基于不同区域层级的文化产业集聚研究
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摘要
利用企业层面数据,从市域和省域两个尺度研究中国文化产业的集聚特征,并揭示集聚对文化企业生产率的影响。应用一致性方法估计了中国文化企业的生产函数,并计算企业层面全要素生产率估计值,并从专业化和城市化两个角度研究集聚对于文化企业的影响。结果表明:①地级市尺度下,文化产业专业化经济并不显著,但却存在城市化经济;②在更大的省域层面,则呈现出专业化经济显著,多样化经济弱化的特征;③行业和区域异质性回归显示了结果的稳健性,核心文化产业的产业集聚经济更显著;④在知识溢出效应占主导的文化集聚中,通信基础设施良好的省份被赋予了创意交流的便利性,因而拥有更强的集聚经济。
Economists have long argued that there is a productivity gain from agglomeration.And the rise of cultural industries has been benefited from agglomeration economies. However,existing research has been lacking of empirical attempts to analyze the mechanism of agglomeration economies in cultural industries from the perspective of productivity. This study contributes to the literature on agglomeration economies by providing the first study, to the authors' knowledge, on the firm-level productivities in cultural industries. This paper studies agglomeration economies for cultural industries in Chinese cities and provinces using firmlevel data, and reveals the culture cluster's impact on cultural firms' TFP. Firstly, the paper estimates the production function of cultural industries and firm-level TFP using the consistent method. Specifically, the paper estimates the production function by controlling simultaneity and selection biases. Secondly, it analyzes the localization and urbanization economies for cultural industries through comparing the effects in cities and provinces. The paper constructs two measures of agglomeration: specialization and diversity. Specialization, which measures the concentration of artists and cultural workers in a province, aims to test the Marshallian economies. Diversity, which measures the diversity of industries in a province, aims to test the Jacobian economies. In order to capture the true effects of culture cluster on the productivities of cultural firms, the paper conducts the regression by applying different empirical methods,including OLS, 2 SLS, instrument variable and fixed effects. The study shows that there is no significant specialization effect but clear diversity effect on cultural industries in Chinese cities.However, at provincial level, which is a larger geographical scale, strong specialization is found instead of diversity. In contrast to manufacturing industries, the effects of employment intensity, and market access are not strong enough to promote the productivities of cultural firms.The benchmark regression proves to be robust by the disaggregated analysis, which also indicates that the core cultural sector has stronger agglomeration economies. Besides,the disaggregated results show that the agglomeration economies could be channelled through knowledge and ideas spillover that come from telecommunication, as agglomeration economies, including both specialization and diversity, tend to rise in provinces with better telecommunication infrastructure.
Economists have long argued that there is a productivity gain from agglomeration.And the rise of cultural industries has been benefited from agglomeration economies. However,existing research has been lacking of empirical attempts to analyze the mechanism of agglomeration economies in cultural industries from the perspective of productivity. This study contributes to the literature on agglomeration economies by providing the first study, to the authors' knowledge, on the firm-level productivities in cultural industries. This paper studies agglomeration economies for cultural industries in Chinese cities and provinces using firmlevel data, and reveals the culture cluster's impact on cultural firms' TFP. Firstly, the paper estimates the production function of cultural industries and firm-level TFP using the consistent method. Specifically, the paper estimates the production function by controlling simultaneity and selection biases. Secondly, it analyzes the localization and urbanization economies for cultural industries through comparing the effects in cities and provinces. The paper constructs two measures of agglomeration: specialization and diversity. Specialization, which measures the concentration of artists and cultural workers in a province, aims to test the Marshallian economies. Diversity, which measures the diversity of industries in a province, aims to test the Jacobian economies. In order to capture the true effects of culture cluster on the productivities of cultural firms, the paper conducts the regression by applying different empirical methods,including OLS, 2 SLS, instrument variable and fixed effects. The study shows that there is no significant specialization effect but clear diversity effect on cultural industries in Chinese cities.However, at provincial level, which is a larger geographical scale, strong specialization is found instead of diversity. In contrast to manufacturing industries, the effects of employment intensity, and market access are not strong enough to promote the productivities of cultural firms.The benchmark regression proves to be robust by the disaggregated analysis, which also indicates that the core cultural sector has stronger agglomeration economies. Besides,the disaggregated results show that the agglomeration economies could be channelled through knowledge and ideas spillover that come from telecommunication, as agglomeration economies, including both specialization and diversity, tend to rise in provinces with better telecommunication infrastructure.
引文
[1]Scott A J.The Cultural Economy of Cities.London:Sage,2000:324.
[2]Marshall A.Principles of Economics.9th Edition.London:Macmillan,1961:325-330.
[3]Jacobs J.The Economies of Cities.New York:Random House,1969:77.
[4]Olley S,Pakes A.The dynamics of productivity in the telecommunications equipment industry.Econometrica,1996,54(6):1263-1297.
[5]Rosenthal S S,Strange W C.Evidence on the nature and sources of agglomeration economies.In:Henderson V,Thisse JF.Handbook of Regional and Urban Economics.Amsterdam:North Holland,2004,4:2119-2171.
[6]Puga D.The magnitude and causes of agglomeration economies.Journal of Regional Science,2010,50(1):203-219.
[7]Ehrl P.Agglomeration economies with consistent productivity estimates.Regional Science and Urban Economics,2013,43:751-763.
[8]Cingano F,Schivardi F.Identifying the sources of local productivity growth.Journal of the European Economic Association,2004,2(4):720-742.
[9]Beaudry C,Schiffauerova A.Who's right,Marshall or Jacobs?The localization versus urbanization debate.Research Policy,2009,38(2):318-337.
[10]Henderson J V.Marshall's scale economies.Journal of Urban Economics,2003,53(1):1-28.
[11]范剑勇,冯猛,李方文.产业集聚与企业全要素生产率.世界经济,2014,(5):51-73.[Fan Jianyong,Feng Meng,Li Fangwen.Industrial cluster and firm-level TFP.Journal of World Economy,2014,(5):51-73.]
[12]Scott A J.The Craft,fashion,and cultural products industries in Los Angeles:Competitive dynamics and policy dilemmas in a multi-sectoral,image-producing complex.Annals of the Association of American Geographers,1996,86(2):306-323.
[13]Scott A J.The cultural economy of cities.International Journal of Urban and Regional Research,1997,21(2):323-340.
[14]Bassett K,Griffiths R,Smith I.Cultural industries,cultural clusters and the city:The example of natural history filmmaking in Bristol.Geoforum,2002,33(2):165-177.
[15]Ko K W,Mok K W P.Clustering of cultural industries in Chinese cities.Economics of Transition,2014,22(2):365-395.
[16]刘振锋,薛东前,庄元,等.文化产业空间尺度效应研究:以西安市为例.地理研究,2016,35(10):1963-1972.[Liu zhenfeng,Xue Dongqian,Zhuang Yuan,et al.Space scale effects of cultural industries:A case study of Xi'an.Geographical Research,2016,35(10):1963-1972.]
[17]马仁锋,王腾飞,张文忠,等.文化创意产业区位模型与浙江实证.地理研究,2018,37(2):379-390.[Ma Renfeng,Wang Tengfei,Zhang Wenzhong,et al.Location model of cultural&creative industry and its application in Zhejiang.Geographical Research,2018,37(2):379-390.]
[18]孙玉梅,秦俊丽.山西省文化旅游资源的特征与文化产业发展模式.地理研究,2011,30(5):845-853.[Sun Yumei,Qin Junli.Characteristics of cultural tourism resources and modes of cultural industry development in Shanxi Provicne.Geographical Research,2011,30(5):845-853.]
[19]范剑勇.产业集聚与地区间劳动生产率差异.经济研究,2006,(11):72-81.[Fan Jianyong.Industrial agglomeration and difference of regional labor productivity:Chinese evidence with international comparison.Economic Research Journal,2006,(11):72-81.]
[20]刘修岩.产业集聚与经济增长:一个文献综述.产业经济研究,2009,(3):70-78.[Liu Xiuyan.Industrial agglomeration and economic growth:A literature review.Industrial Economics Research,2009,(3):70-78.]
[21]陈良文,杨开忠.产业集聚、市场结构与生产率:基于中国省份制造业面板数据的实证研究.地理科学,2008,28(3):325-330.[Chen Liangwen,Yang Kaizhong.Industrial agglomeration,market structure and productivity-Empirical research based on provincial panel data of China’s manufacturing industries.Scientia Geographica Sinica,2008,28(3):325-330.]
[22]薄文广.外部性与产业增长:来自中国省级面板数据的研究.中国工业经济,2007,(1):37-44.[Bo Wenguang.Externalities and industrial economic growth:Evidences from Chinese provincial panel data.China Industrial Economy,2007,(1):37-44.]
[23]李金滟,宋德勇.专业化、多样化与城市集聚经济:基于中国地级单位面板数据的实证研究.管理世界,2008,(2):25-34.[Li Jinyan,Song Deyong.Specialization,diversity and agglomeration economies in the cities.Management World,2008,(2):25-34.]
[24]罗蕾,田玲玲,罗静.武汉市中心城区创意产业企业空间分布特征.经济地理,2015,35(2):114-119.[Luo Lei,Tian Lingling,Luo Jing.Spatial patterns of creative industry enterprises of Wuhan city.Economic Geography,2015,35(2):114-119.]
[25]文嫮,胡兵.中国省域文化创意产业发展影响因素的空间计量研究.经济地理,2014,34(2):101-107.[Hu Wen,Hu Bing.A spatial economic study on the influence factors of provincial cultural and creative industries development in China.Economic Geography,2014,34(2):101-107.]
[26]Batisse C.Dynamic externalities and local growth:A panel data analysis applied to Chinese provinces.China Economic Review,2002,13(2-3):231-251.
[27]贺灿飞,潘峰华.中国城市产业增长研究:基于动态外部性与经济转型视角.地理研究,2009,28(3):726-737.[He Canfei,Pan Fenghua.City industry growth in China:Perspectives of dynamic externalities and economic transition.Geographical Research,2009,28(3):726-737.]
[28]Combes P P,Gobillon L.The empirics of agglomeration economies.In:Duranton G,Henderson V,Strange W.Handbook of Regional and Urban Economics.Amsterdam:North Holland,2015,5:66.
[29]Lazzeretti L,Capone F,Boix R.Reasons for clustering of creative industries in Italy and Spain.European Planning Studies,2012,20(8):1243-1262.
(1)R类产业与国家统计局的四位数产业分类稍有不同。Ko等提供了R类产业的具体介绍[15]。
(2)由于不能获得包括私营企业的给地区全部文化企业的数据，本文采用原始样本数据进行代替，同时由于地级市层面的HHI计算将会出现较大偏差，本文主要计算省级层面的数值。
[2]Marshall A.Principles of Economics.9th Edition.London:Macmillan,1961:325-330.
[3]Jacobs J.The Economies of Cities.New York:Random House,1969:77.
[4]Olley S,Pakes A.The dynamics of productivity in the telecommunications equipment industry.Econometrica,1996,54(6):1263-1297.
[5]Rosenthal S S,Strange W C.Evidence on the nature and sources of agglomeration economies.In:Henderson V,Thisse JF.Handbook of Regional and Urban Economics.Amsterdam:North Holland,2004,4:2119-2171.
[6]Puga D.The magnitude and causes of agglomeration economies.Journal of Regional Science,2010,50(1):203-219.
[7]Ehrl P.Agglomeration economies with consistent productivity estimates.Regional Science and Urban Economics,2013,43:751-763.
[8]Cingano F,Schivardi F.Identifying the sources of local productivity growth.Journal of the European Economic Association,2004,2(4):720-742.
[9]Beaudry C,Schiffauerova A.Who's right,Marshall or Jacobs?The localization versus urbanization debate.Research Policy,2009,38(2):318-337.
[10]Henderson J V.Marshall's scale economies.Journal of Urban Economics,2003,53(1):1-28.
[11]范剑勇,冯猛,李方文.产业集聚与企业全要素生产率.世界经济,2014,(5):51-73.[Fan Jianyong,Feng Meng,Li Fangwen.Industrial cluster and firm-level TFP.Journal of World Economy,2014,(5):51-73.]
[12]Scott A J.The Craft,fashion,and cultural products industries in Los Angeles:Competitive dynamics and policy dilemmas in a multi-sectoral,image-producing complex.Annals of the Association of American Geographers,1996,86(2):306-323.
[13]Scott A J.The cultural economy of cities.International Journal of Urban and Regional Research,1997,21(2):323-340.
[14]Bassett K,Griffiths R,Smith I.Cultural industries,cultural clusters and the city:The example of natural history filmmaking in Bristol.Geoforum,2002,33(2):165-177.
[15]Ko K W,Mok K W P.Clustering of cultural industries in Chinese cities.Economics of Transition,2014,22(2):365-395.
[16]刘振锋,薛东前,庄元,等.文化产业空间尺度效应研究:以西安市为例.地理研究,2016,35(10):1963-1972.[Liu zhenfeng,Xue Dongqian,Zhuang Yuan,et al.Space scale effects of cultural industries:A case study of Xi'an.Geographical Research,2016,35(10):1963-1972.]
[17]马仁锋,王腾飞,张文忠,等.文化创意产业区位模型与浙江实证.地理研究,2018,37(2):379-390.[Ma Renfeng,Wang Tengfei,Zhang Wenzhong,et al.Location model of cultural&creative industry and its application in Zhejiang.Geographical Research,2018,37(2):379-390.]
[18]孙玉梅,秦俊丽.山西省文化旅游资源的特征与文化产业发展模式.地理研究,2011,30(5):845-853.[Sun Yumei,Qin Junli.Characteristics of cultural tourism resources and modes of cultural industry development in Shanxi Provicne.Geographical Research,2011,30(5):845-853.]
[19]范剑勇.产业集聚与地区间劳动生产率差异.经济研究,2006,(11):72-81.[Fan Jianyong.Industrial agglomeration and difference of regional labor productivity:Chinese evidence with international comparison.Economic Research Journal,2006,(11):72-81.]
[20]刘修岩.产业集聚与经济增长:一个文献综述.产业经济研究,2009,(3):70-78.[Liu Xiuyan.Industrial agglomeration and economic growth:A literature review.Industrial Economics Research,2009,(3):70-78.]
[21]陈良文,杨开忠.产业集聚、市场结构与生产率:基于中国省份制造业面板数据的实证研究.地理科学,2008,28(3):325-330.[Chen Liangwen,Yang Kaizhong.Industrial agglomeration,market structure and productivity-Empirical research based on provincial panel data of China’s manufacturing industries.Scientia Geographica Sinica,2008,28(3):325-330.]
[22]薄文广.外部性与产业增长:来自中国省级面板数据的研究.中国工业经济,2007,(1):37-44.[Bo Wenguang.Externalities and industrial economic growth:Evidences from Chinese provincial panel data.China Industrial Economy,2007,(1):37-44.]
[23]李金滟,宋德勇.专业化、多样化与城市集聚经济:基于中国地级单位面板数据的实证研究.管理世界,2008,(2):25-34.[Li Jinyan,Song Deyong.Specialization,diversity and agglomeration economies in the cities.Management World,2008,(2):25-34.]
[24]罗蕾,田玲玲,罗静.武汉市中心城区创意产业企业空间分布特征.经济地理,2015,35(2):114-119.[Luo Lei,Tian Lingling,Luo Jing.Spatial patterns of creative industry enterprises of Wuhan city.Economic Geography,2015,35(2):114-119.]
[25]文嫮,胡兵.中国省域文化创意产业发展影响因素的空间计量研究.经济地理,2014,34(2):101-107.[Hu Wen,Hu Bing.A spatial economic study on the influence factors of provincial cultural and creative industries development in China.Economic Geography,2014,34(2):101-107.]
[26]Batisse C.Dynamic externalities and local growth:A panel data analysis applied to Chinese provinces.China Economic Review,2002,13(2-3):231-251.
[27]贺灿飞,潘峰华.中国城市产业增长研究:基于动态外部性与经济转型视角.地理研究,2009,28(3):726-737.[He Canfei,Pan Fenghua.City industry growth in China:Perspectives of dynamic externalities and economic transition.Geographical Research,2009,28(3):726-737.]
[28]Combes P P,Gobillon L.The empirics of agglomeration economies.In:Duranton G,Henderson V,Strange W.Handbook of Regional and Urban Economics.Amsterdam:North Holland,2015,5:66.
[29]Lazzeretti L,Capone F,Boix R.Reasons for clustering of creative industries in Italy and Spain.European Planning Studies,2012,20(8):1243-1262.
(1)R类产业与国家统计局的四位数产业分类稍有不同。Ko等提供了R类产业的具体介绍[15]。
(2)由于不能获得包括私营企业的给地区全部文化企业的数据，本文采用原始样本数据进行代替，同时由于地级市层面的HHI计算将会出现较大偏差，本文主要计算省级层面的数值。