西双版纳不同森林类型的树洞密度及其特征
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摘要
树洞是森林生态系统的重要组成部分,它能为许多动物提供栖息、筑巢、繁殖和躲避天敌的场所。因而,树洞的密度和特征通常被认为是限制树洞巢居动物多样性和丰富度的主要因子,然而目前国内外对热带森林的树洞密度和洞口特征研究较少。选取西双版纳20 hm~2热带森林动态监测样地(包括热带季节雨林和热带山地常绿阔叶林)为研究对象,采用地面观测法调查了所有胸径≥5 cm的活体乔木上的树洞,分析其树洞密度和特征(高度、洞口大小、类型和洞口方位,并探讨树洞在不同森林类型间的差异)。结果表明:(1)热带季节雨林和热带山地常绿阔叶林的树洞密度不存在显著差异;(2)两种森林类型的树洞均以高度较低、洞口较小、干中部洞口为主,受盛行风的影响洞口朝向主要集中在东北方向;(3)树洞高度、类型和洞口方位在两种森林间的分布差异显著(P<0.01),而洞口大小不存在明显差异。结果表明森林类型会影响树洞的特征,因而加强森林生境异质性的保护对维持树洞巢居动物的需要具有重要意义。
Tree cavities are important components in forest ecosystems,as they can provide habitats for roosting,nesting,breeding,or shelters for many animals. Thus,cavity density and characteristics have been generally considered as limiting factors for cavity-dependent fauna. However,limited studies on tree cavity density and characteristics have been conducted in the tropics to date. In this study,we aimed to analyze cavity density and characteristics(height,size,type,and orientation) in tropical forests and determine potential differences across different forest types. A ground-based observation was conducted in 20 hm~2 forest dynamic plots of tropical seasonal rain and montane evergreen broad-leaved forests in Xishuangbanna,southwest China. We found that the cavity densities did not differ between the two forests. Most of the cavities in the two forests occurred at a lower height from the ground,with a narrower entrance diameter,and were located in the main trunk. In addition,the orientation of cavity entrances was mainly toward the northeast,which was influenced by the prevailing wind. In contrast to similar cavity sizes between the two forest types,the height,type,and orientation of cavities were significantly different(P<0.01). Together,these results indicate that cavity characteristics were influenced by forest types,and highlighted the importance of forest heterogeneity in providing resources for cavity-dependent fauna.
Tree cavities are important components in forest ecosystems,as they can provide habitats for roosting,nesting,breeding,or shelters for many animals. Thus,cavity density and characteristics have been generally considered as limiting factors for cavity-dependent fauna. However,limited studies on tree cavity density and characteristics have been conducted in the tropics to date. In this study,we aimed to analyze cavity density and characteristics(height,size,type,and orientation) in tropical forests and determine potential differences across different forest types. A ground-based observation was conducted in 20 hm~2 forest dynamic plots of tropical seasonal rain and montane evergreen broad-leaved forests in Xishuangbanna,southwest China. We found that the cavity densities did not differ between the two forests. Most of the cavities in the two forests occurred at a lower height from the ground,with a narrower entrance diameter,and were located in the main trunk. In addition,the orientation of cavity entrances was mainly toward the northeast,which was influenced by the prevailing wind. In contrast to similar cavity sizes between the two forest types,the height,type,and orientation of cavities were significantly different(P<0.01). Together,these results indicate that cavity characteristics were influenced by forest types,and highlighted the importance of forest heterogeneity in providing resources for cavity-dependent fauna.
引文
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[2] Goldingay R L. Characteristics of tree hollows used by Australian birds and bats. Wildlife Research,2009,36(5):394-409.
[3] Remm J,L7hmus A. Tree cavities in forests-The broad distribution pattern of a keystone structure for biodiversity. Forest Ecology and Management,2011,262(4):579-585.
[4] Wang H T,Gao W,Wan D M,Liu D,Deng W H. Nest-site characteristics and reproductive success of five species of birds breeding in natural cavities. Acta Ecologica Sinica,2003,23(7):1377-1385.
[5] Cockle K L,Martin K,Drever M C. Supply of tree-holes limits nest density of cavity-nesting birds in primary and logged subtropical Atlantic forest.Biological Conservation,2010,143(11):2851-2857.
[6] Davis A,Major R E,Taylor C E. Housing shortages in urban regions:Aggressive interactions at tree hollows in forest remnants. PLoS One,2013,8(3):e59332.
[7] Lindenmayer D B,Ough K. Salvage logging in the montane ash eucalypt forests of the central highlands of victoria and its potential impacts on biodiversity. Conservation Biology,2006,20(4):1005-1015.
[8] Gibbons P,Lindenmayer D. Tree Hollows and Wildlife Conservation in Australia. Collingwood,VIC:CSIRO Publishing,2002.
[9] Koch A J,Munks S A,Driscoll D,Kirkpatrick J B. Does hollow occurrence vary with forest type? A case study in wet and dry Eucalyptus obliqua forest. Forest Ecology and Management,2008,255(12):3938-3951.
[10] Vázquez L,Renton K. High density of tree-cavities and snags in tropical dry forest of western Mexico raises questions for a latitudinal gradient. PLoS One,2015,10(1):e0116745.
[11] Fan Z F,Shifley S R,Spetich M A,Thompson III F R,Larsen D R. Distribution of cavity trees in midwestern old-growth and second-growth forests. Canadian Journal of Forest Research,2003,33(8):1481-1494.
[12] Grüebler M U,Schaller S,Keil H,Naef-Daenzer B. The occurrence of cavities in fruit trees:effects of tree age and management on biodiversity in traditional European orchards. Biodiversity and Conservation,2013,22(13/14):3233-3246.
[13] Mc Lean C M,Bradstock R,Price O,Kavanagh R P. Tree hollows and forest stand structure in Australian warm temperate Eucalyptus forests are adversely affected by logging more than wildfire. Forest Ecology and Management,2015,341:37-44.
[14] Altamirano T A,Ibarra J T,Martin K,Bonacic C. The conservation value of tree decay processes as a key driver structuring tree cavity nest webs in South American temperate rainforests. Biodiversity and Conservation,2017,26(10):2453-2472.
[15]朱华,王洪,李保贵,许再富.西双版纳热带季节雨林的研究.广西植物,1998,18(4):370-383.
[16]杨清,韩蕾,陈进,白志林.西双版纳热带雨林的价值、保护现状及其对策.广西农业生物科学,2006,25(4):341-348.
[17]朱华.论滇南西双版纳的森林植被分类.云南植物研究,2007,29(4):377-387.
[18]刘俊雁,郑征,牛燕芬,董廷发.西双版纳热带森林空心树形成概率及其影响因素.生态学杂志,2016,35(10):2621-2626.
[19]兰国玉.西双版纳热带季节雨林20公顷样地树种多样性研究[D].北京:中国科学院研究生院,2009.
[20] Zhu H,Cao M,Hu H B. Geological history,flora,and vegetation of Xishuangbanna,Southern Yunnan,China. Biotropica,2006,38(3):310-317.
[21]张容,董廷发,邓晓保,刘俊雁.西双版纳20公顷样地热带森林植被数量分类与排序.生态学杂志,2018,37(2):347-352.
[22] Lindenmayer D B,Cunningham R B,Pope M L,Gibbons P,Donnelly C F. Cavity sizes and types in Australian eucalypts from wet and dry forest types-a simple of rule of thumb for estimating size and number of cavities. Forest Ecology and Management,2000,137(1/3):139-150.
[23] Harper M J,Mc Carthy M A,van der Ree R. The abundance of hollow-bearing trees in urban dry sclerophyll forest and the effect of wind on hollow development. Biological Conservation,2005,122(2):181-192.
[24] Zheng Z,Zhang S B,Yang G P,Tang Y,Baskin J,Baskin C,Yang L Y. Abundance and distribution of cavity trees in an old-growth subtropical montane evergreen broad-leaved forest. Canadian Journal of Forest Research,2009,39(11):2234-2245.
[25]杨廉雁,郑征,张树斌.哀牢山中山湿性常绿阔叶林树洞数量的初步研究.云南大学学报:自然科学版,2010,32(S1):399-404.
[26]刘俊雁,郑征.西双版纳热带森林树洞丰富度及其分配特点.生态学杂志,2012,31(2):271-275.
[27] Temesgen H,Barrett T M,Latta G. Estimating cavity tree abundance using nearest neighbor imputation methods for western Oregon and Washington forests. Silva Fennica,2008,42(3):241.
[28] Wormington K R,Lamb D,Mc Callum H I,Moloney D J. The characteristics of six species of living hollow-bearing trees and their importance for arboreal marsupials in the dry sclerophyll forests of southeast Queensland,Australia. Forest Ecology and Management,2003,182(1/3):75-92.
[29] Inions G B,Tanton M T,Davey S M. Effect of fire on the availability of hollows in trees used by the Common Brushtail Possum,trichosurus vulpecula Kerr,1792,and the Ringtail Possum,Pseudocheirus peregrinus Boddaerts,1785. Australian Wildlife Research,1989,16(4):449-458.
[30] Lindenmayer D B,Cunningham R B,Donnelly C F,Tanton M T,Nix H A. The abundance and development of cavities in Eucalyptus trees:A case study in the montane forests of Victoria,southeastern Australia. Forest Ecology and Management,1993,60(1/2):77-104.
[31] Lindenmayer D B,Welsh A,Donnelly C,Crane M,Michael D,Macgregor C,Mc Burney L,Montague-Drake R,Gibbons P. Are nest boxes a viable alternative source of cavities for hollow-dependent animals? Long-term monitoring of nest box occupancy,pest use and attrition. Biological Conservation,2009,142(1):33-42.
[32] Goldingay R L,Stevens J R. Use of artificial tree hollows by Australian birds and bats. Wildlife Research,2009,36(2):81-97.
[33]王顺忠,谷会岩,桑卫国.粗木质残体贮量和分解进展.生态学杂志,2014,33(8):2266-2273.
[34]兰国玉,胡跃华,曹敏,朱华,王洪,周仕顺,邓晓保,崔景云,黄建国,刘林云,许海龙,宋军平,何有才.西双版纳热带森林动态监测样地--树种组成与空间分布格局.植物生态学报,2008,32(2):287-298.
[35] Liu J J,Tan Y H,Slik J W F. Topography related habitat associations of tree species traits,composition and diversity in a Chinese tropical forest.Forest Ecology and Management,2014,330:75-81.
[36] Dong T F,Li J Y,Zhang Y B,Korpelainen H,Niinemets,Li C Y. Partial shading of lateral branches affects growth,and foliage nitrogen-and water-use efficiencies in the conifer Cunninghamia lanceolata growing in a warm monsoon climate. Tree Physiology,2015,35(6):632-643.
[37] Dong T F,Li J Y,Liao Y M,Chen B J W,Xu X. Root-mediated sex recognition in a dioecious tree. Scientific Reports,2017,7(1):801.
[38] Murphy S A,Legge S M. The gradual loss and episodic creation of palm cockatoo(Probosciger aterrimus)nest-trees in a fire-and cyclone-prone habitat. Emu-Austral Ornithology,2007,107(1):1-6.
[39] Cockle K L,Martin K,Robledo G. Linking fungi,trees,and hole-using birds in a Neotropical tree-cavity network:pathways of cavity production and implications for conservation. Forest Ecology and Management,2012,264:210-219.
[40] Eberhard J R. Cavity adoption and the evolution of coloniality in cavity-nesting birds. Condor,2002,104(2):240-247.
[41] Sverdrup-Thygeson A,Skarpaas O,degaard F. Hollow oaks and beetle conservation:the significance of the surroundings. Biodiversity and Conservation,2010,19(3):837-852.
[2] Goldingay R L. Characteristics of tree hollows used by Australian birds and bats. Wildlife Research,2009,36(5):394-409.
[3] Remm J,L7hmus A. Tree cavities in forests-The broad distribution pattern of a keystone structure for biodiversity. Forest Ecology and Management,2011,262(4):579-585.
[4] Wang H T,Gao W,Wan D M,Liu D,Deng W H. Nest-site characteristics and reproductive success of five species of birds breeding in natural cavities. Acta Ecologica Sinica,2003,23(7):1377-1385.
[5] Cockle K L,Martin K,Drever M C. Supply of tree-holes limits nest density of cavity-nesting birds in primary and logged subtropical Atlantic forest.Biological Conservation,2010,143(11):2851-2857.
[6] Davis A,Major R E,Taylor C E. Housing shortages in urban regions:Aggressive interactions at tree hollows in forest remnants. PLoS One,2013,8(3):e59332.
[7] Lindenmayer D B,Ough K. Salvage logging in the montane ash eucalypt forests of the central highlands of victoria and its potential impacts on biodiversity. Conservation Biology,2006,20(4):1005-1015.
[8] Gibbons P,Lindenmayer D. Tree Hollows and Wildlife Conservation in Australia. Collingwood,VIC:CSIRO Publishing,2002.
[9] Koch A J,Munks S A,Driscoll D,Kirkpatrick J B. Does hollow occurrence vary with forest type? A case study in wet and dry Eucalyptus obliqua forest. Forest Ecology and Management,2008,255(12):3938-3951.
[10] Vázquez L,Renton K. High density of tree-cavities and snags in tropical dry forest of western Mexico raises questions for a latitudinal gradient. PLoS One,2015,10(1):e0116745.
[11] Fan Z F,Shifley S R,Spetich M A,Thompson III F R,Larsen D R. Distribution of cavity trees in midwestern old-growth and second-growth forests. Canadian Journal of Forest Research,2003,33(8):1481-1494.
[12] Grüebler M U,Schaller S,Keil H,Naef-Daenzer B. The occurrence of cavities in fruit trees:effects of tree age and management on biodiversity in traditional European orchards. Biodiversity and Conservation,2013,22(13/14):3233-3246.
[13] Mc Lean C M,Bradstock R,Price O,Kavanagh R P. Tree hollows and forest stand structure in Australian warm temperate Eucalyptus forests are adversely affected by logging more than wildfire. Forest Ecology and Management,2015,341:37-44.
[14] Altamirano T A,Ibarra J T,Martin K,Bonacic C. The conservation value of tree decay processes as a key driver structuring tree cavity nest webs in South American temperate rainforests. Biodiversity and Conservation,2017,26(10):2453-2472.
[15]朱华,王洪,李保贵,许再富.西双版纳热带季节雨林的研究.广西植物,1998,18(4):370-383.
[16]杨清,韩蕾,陈进,白志林.西双版纳热带雨林的价值、保护现状及其对策.广西农业生物科学,2006,25(4):341-348.
[17]朱华.论滇南西双版纳的森林植被分类.云南植物研究,2007,29(4):377-387.
[18]刘俊雁,郑征,牛燕芬,董廷发.西双版纳热带森林空心树形成概率及其影响因素.生态学杂志,2016,35(10):2621-2626.
[19]兰国玉.西双版纳热带季节雨林20公顷样地树种多样性研究[D].北京:中国科学院研究生院,2009.
[20] Zhu H,Cao M,Hu H B. Geological history,flora,and vegetation of Xishuangbanna,Southern Yunnan,China. Biotropica,2006,38(3):310-317.
[21]张容,董廷发,邓晓保,刘俊雁.西双版纳20公顷样地热带森林植被数量分类与排序.生态学杂志,2018,37(2):347-352.
[22] Lindenmayer D B,Cunningham R B,Pope M L,Gibbons P,Donnelly C F. Cavity sizes and types in Australian eucalypts from wet and dry forest types-a simple of rule of thumb for estimating size and number of cavities. Forest Ecology and Management,2000,137(1/3):139-150.
[23] Harper M J,Mc Carthy M A,van der Ree R. The abundance of hollow-bearing trees in urban dry sclerophyll forest and the effect of wind on hollow development. Biological Conservation,2005,122(2):181-192.
[24] Zheng Z,Zhang S B,Yang G P,Tang Y,Baskin J,Baskin C,Yang L Y. Abundance and distribution of cavity trees in an old-growth subtropical montane evergreen broad-leaved forest. Canadian Journal of Forest Research,2009,39(11):2234-2245.
[25]杨廉雁,郑征,张树斌.哀牢山中山湿性常绿阔叶林树洞数量的初步研究.云南大学学报:自然科学版,2010,32(S1):399-404.
[26]刘俊雁,郑征.西双版纳热带森林树洞丰富度及其分配特点.生态学杂志,2012,31(2):271-275.
[27] Temesgen H,Barrett T M,Latta G. Estimating cavity tree abundance using nearest neighbor imputation methods for western Oregon and Washington forests. Silva Fennica,2008,42(3):241.
[28] Wormington K R,Lamb D,Mc Callum H I,Moloney D J. The characteristics of six species of living hollow-bearing trees and their importance for arboreal marsupials in the dry sclerophyll forests of southeast Queensland,Australia. Forest Ecology and Management,2003,182(1/3):75-92.
[29] Inions G B,Tanton M T,Davey S M. Effect of fire on the availability of hollows in trees used by the Common Brushtail Possum,trichosurus vulpecula Kerr,1792,and the Ringtail Possum,Pseudocheirus peregrinus Boddaerts,1785. Australian Wildlife Research,1989,16(4):449-458.
[30] Lindenmayer D B,Cunningham R B,Donnelly C F,Tanton M T,Nix H A. The abundance and development of cavities in Eucalyptus trees:A case study in the montane forests of Victoria,southeastern Australia. Forest Ecology and Management,1993,60(1/2):77-104.
[31] Lindenmayer D B,Welsh A,Donnelly C,Crane M,Michael D,Macgregor C,Mc Burney L,Montague-Drake R,Gibbons P. Are nest boxes a viable alternative source of cavities for hollow-dependent animals? Long-term monitoring of nest box occupancy,pest use and attrition. Biological Conservation,2009,142(1):33-42.
[32] Goldingay R L,Stevens J R. Use of artificial tree hollows by Australian birds and bats. Wildlife Research,2009,36(2):81-97.
[33]王顺忠,谷会岩,桑卫国.粗木质残体贮量和分解进展.生态学杂志,2014,33(8):2266-2273.
[34]兰国玉,胡跃华,曹敏,朱华,王洪,周仕顺,邓晓保,崔景云,黄建国,刘林云,许海龙,宋军平,何有才.西双版纳热带森林动态监测样地--树种组成与空间分布格局.植物生态学报,2008,32(2):287-298.
[35] Liu J J,Tan Y H,Slik J W F. Topography related habitat associations of tree species traits,composition and diversity in a Chinese tropical forest.Forest Ecology and Management,2014,330:75-81.
[36] Dong T F,Li J Y,Zhang Y B,Korpelainen H,Niinemets,Li C Y. Partial shading of lateral branches affects growth,and foliage nitrogen-and water-use efficiencies in the conifer Cunninghamia lanceolata growing in a warm monsoon climate. Tree Physiology,2015,35(6):632-643.
[37] Dong T F,Li J Y,Liao Y M,Chen B J W,Xu X. Root-mediated sex recognition in a dioecious tree. Scientific Reports,2017,7(1):801.
[38] Murphy S A,Legge S M. The gradual loss and episodic creation of palm cockatoo(Probosciger aterrimus)nest-trees in a fire-and cyclone-prone habitat. Emu-Austral Ornithology,2007,107(1):1-6.
[39] Cockle K L,Martin K,Robledo G. Linking fungi,trees,and hole-using birds in a Neotropical tree-cavity network:pathways of cavity production and implications for conservation. Forest Ecology and Management,2012,264:210-219.
[40] Eberhard J R. Cavity adoption and the evolution of coloniality in cavity-nesting birds. Condor,2002,104(2):240-247.
[41] Sverdrup-Thygeson A,Skarpaas O,degaard F. Hollow oaks and beetle conservation:the significance of the surroundings. Biodiversity and Conservation,2010,19(3):837-852.
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