单行甘薯秧蔓回收机设计与试验
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摘要
针对目前国内甘薯秧蔓粉碎还田不能回收饲用或人工收割秧蔓劳动强度大的难题,该文设计了一种单行甘薯秧蔓回收作业机,可一次完成秧蔓喂入、切割粉碎、输送及集箱回收作业。应用Box-Behnken试验设计方法,以刀辊转速、机具前进速度、刀片离地间隙为试验因素,以秧蔓回收率、留茬长度、伤薯率为试验指标,对甘薯秧蔓回收机的工作参数进行试验研究,建立了试验指标与试验因素之间的回归模型,分析了各因素对试验指标的影响,并对试验因素进行了综合优化。最优工作参数组合为:刀辊转速2 000 r/min、机具前进速度2.5 km/h、离地间隙15 mm,秧蔓回收率为93.16%、留茬长度为33.8 mm、伤薯率为0.26%。研究结果可为甘薯秧蔓机械化回收饲用提供参考,对甘薯产业的轻简化生产、节本增效具有重要意义。
Sweet potato is an important raw material for food, feed, industrial, it also is a high quality anti-cancer health food and new energy material. It is widely cultivated in the world, and China is the largest producer of sweet potato in the world, the average perennial planting area of sweet potato is more than 3 million hm~2, accounting for about 45% of the global planting area of sweet potato. The yield of sweet potato vine is generally more than 2×104 kg/hm~2, and the sweet potato vines is rich in nutrients and is an ideal feed material. The sweet potato vines grow vigorously along the ground surface, and the vines are intertwined between the ridges, it is difficult to collect the vines mechanically. Sweet potato harvest mainly includes cleaning the vines and breaking the ridge to harvest, the treatment of vines before harvest has great influence on its harvest efficiency, labor intensity and yield. At present, the collecting mechanization of sweet potato vine in China is almost blank, which seriously restricts the development of sweet potato industry. Cleaning up the vines by hand is a labor intensive and low work efficiency work, which seriously restricts the enthusiasm of farmers in production. At present, the main problem of sweet potato vine treatment machinery at home and abroad is that the vines are crushed and scattered in the field, so the sweet potato vines cannot be collected and used as feed or energy, thus causing greater economic losses and easily aggravating the spread of diseases and insect pests. Aiming at the difficulty that the sweet potato vines can only be harvested by hand, a kind of single row sweet potato vine recycling machine matched with a small four-wheeled tractor was designed. Through theoretical analysis and experiment, the structure and working principle of the recycling machine were analyzed, and key components such as cutting device, vine picking device and feeding device were design. Using Box-Behnken experimental design method, quadratic regression models with the vine collected rate, the vine stubble height, the sweet potato injury rate as the response indexes were established. Through the analysis of model interaction and response surface, the change laws of the influence of cutter roller speed, the forward speed of machine and the ground clearance on the response indexes were obtained. The regression model was optimized by Design-Expert8.0 software, and the accuracy of the predicted results was verified by experiments. The relative error between the measured value and the predicted value was less than 5%, indicating that the model was high reliability. The order of significance of each factor on the vine collected rate was the forward speed of machine, cutter roller speed and ground clearance, the order of significance of each factor on the vine stubble height was the ground clearance, cutter roller speed and forward speed of machine, the order of significance of each factor on the sweet potato injury rate was the ground clearance, cutter roller speed and forward speed of machine. The optimal working parameters were that the cutter roller speed was 2 000 r/min, the forward speed of machine was 2.5 km/h and the ground clearance was 15 mm. Under the condition of optimum working parametersthe vine collected rate was 93.16%, the vine stubble height was 33.8 mm, and the sweet potato injury rate was 0.26%, the working effect was better. The research results are of great significance in promoting the development of light and simplified production of sweet potato industry.
Sweet potato is an important raw material for food, feed, industrial, it also is a high quality anti-cancer health food and new energy material. It is widely cultivated in the world, and China is the largest producer of sweet potato in the world, the average perennial planting area of sweet potato is more than 3 million hm~2, accounting for about 45% of the global planting area of sweet potato. The yield of sweet potato vine is generally more than 2×104 kg/hm~2, and the sweet potato vines is rich in nutrients and is an ideal feed material. The sweet potato vines grow vigorously along the ground surface, and the vines are intertwined between the ridges, it is difficult to collect the vines mechanically. Sweet potato harvest mainly includes cleaning the vines and breaking the ridge to harvest, the treatment of vines before harvest has great influence on its harvest efficiency, labor intensity and yield. At present, the collecting mechanization of sweet potato vine in China is almost blank, which seriously restricts the development of sweet potato industry. Cleaning up the vines by hand is a labor intensive and low work efficiency work, which seriously restricts the enthusiasm of farmers in production. At present, the main problem of sweet potato vine treatment machinery at home and abroad is that the vines are crushed and scattered in the field, so the sweet potato vines cannot be collected and used as feed or energy, thus causing greater economic losses and easily aggravating the spread of diseases and insect pests. Aiming at the difficulty that the sweet potato vines can only be harvested by hand, a kind of single row sweet potato vine recycling machine matched with a small four-wheeled tractor was designed. Through theoretical analysis and experiment, the structure and working principle of the recycling machine were analyzed, and key components such as cutting device, vine picking device and feeding device were design. Using Box-Behnken experimental design method, quadratic regression models with the vine collected rate, the vine stubble height, the sweet potato injury rate as the response indexes were established. Through the analysis of model interaction and response surface, the change laws of the influence of cutter roller speed, the forward speed of machine and the ground clearance on the response indexes were obtained. The regression model was optimized by Design-Expert8.0 software, and the accuracy of the predicted results was verified by experiments. The relative error between the measured value and the predicted value was less than 5%, indicating that the model was high reliability. The order of significance of each factor on the vine collected rate was the forward speed of machine, cutter roller speed and ground clearance, the order of significance of each factor on the vine stubble height was the ground clearance, cutter roller speed and forward speed of machine, the order of significance of each factor on the sweet potato injury rate was the ground clearance, cutter roller speed and forward speed of machine. The optimal working parameters were that the cutter roller speed was 2 000 r/min, the forward speed of machine was 2.5 km/h and the ground clearance was 15 mm. Under the condition of optimum working parametersthe vine collected rate was 93.16%, the vine stubble height was 33.8 mm, and the sweet potato injury rate was 0.26%, the working effect was better. The research results are of great significance in promoting the development of light and simplified production of sweet potato industry.
引文
[1]齐萌萌,王士海.中国甘薯进出口贸易格局及展望[J].农业展望,2017,13(11):60-65.Qi Mengmeng,Wang Shihai.Trade structure of sweet potato imports and exports in China and its outlook[J].Agricultural Outlook,2017,13(11):60-65.(in Chinese with English abstract)
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[3]芦会翔,唐道彬,吴正丹,等.甘薯产量、品质及农艺性状的基因型与环境效应研究[J].中国生态农业学报,2015,23(9):1158-1168.Lu Huixiang,Tang Daobin,Wu Zhengdan,et al.Genotypic variation and environmental effects on yield,quality and agronomic traits of sweet potato[J].Chinese Journal of Eco-Agriculture,2015,23(9):1158-1168.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[4]Megersa T,Urge M,Nurfeta A.Effects of feeding sweet potato(Ipomoea batatas)vines as a supplement on feed intake,growth performance,digestibility and carcass characteristics of sidama goats fed a basal diet of natural grass hay[J].Tropical Animal Health and Production,2013,45(2):593-601.
[5]Kampanat P,Metha W.Performance of lactating dairy cows fed a diet based on treated rice straw and supplemented with pelleted sweet potato vines[J].Tropical Animal Health and Production,2013,45(2):533-538.
[6]Carlos E P,Valter C A,Rosana C P,et al.Yield and quality of wilted sweet potato vines and its silages[J].Horticultura Brasileira,2015,33(3):283-289.
[7]赵祉强,李晓龙.甘薯的保健功能及茎叶的综合利用途径[J].中国果菜,2018,38(2):5-7.Zhao Zhiqiang,Li Xiaolong.The health function of sweet potato and comprehensive utilization way of stem and leaf[J].China Fruit and Vegetable,2018,38(2):5-7.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[8]吴腾,胡良龙,王公仆,等.我国甘薯秧蔓粉碎还田装备发展概况与趋势[J].农机化研究,2017,39(11):239-245.Wu Teng,Hu Lianglong,Wang Gongpu,et al.Sweet potato seedling crushing returning field equipment development situation and trends[J].Journal of Agricultural Mechanization Research,2017,39(11):239-245.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[9]赵大为,高占文.国内外甘薯茎叶处理收获机的发展研究[J].农业科技与装备,2012,216(6):19-20.Zhao Dawei,Gao Zhanwen.Research on the development in the sweet potato stem leaves treatment and harvesting machines at home and abroad[J].Agricultural Science Technology and Equipment,2012,216(6):19-20.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[10]王冰,胡良龙,胡志超,等.我国甘薯切蔓机发展概况与趋势分析[J].江苏农业科学,2012,40(4):377-379.Wang Bing,Hu Lianglong,Hu Zhichao,et al.Development situation and trend analysis of sweet potato vine cutter in China[J].Jiangsu Agricultural Sciences,2012,40(4):377-379.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[11]马标.甘薯高清除性切蔓技术及其装置研究与优化设计[D].合肥:安徽农业大学,2014.Ma Biao.The Research and Optimizated Design on the High Performance of Cutting Vine Technology and Mechanism of Sweet Potato[D].Hefei:Anhui Agricultural University,2014.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[12]Amer N N K,Ahmad D,Akhir M D,et al.Effects of rotary mower blade cutting angles on the pulverization of sweet potato vine[J].Agriculture and Agricultural Science Procedia,2014,30(2):95-101.
[13]何玉静,杨星钊,孙卫平,等.甘薯秧茎切碎还田机的设计与试验[J].河南农业大学学报,2009,43(6):639-641.He Yujing,Yang Xingzhao,Sun Weiping,et al.Design and experiment on the sweet potato vine chopping and returning machine[J].Journal of Henan Agricultural University,2009,43(6):639-641.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[14]吴腾,胡良龙,王公仆,等.步行式甘薯碎蔓还田机的设计与试验[J].农业工程学报,2017,33(16):8-17.Wu Teng,Hu Lianglong,Wang Gongpu,et al.Design and experiment of walking sweet potato vines crushing machine[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering(Transactions of the CSAE),2017,33(16):8-17.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[15]申屠留芳,巩尊国,宗林新,等.单垄红薯薯藤切碎机的设计[J].农机化研究,2014,36(7):89-92.Shentu Liufang,Gong Zunguo,Zong Linxin,et al.Design of single ridge sweet potato vine shredder[J].Journal of Agricultural Mechanization Research,2014,36(7):89-92.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[16]冯国明.秸秆还田的利弊分析[J].河北农机,2009(5):24.
[17]王文明.秸秆还田的利弊浅析[J].南方农业,2017,11(34):103-105.
[18]魏乐乐.链条式薯秧粉碎回收机设计与仿真[D].泰安:山东农业大学,2017.Wei Lele.Chain Type Potato Seeding Recycling Machine Design and Simulation[D].Taian:Shandong Agricultural University,2017.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[19]郑文秀,吕钊钦,鹿瑶,等.甘薯成熟期秧蔓的机械物理特性参数研究[J].农机化研究,2018,40(6):173-177.Zheng Wenxiu,LüZhaoqin,Lu Yao,et al.Study of mechanical property parameters of sweet potato vine in the mature period[J].Journal of Agricultural Mechanization Research,2018,40(6):173-177.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[20]Akhir H,Ahmad D,Rukunudin I H.Field performance of a two-row sweet potato harvester prototype in bris soil[J].International Journal of Engineering and Technology,2011,8(1):6-11.
[21]Zheng Wenxiu,LüZhaoqin,Lu Yao,et al.Shear properties test of sweet potato vine in mature period[J].International Agricultural Engineering Journal,2017,26(4):204-212.
[22]王冰,胡良龙,田立佳,等.1JHSM-800型甘薯仿形切蔓机的研制[J].中国农机化,2012,242(4):103-107.Wang Bing,Hu Lianglong,Tian Lijia,et al.Design of1JHSM-800 sweet potato vine profiling crushing machine[J].Chinese Agricultural Mechanization,2012,242(4):103-107.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[23]高娇,张莉,李小龙,等.甘薯机械化割蔓对比试验[J].农业工程,2015,5(2):9-11.Gao,Jiao,Zhang Li,Li Xiaolong,et al.Contrast test of sweet potato mechanized cutting seedling vine[J].Agricultural Engineering,2015,5(2):9-11.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[24]日本农业机械学会.农业机械手册[M].北京:机械工业出版社,1991.
[25]卡那沃依斯基.收获机械[M].北京:中国农业机械工业出版社,1983.
[26]镇江农业机械学院.农业机械学[M].北京:中国农业机械工业出版社,1980.
[27]刘红波.影响马铃薯收获机伤薯率因素的分析[J].当代农机,2015(5):78-79.Liu Hongbo.Analysis of factors affecting potato injury rate of potato harvester[J].Contemporary farm machinery,2016(5):78-79.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[28]葛宜元.试验设计方法与Design-Expert软件应用[M].哈尔滨:哈尔滨工业大学出版社,2015.
[29]潘丽军,陈锦权.试验设计与数据处理[M].南京:东南大学出版社,2008.
[30]吕金庆,尚琴琴,杨颖,等.马铃薯杀秧机设计优化与试验[J].农业机械学报,2016,47(5):106-114.LüJinqing,Shang Qinqin,Yang Ying,et al.Design optimization and experiment on potato haulm cutter[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society for Agricultural Machinery,2016,47(5):106-114.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[31]张佳喜,杨程,郭俊先,等.滚刀式青贮玉米起茬及残膜回收联合作业机的设计与试验[J].农业工程学报,2018,34(6):25-34.Zhang Jiaxi,Yang Cheng,Guo Junxian,et al.Design and experiment of hob-type joint operation machine for silage corn root stubble plucking and residual plastic film collecting[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering(Transactions of the CSAE),2018,34(6):25-34.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[2]马剑凤,程金花,汪皓,等.国内外甘薯产业发展概况[J].江苏农业学报,2012,40(12):1-5.Ma Jianfeng,Cheng Jinhua,Wang Hao,et al.Development of sweet potato industry at home and abroad[J].Jiangsu Journal of Agricultural Sciences,2012,40(12):1-5.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[3]芦会翔,唐道彬,吴正丹,等.甘薯产量、品质及农艺性状的基因型与环境效应研究[J].中国生态农业学报,2015,23(9):1158-1168.Lu Huixiang,Tang Daobin,Wu Zhengdan,et al.Genotypic variation and environmental effects on yield,quality and agronomic traits of sweet potato[J].Chinese Journal of Eco-Agriculture,2015,23(9):1158-1168.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[4]Megersa T,Urge M,Nurfeta A.Effects of feeding sweet potato(Ipomoea batatas)vines as a supplement on feed intake,growth performance,digestibility and carcass characteristics of sidama goats fed a basal diet of natural grass hay[J].Tropical Animal Health and Production,2013,45(2):593-601.
[5]Kampanat P,Metha W.Performance of lactating dairy cows fed a diet based on treated rice straw and supplemented with pelleted sweet potato vines[J].Tropical Animal Health and Production,2013,45(2):533-538.
[6]Carlos E P,Valter C A,Rosana C P,et al.Yield and quality of wilted sweet potato vines and its silages[J].Horticultura Brasileira,2015,33(3):283-289.
[7]赵祉强,李晓龙.甘薯的保健功能及茎叶的综合利用途径[J].中国果菜,2018,38(2):5-7.Zhao Zhiqiang,Li Xiaolong.The health function of sweet potato and comprehensive utilization way of stem and leaf[J].China Fruit and Vegetable,2018,38(2):5-7.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[8]吴腾,胡良龙,王公仆,等.我国甘薯秧蔓粉碎还田装备发展概况与趋势[J].农机化研究,2017,39(11):239-245.Wu Teng,Hu Lianglong,Wang Gongpu,et al.Sweet potato seedling crushing returning field equipment development situation and trends[J].Journal of Agricultural Mechanization Research,2017,39(11):239-245.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[9]赵大为,高占文.国内外甘薯茎叶处理收获机的发展研究[J].农业科技与装备,2012,216(6):19-20.Zhao Dawei,Gao Zhanwen.Research on the development in the sweet potato stem leaves treatment and harvesting machines at home and abroad[J].Agricultural Science Technology and Equipment,2012,216(6):19-20.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[10]王冰,胡良龙,胡志超,等.我国甘薯切蔓机发展概况与趋势分析[J].江苏农业科学,2012,40(4):377-379.Wang Bing,Hu Lianglong,Hu Zhichao,et al.Development situation and trend analysis of sweet potato vine cutter in China[J].Jiangsu Agricultural Sciences,2012,40(4):377-379.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[11]马标.甘薯高清除性切蔓技术及其装置研究与优化设计[D].合肥:安徽农业大学,2014.Ma Biao.The Research and Optimizated Design on the High Performance of Cutting Vine Technology and Mechanism of Sweet Potato[D].Hefei:Anhui Agricultural University,2014.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[12]Amer N N K,Ahmad D,Akhir M D,et al.Effects of rotary mower blade cutting angles on the pulverization of sweet potato vine[J].Agriculture and Agricultural Science Procedia,2014,30(2):95-101.
[13]何玉静,杨星钊,孙卫平,等.甘薯秧茎切碎还田机的设计与试验[J].河南农业大学学报,2009,43(6):639-641.He Yujing,Yang Xingzhao,Sun Weiping,et al.Design and experiment on the sweet potato vine chopping and returning machine[J].Journal of Henan Agricultural University,2009,43(6):639-641.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[14]吴腾,胡良龙,王公仆,等.步行式甘薯碎蔓还田机的设计与试验[J].农业工程学报,2017,33(16):8-17.Wu Teng,Hu Lianglong,Wang Gongpu,et al.Design and experiment of walking sweet potato vines crushing machine[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering(Transactions of the CSAE),2017,33(16):8-17.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[15]申屠留芳,巩尊国,宗林新,等.单垄红薯薯藤切碎机的设计[J].农机化研究,2014,36(7):89-92.Shentu Liufang,Gong Zunguo,Zong Linxin,et al.Design of single ridge sweet potato vine shredder[J].Journal of Agricultural Mechanization Research,2014,36(7):89-92.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[16]冯国明.秸秆还田的利弊分析[J].河北农机,2009(5):24.
[17]王文明.秸秆还田的利弊浅析[J].南方农业,2017,11(34):103-105.
[18]魏乐乐.链条式薯秧粉碎回收机设计与仿真[D].泰安:山东农业大学,2017.Wei Lele.Chain Type Potato Seeding Recycling Machine Design and Simulation[D].Taian:Shandong Agricultural University,2017.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[19]郑文秀,吕钊钦,鹿瑶,等.甘薯成熟期秧蔓的机械物理特性参数研究[J].农机化研究,2018,40(6):173-177.Zheng Wenxiu,LüZhaoqin,Lu Yao,et al.Study of mechanical property parameters of sweet potato vine in the mature period[J].Journal of Agricultural Mechanization Research,2018,40(6):173-177.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[20]Akhir H,Ahmad D,Rukunudin I H.Field performance of a two-row sweet potato harvester prototype in bris soil[J].International Journal of Engineering and Technology,2011,8(1):6-11.
[21]Zheng Wenxiu,LüZhaoqin,Lu Yao,et al.Shear properties test of sweet potato vine in mature period[J].International Agricultural Engineering Journal,2017,26(4):204-212.
[22]王冰,胡良龙,田立佳,等.1JHSM-800型甘薯仿形切蔓机的研制[J].中国农机化,2012,242(4):103-107.Wang Bing,Hu Lianglong,Tian Lijia,et al.Design of1JHSM-800 sweet potato vine profiling crushing machine[J].Chinese Agricultural Mechanization,2012,242(4):103-107.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[23]高娇,张莉,李小龙,等.甘薯机械化割蔓对比试验[J].农业工程,2015,5(2):9-11.Gao,Jiao,Zhang Li,Li Xiaolong,et al.Contrast test of sweet potato mechanized cutting seedling vine[J].Agricultural Engineering,2015,5(2):9-11.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[24]日本农业机械学会.农业机械手册[M].北京:机械工业出版社,1991.
[25]卡那沃依斯基.收获机械[M].北京:中国农业机械工业出版社,1983.
[26]镇江农业机械学院.农业机械学[M].北京:中国农业机械工业出版社,1980.
[27]刘红波.影响马铃薯收获机伤薯率因素的分析[J].当代农机,2015(5):78-79.Liu Hongbo.Analysis of factors affecting potato injury rate of potato harvester[J].Contemporary farm machinery,2016(5):78-79.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[28]葛宜元.试验设计方法与Design-Expert软件应用[M].哈尔滨:哈尔滨工业大学出版社,2015.
[29]潘丽军,陈锦权.试验设计与数据处理[M].南京:东南大学出版社,2008.
[30]吕金庆,尚琴琴,杨颖,等.马铃薯杀秧机设计优化与试验[J].农业机械学报,2016,47(5):106-114.LüJinqing,Shang Qinqin,Yang Ying,et al.Design optimization and experiment on potato haulm cutter[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society for Agricultural Machinery,2016,47(5):106-114.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[31]张佳喜,杨程,郭俊先,等.滚刀式青贮玉米起茬及残膜回收联合作业机的设计与试验[J].农业工程学报,2018,34(6):25-34.Zhang Jiaxi,Yang Cheng,Guo Junxian,et al.Design and experiment of hob-type joint operation machine for silage corn root stubble plucking and residual plastic film collecting[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering(Transactions of the CSAE),2018,34(6):25-34.(in Chinese with English abstract)
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