国家公园生态保护补偿的政策框架及其关键技术
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摘要
生态保护补偿机制是构建以国家公园为主体的自然保护地体系的重要制度保障。从补偿主体、资金来源、补偿机制等3个方面对国外自然保护地生态保护补偿的实践和经验进行了总结与分析。在此基础上,根据我国对国家公园生态保护补偿的要求,从生态系统服务空间流动的角度探讨了国家公园生态保护补偿的必要性,分析了其事权与补偿的关系;从对生态系统补偿和对人类行为补偿两个角度明确了国家公园生态保护补偿的内涵,在此基础上提出了其保护补偿的政策框架,并从识别补偿的主体、构建补偿的方式、确定补偿的标准、拓展融资的渠道等方面构建了国家公园生态保护补偿的4个关键技术,以期为我国国家公园生态保护补偿机制的建立提供科学支撑。
The Chinese leadership has formally proposed that the national park system should initiate an institutional change in conservation management by reforming the governance system and management mechanism. The principle of "ecological protection first and public welfare a priority" indicates that both biodiversity and ecosystem services are essential. The compensation mechanism of ecological protection is an important institutional guarantee for the construction of national parks as the main body of the protected area system. Firstly, this paper summarizes and analyzes the practice and experience of ecological protection compensation for foreign natural conservation areas from three perspectives: compensation subject, funding source, and compensation mechanism. Secondly, according to the requirement of national park ecological protection compensation in our country, this paper discusses the necessity for ecological protection compensation of national parks from the perspective of ecosystem services flow and consumption and analyzes the relationship between its power and compensation. On this basis, from the two aspects of compensation for ecosystems and compensation for human behavior, the connotation of national park ecological protection compensation is clarified, and the policy framework of protection compensation of national parks have been proposed. Finally, this paper constructs four key technologies for ecological protection compensation in national parks, which identify the main body of compensation, construct the method of compensation, determine the standard of compensation, and expand the channels of financing. The results show that it is important to explore the establishment of ecological protection compensation funds in the pilot area of the national park system, pay attention to the "Blood making type" compensation method based on the green industry development support, and actively explore the horizontal compensation model upstream and downstream of the national park basin, to provide scientific support for the establishment of national park ecological protection compensation mechanisms in China.
The Chinese leadership has formally proposed that the national park system should initiate an institutional change in conservation management by reforming the governance system and management mechanism. The principle of "ecological protection first and public welfare a priority" indicates that both biodiversity and ecosystem services are essential. The compensation mechanism of ecological protection is an important institutional guarantee for the construction of national parks as the main body of the protected area system. Firstly, this paper summarizes and analyzes the practice and experience of ecological protection compensation for foreign natural conservation areas from three perspectives: compensation subject, funding source, and compensation mechanism. Secondly, according to the requirement of national park ecological protection compensation in our country, this paper discusses the necessity for ecological protection compensation of national parks from the perspective of ecosystem services flow and consumption and analyzes the relationship between its power and compensation. On this basis, from the two aspects of compensation for ecosystems and compensation for human behavior, the connotation of national park ecological protection compensation is clarified, and the policy framework of protection compensation of national parks have been proposed. Finally, this paper constructs four key technologies for ecological protection compensation in national parks, which identify the main body of compensation, construct the method of compensation, determine the standard of compensation, and expand the channels of financing. The results show that it is important to explore the establishment of ecological protection compensation funds in the pilot area of the national park system, pay attention to the "Blood making type" compensation method based on the green industry development support, and actively explore the horizontal compensation model upstream and downstream of the national park basin, to provide scientific support for the establishment of national park ecological protection compensation mechanisms in China.
引文
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[3] 李文华, 李芬, 李世东, 刘某承. 森林生态效益补偿的研究现状与展望. 自然资源学报, 2006, 21(5): 677- 688.
[4] 杨光梅, 闵庆文, 李文华, 刘璐, 荣金凤, 吴雪宾. 基于CVM方法分析牧民对禁牧政策的受偿意愿——以锡林郭勒草原为例. 生态环境, 2006, 15(4): 747- 751.
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[8] Liu M C, Xiong Y, Yuan Z, Min Q W, Sun Y H, Fuller A M. Standards of ecological compensation for traditional eco-agriculture: taking rice-fish system in Hani Terrace as an example. Journal of Mountain Science, 2014, 11(4): 1049- 1059.
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[11] 姚红义. 基于生态补偿理论的三江源生态补偿方式探索. 生产力研究, 2011, (8): 17- 18, 41- 41.
[12] 岳海文. 青海三江源水生态补偿机制研究. 科技风, 2012, (16): 249- 249.
[13] 高辉. 三江源地区草地生态补偿标准研究[D]. 杨凌: 西北农林科技大学, 2015.
[14] 关小梅. 三江源地区横向生态补偿机制的研究. 青海师范大学学报: 哲学社会科学版, 2008, (6): 14- 17.
[15] 徐翀. 三江源自然保护区生态补偿政策评估. 黑龙江生态工程职业学院学报, 2017, 30(2): 1- 3.
[16] 杨攀科, 刘军. 国家公园旅游生态补偿机制的构建——以神农架国家公园为例. 旅游纵览, 2017, (4): 166- 167.
[17] 马勇, 胡孝平. 神农架旅游生态补偿实施系统构建. 人文地理, 2010, 25(6): 120- 124.
[18] 张一群, 孙俊明, 唐跃军, 杨桂华. 普达措国家公园社区生态补偿调查研究. 林业经济问题, 2012, 32(4): 301- 307, 332- 332.
[19] 杨桂华, 张一群. 自然遗产地旅游开发造血式生态补偿研究. 旅游学刊, 2012, 27(5): 8- 9.
[20] 姚小云. 世界自然遗产景区生态补偿绩效评价研究——基于武陵源风景名胜区社区居民感知调查. 林业经济问题, 2016, 36(2): 121- 126.
[21] Liu M C, Yang L, Min Q W, Bai Y Y. Eco-compensation standards for agricultural water conservation: a case study of the paddy land-to-dry land program in China. Agricultural Water Management, 2018, 204: 192- 197.
[22] Liu M C, Yang L, Bai Y Y, Min Q W. The impacts of farmers′ livelihood endowments on their participation in eco-compensation policies: globally important agricultural heritage systems case studies from China. Land Use Policy, 2018, 77: 231- 239.
[23] 欧阳志云, 郑华, 岳平. 建立我国生态补偿机制的思路与措施. 生态学报, 2013, 33(3): 686- 692.
[24] Liu M C, Yang L, Min Q W. Establishment of an eco-compensation fund based on eco-services consumption. Journal of Environmental Management, 2018, 211: 306- 312.
[25] 刘某承, 孙雪萍, 林惠凤, 张彪, 朱跃龙, 李金亚. 基于生态系统服务消费的京承生态补偿基金构建方式. 资源科学, 2015, 37(8): 1536- 1542.
[26] Liu M C, Zhang D, Min Q W, Xie G D, Su N. The calculation of productivity factor for ecological footprints in China: a methodological note. Ecological Indicators, 2014, 38: 124- 129.
[27] 韩鹏, 黄河清, 甄霖, 姜鲁光, 李芬. 内蒙古农牧交错带两种生态补偿模式效应对比分析. 资源科学, 2010, 32(5): 838- 848.
[28] 张一群. 云南保护地旅游生态补偿研究[D]. 昆明: 云南大学, 2015.
[29] 蔡银莺, 张安录. 基于农户受偿意愿的农田生态补偿额度测算——以武汉市的调查为实证. 自然资源学报, 2011, 26(2): 177- 189.
[30] Liu M C, Min Q W, Yang L. Rice pricing during organic conversion of the Honghe Hani rice terrace system in China. Sustainability, 2018, 10(1): 183.
[31] 刘某承, 熊英, 白艳莹, 杨伦, 闵庆文. 生态功能改善目标导向的哈尼梯田生态补偿标准. 生态学报, 2017, 37(7): 2447- 2454.
[2] 李文华, 刘某承. 关于中国生态补偿机制建设的几点思考. 资源科学, 2010, 32(5): 790- 796.
[3] 李文华, 李芬, 李世东, 刘某承. 森林生态效益补偿的研究现状与展望. 自然资源学报, 2006, 21(5): 677- 688.
[4] 杨光梅, 闵庆文, 李文华, 刘璐, 荣金凤, 吴雪宾. 基于CVM方法分析牧民对禁牧政策的受偿意愿——以锡林郭勒草原为例. 生态环境, 2006, 15(4): 747- 751.
[5] Zhen L, Li F, Huang H Q, Dilly O, Liu J Y, Wei Y J, Yang L, Cao X C. Households′ willingness to reduce pollution threats in the Poyang Lake region, southern China. Journal of Geochemical Exploration, 2011, 110(1): 15- 22.
[6] 张惠远, 刘桂环. 我国流域生态补偿机制设计. 环境保护, 2006, (19): 49- 54.
[7] 胡振琪, 程琳琳, 宋蕾. 我国矿产资源开发生态补偿机制的构想. 环境保护, 2006, (19): 59- 62.
[8] Liu M C, Xiong Y, Yuan Z, Min Q W, Sun Y H, Fuller A M. Standards of ecological compensation for traditional eco-agriculture: taking rice-fish system in Hani Terrace as an example. Journal of Mountain Science, 2014, 11(4): 1049- 1059.
[9] Rao H H, Lin C C, Kong H, Jin D, Peng B R. Ecological damage compensation for coastal sea area uses. Ecological Indicators, 2014, 38: 149- 158.
[10] 闵庆文, 甄霖, 杨光梅, 张丹. 自然保护区生态补偿机制与政策研究. 环境保护, 2006, (19): 55- 58.
[11] 姚红义. 基于生态补偿理论的三江源生态补偿方式探索. 生产力研究, 2011, (8): 17- 18, 41- 41.
[12] 岳海文. 青海三江源水生态补偿机制研究. 科技风, 2012, (16): 249- 249.
[13] 高辉. 三江源地区草地生态补偿标准研究[D]. 杨凌: 西北农林科技大学, 2015.
[14] 关小梅. 三江源地区横向生态补偿机制的研究. 青海师范大学学报: 哲学社会科学版, 2008, (6): 14- 17.
[15] 徐翀. 三江源自然保护区生态补偿政策评估. 黑龙江生态工程职业学院学报, 2017, 30(2): 1- 3.
[16] 杨攀科, 刘军. 国家公园旅游生态补偿机制的构建——以神农架国家公园为例. 旅游纵览, 2017, (4): 166- 167.
[17] 马勇, 胡孝平. 神农架旅游生态补偿实施系统构建. 人文地理, 2010, 25(6): 120- 124.
[18] 张一群, 孙俊明, 唐跃军, 杨桂华. 普达措国家公园社区生态补偿调查研究. 林业经济问题, 2012, 32(4): 301- 307, 332- 332.
[19] 杨桂华, 张一群. 自然遗产地旅游开发造血式生态补偿研究. 旅游学刊, 2012, 27(5): 8- 9.
[20] 姚小云. 世界自然遗产景区生态补偿绩效评价研究——基于武陵源风景名胜区社区居民感知调查. 林业经济问题, 2016, 36(2): 121- 126.
[21] Liu M C, Yang L, Min Q W, Bai Y Y. Eco-compensation standards for agricultural water conservation: a case study of the paddy land-to-dry land program in China. Agricultural Water Management, 2018, 204: 192- 197.
[22] Liu M C, Yang L, Bai Y Y, Min Q W. The impacts of farmers′ livelihood endowments on their participation in eco-compensation policies: globally important agricultural heritage systems case studies from China. Land Use Policy, 2018, 77: 231- 239.
[23] 欧阳志云, 郑华, 岳平. 建立我国生态补偿机制的思路与措施. 生态学报, 2013, 33(3): 686- 692.
[24] Liu M C, Yang L, Min Q W. Establishment of an eco-compensation fund based on eco-services consumption. Journal of Environmental Management, 2018, 211: 306- 312.
[25] 刘某承, 孙雪萍, 林惠凤, 张彪, 朱跃龙, 李金亚. 基于生态系统服务消费的京承生态补偿基金构建方式. 资源科学, 2015, 37(8): 1536- 1542.
[26] Liu M C, Zhang D, Min Q W, Xie G D, Su N. The calculation of productivity factor for ecological footprints in China: a methodological note. Ecological Indicators, 2014, 38: 124- 129.
[27] 韩鹏, 黄河清, 甄霖, 姜鲁光, 李芬. 内蒙古农牧交错带两种生态补偿模式效应对比分析. 资源科学, 2010, 32(5): 838- 848.
[28] 张一群. 云南保护地旅游生态补偿研究[D]. 昆明: 云南大学, 2015.
[29] 蔡银莺, 张安录. 基于农户受偿意愿的农田生态补偿额度测算——以武汉市的调查为实证. 自然资源学报, 2011, 26(2): 177- 189.
[30] Liu M C, Min Q W, Yang L. Rice pricing during organic conversion of the Honghe Hani rice terrace system in China. Sustainability, 2018, 10(1): 183.
[31] 刘某承, 熊英, 白艳莹, 杨伦, 闵庆文. 生态功能改善目标导向的哈尼梯田生态补偿标准. 生态学报, 2017, 37(7): 2447- 2454.