33.LIU B,CUI L F,LIU Z W,2008.Correlation between chlorophyll a and algal density of surface water in urban of Beijing[J].Environmental Science&Technology,31(8):29-33.
雒文生,穆宏强,李怀恩,2009.水环境保护[M].北京:中国水利水电出版社:1-250.LUO W S,MU H Q,LI H E,2009.Water environment protection[M].Beijing:China Water&Power Press:1-250.
吕唤春,王飞儿,陈英旭,等,2003.千岛湖水体叶绿素a与相关环境因子的多元分析[J].应用生态学报,14(8):1347-1350.LV H C,WANG F E,CHEN Y X,et al.,2003.Multianalysis between chlorophyll-a and environmental factors in Qiandao Lake water[J].Chinese Jounal of Applied Ecology,14(8):1347-1350.
毛旭锋,魏晓燕,2015.富营养化湖泊叶绿素a时空变化特征及其影响因素分析[J].中国环境监测,31(6):65-70.MAO X F,WEI X Y,2015.The spatial and temporal distribution of chlorophyll a and its influencing factors in an eutrophic lake[J].Environmental Monitoring in China,31(6):65-70.
钱昊钟,赵巧华,钱培东,等,2013.太湖叶绿素a浓度分布的时空特征及其影响因素[J].环境化学,32(5):789-796.QIAN H Z,ZHAO Q H,QIAN P D,et al.,2013.Spatial-temporal characteristic and influential factors of the chlorophyll-a concentration of Taihu[J].Environmental Chemistry,32(5):789-796.
秦伯强,许海,董百丽,2011.富营养化湖泊治理的理论与实践[M].北京:高等教育出版社:1-326.QIN B Q,XU H,DONG B L,2011.The principle and practice of eutrophic lake restoration and management[M].Beijing:Higher Education Press:1-326.
田伟东,史小红,宋爽,等,2016.2005-2014年乌梁素海湖泊水质变化特征[J].湖泊科学,28(6):1226-1234.TIAN W D,SHI X H,SONG S,et al.,2016.Water quality variation in Lake Wuliangsuhai,2005-2014[J].Journal of Lake Sciences,28(6):1226-1234.
田伟东,2016.内蒙古乌梁素海湖泊健康评估[D].呼和浩特:内蒙古农业大学:1-64.TIAN W D,2016.Lake health evaluation Wuliangsuhai Lake in Inner Mongolia[D].Hohhot:Inner Mongolia Agricultural University:1-64.
王鑫磊,2012.基于遥感信息提取的乌梁素海水生植被演化及驱动机制研究[D].呼和浩特:内蒙古大学:1-60.WANG X L,2012.Study on the evolution of aquatic vegetations and its driving mechanism of Wuliangsuhai Lake based on extracting remote sensing information[D].Hohhot:Inner Mongolia University:1-60.
王震,邹华,杨桂军,等,2014.太湖叶绿素a的时空分布特征及其与环境因子的相关关系[J].湖泊科学,26(4):567-575.WANG Z,ZOU H,YANG G J,et al.,2014.Spatial-temporal characteristics of chlorophyll-a and its relationship with environmental factors in Lake Taihu[J].Journal of Lake Sciences,26(4):567-575.
肖博文,成文连,姚荣,等,2015.内蒙古乌梁素海N、P的变化趋势研究[J].水资源与水工程学报,26(1):43-46.XIAO B W,CHENG W L,YAO R,et al.,2015.Study on variation trend of nitrogen and phosphorus in Wuliangsuhai Lake of Inner Mongolia[J].Journal of Water Resources and Water Engineering,26(1):43-46.
杨志岩,李畅游,张生,等,2009.内蒙古乌梁素海叶绿素a浓度时空分布及其与氮、磷浓度关系[J].湖泊科学,21(3):429-433.YANG Z Y,LI C Y,ZHANG S,et al.,2009.Temporal and spatial distribution of chlorophyll-a concentration and the relationships with TN,TP concentrations in Lake Ulansuhai,Inner Mongolia[J].Journal of Lake Sciences,21(3):429-433.
杨志岩,李畅游,张生,等,2009.乌梁素海氮磷浓度与叶绿素a时空分布关系研究[J].干旱环境监测,23(1):16-19.YANG Z Y,LI C Y,ZHANG S,et al.,2009.The distributing in space-time and the relationships between chlorophyll-a content and TNand TP concentrations in Wuliangsuhai Lake[J].Arid Environmental Monitoring,23(1):16-19.
张光贵,2016.洞庭湖水体叶绿素a时空分布及与环境因子的相关性[J].中国环境监测,32(4):84-90.ZHANG G G,2016.Spatial-temporal distribution of chlorophyll-a and its correlation with environment factors in Dongting Lake[J].Environmental Monitoring in China,32(4):84-90.
张晓晶,李畅游,张生,等,2010.乌梁素海叶绿素a与理化因子的统计分析[J].环境化学,29(2):315-319.ZHANG X J,LI C Y,ZHANG S,et al.,2010.Statistical analysis between chlorophyll-a concentration and physical-chemical factors in the Lake of Wuliangsuhai[J].Environmental Chemistry,29(2):315-319.
张岩,李畅游,张生,等,2011.呼伦湖冰封期污染特征分析及对水处理的意义[J].生态环境学报,20(8):1289-1294.ZHANG Y,LI C Y,ZHANG S,et al.,2011.Analysis on polluting characteristics in Hulun Lake during ice-on period and its application in field of water treatment[J].Ecology and Environmental Sciences,20(8):1289-1294.
朱广伟,秦伯强,张运林,等,2018.2005-2017年北部太湖水体叶绿素a和营养盐变化及影响因素[J].湖泊科学,30(2):279-295.ZHU G W,QIN B Q,ZHANG Y L,et al.,2018.Variation and driving factors of nutrients and chlorophyll-a concentrations in northern region of Lake Taihu,China,2005-2017[J].Journal of Lake Sciences,30(2):279-295.
KATSIAPI M,MOUSTAKA-GOUNI M,SOMMER U,2016.Assessing ecological water quality of freshwaters:PhyCoI:A new phytoplankton community Index[J].Ecological Informatics,31:22-29.
KRUSKOPF M,FLYNN K J,2006.Chlorophyll content and fluorescence responses cannot be used to gauge reliably phytoplankton biomass,nutrient status or growth rate[J].New Phytologist,169(3):525-536.
POPOVA E E,YOOL A,COWARD A C,et al.,2010.Control of primary production in the Arctic by nutrients and light:insights from a high resolution ocean general circulation model[J].Biogeosciences Discussions,7(11):3569-3591.
REYNOLDS C S,1984.Phytoplankton periodicity:the interactions of form,function and environmental variability[J].Freshwater Biology,14(2):111-142.
SALMASO N,MORABITO G,BUZZI F,et al.,2006.Phytoplankton as an Indicator of the water quality of the deep lakes south of the Alps[J].Hydrobiologia,563(1):167-187.
冯伟莹,张生,王圣瑞,等,2013.草型湖泊叶绿素a浓度时空分布特征及其与氮磷浓度关系[J].环境工程,31(4):126-129.FENG W Y,ZHANG S,WANG S R,et al.,2013.Space-time distribution of chlorophyll-a and its relationship with TN and TPconcentrations in plant type lake[J].Environmental Engineering,31(4):126-129.
韩知明,贾克力,赵胜男,等,2017.呼伦湖冰封期与非冰封期营养盐与离子分布特征研究[J].生态环境学报,26(7):1201-1209.HAN Z M,JIA K L,ZHAO S N,et al.,2017.Distribution characteristics of the nutrients and ion of Hulun Lake in frozen and unfrozen period[J].Ecology and Environmental Sciences,26(7):1201-1209.
黄慧琴,侯进菊,翁辰,等,2016.崇明岛典型河道水体中叶绿素a动态特征及其与环境因子的相关分析[J].生态环境学报,25(8):1369-1375.HUANG H Q,HOU J J,WENG C,et al.,2016.Dynamics of chlorophyll-a and its potential relationship with environmental factors in typical river of Chongming Island[J].Ecology and Environmental Sciences,25(8):1369-1375.
李畅游,高瑞忠,刘廷玺,等,2005.乌梁素海水质富营养化评价及其年季动态变化特征[J].水资源与水工程学报,16(2):11-15.LI C Y,GAO R Z,LIU T X,et al.,2015.Study on the eutrophication synthetical evaluation and the season-year change in Wuliangsuhai Lake[J].Journal of Water Resources and Water Engineering,16(2):11-15.
李畅游,史小红,2014.乌梁素海沉积物环境地球化学特征研究[M].北京:科学出版社:1-181.LI C Y,SHI X H,2014.Study on the environmental geochemical characteristics of the sediments in Wuliangsuhai Lake[M].Beijing:science press:1-181.
李红悦,李兴,管超,等,2018.乌梁素海水质变化特征[J].安徽农业科学,591(14):88-91.LI H Y,LI X,GUAN C,et al.,2018.Variation characteristics of water quality in Wuliangsuhai Lake[J].Journal of Anhui Agricultural Sciences,591(14):88-91.
刘波,崔莉凤,刘载文,2008.北京市城区地表水体叶绿素a与藻密度相关性研究[J].环境科学与技术,31(8):29-33.LIU B,CUI L F,LIU Z W,2008.Correlation between chlorophyll a and algal density of surface water in urban of Beijing[J].Environmental Science&Technology,31(8):29-33.
雒文生,穆宏强,李怀恩,2009.水环境保护[M].北京:中国水利水电出版社:1-250.LUO W S,MU H Q,LI H E,2009.Water environment protection[M].Beijing:China Water&Power Press:1-250.
吕唤春,王飞儿,陈英旭,等,2003.千岛湖水体叶绿素a与相关环境因子的多元分析[J].应用生态学报,14(8):1347-1350.LV H C,WANG F E,CHEN Y X,et al.,2003.Multianalysis between chlorophyll-a and environmental factors in Qiandao Lake water[J].Chinese Jounal of Applied Ecology,14(8):1347-1350.
毛旭锋,魏晓燕,2015.富营养化湖泊叶绿素a时空变化特征及其影响因素分析[J].中国环境监测,31(6):65-70.MAO X F,WEI X Y,2015.The spatial and temporal distribution of chlorophyll a and its influencing factors in an eutrophic lake[J].Environmental Monitoring in China,31(6):65-70.
钱昊钟,赵巧华,钱培东,等,2013.太湖叶绿素a浓度分布的时空特征及其影响因素[J].环境化学,32(5):789-796.QIAN H Z,ZHAO Q H,QIAN P D,et al.,2013.Spatial-temporal characteristic and influential factors of the chlorophyll-a concentration of Taihu[J].Environmental Chemistry,32(5):789-796.
秦伯强,许海,董百丽,2011.富营养化湖泊治理的理论与实践[M].北京:高等教育出版社:1-326.QIN B Q,XU H,DONG B L,2011.The principle and practice of eutrophic lake restoration and management[M].Beijing:Higher Education Press:1-326.
田伟东,史小红,宋爽,等,2016.2005-2014年乌梁素海湖泊水质变化特征[J].湖泊科学,28(6):1226-1234.TIAN W D,SHI X H,SONG S,et al.,2016.Water quality variation in Lake Wuliangsuhai,2005-2014[J].Journal of Lake Sciences,28(6):1226-1234.
田伟东,2016.内蒙古乌梁素海湖泊健康评估[D].呼和浩特:内蒙古农业大学:1-64.TIAN W D,2016.Lake health evaluation Wuliangsuhai Lake in Inner Mongolia[D].Hohhot:Inner Mongolia Agricultural University:1-64.
王鑫磊,2012.基于遥感信息提取的乌梁素海水生植被演化及驱动机制研究[D].呼和浩特:内蒙古大学:1-60.WANG X L,2012.Study on the evolution of aquatic vegetations and its driving mechanism of Wuliangsuhai Lake based on extracting remote sensing information[D].Hohhot:Inner Mongolia University:1-60.
王震,邹华,杨桂军,等,2014.太湖叶绿素a的时空分布特征及其与环境因子的相关关系[J].湖泊科学,26(4):567-575.WANG Z,ZOU H,YANG G J,et al.,2014.Spatial-temporal characteristics of chlorophyll-a and its relationship with environmental factors in Lake Taihu[J].Journal of Lake Sciences,26(4):567-575.
肖博文,成文连,姚荣,等,2015.内蒙古乌梁素海N、P的变化趋势研究[J].水资源与水工程学报,26(1):43-46.XIAO B W,CHENG W L,YAO R,et al.,2015.Study on variation trend of nitrogen and phosphorus in Wuliangsuhai Lake of Inner Mongolia[J].Journal of Water Resources and Water Engineering,26(1):43-46.
杨志岩,李畅游,张生,等,2009.内蒙古乌梁素海叶绿素a浓度时空分布及其与氮、磷浓度关系[J].湖泊科学,21(3):429-433.YANG Z Y,LI C Y,ZHANG S,et al.,2009.Temporal and spatial distribution of chlorophyll-a concentration and the relationships with TN,TP concentrations in Lake Ulansuhai,Inner Mongolia[J].Journal of Lake Sciences,21(3):429-433.
杨志岩,李畅游,张生,等,2009.乌梁素海氮磷浓度与叶绿素a时空分布关系研究[J].干旱环境监测,23(1):16-19.YANG Z Y,LI C Y,ZHANG S,et al.,2009.The distributing in space-time and the relationships between chlorophyll-a content and TNand TP concentrations in Wuliangsuhai Lake[J].Arid Environmental Monitoring,23(1):16-19.
张光贵,2016.洞庭湖水体叶绿素a时空分布及与环境因子的相关性[J].中国环境监测,32(4):84-90.ZHANG G G,2016.Spatial-temporal distribution of chlorophyll-a and its correlation with environment factors in Dongting Lake[J].Environmental Monitoring in China,32(4):84-90.
张晓晶,李畅游,张生,等,2010.乌梁素海叶绿素a与理化因子的统计分析[J].环境化学,29(2):315-319.ZHANG X J,LI C Y,ZHANG S,et al.,2010.Statistical analysis between chlorophyll-a concentration and physical-chemical factors in the Lake of Wuliangsuhai[J].Environmental Chemistry,29(2):315-319.
张岩,李畅游,张生,等,2011.呼伦湖冰封期污染特征分析及对水处理的意义[J].生态环境学报,20(8):1289-1294.ZHANG Y,LI C Y,ZHANG S,et al.,2011.Analysis on polluting characteristics in Hulun Lake during ice-on period and its application in field of water treatment[J].Ecology and Environmental Sciences,20(8):1289-1294.
朱广伟,秦伯强,张运林,等,2018.2005-2017年北部太湖水体叶绿素a和营养盐变化及影响因素[J].湖泊科学,30(2):279-295.ZHU G W,QIN B Q,ZHANG Y L,et al.,2018.Variation and driving factors of nutrients and chlorophyll-a concentrations in northern region of Lake Taihu,China,2005-2017[J].Journal of Lake Sciences,30(2):279-295.