油菜基追氮肥比例研究
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摘要
【目的】探讨适宜宁夏引黄灌区主要油菜品种的最佳追肥期。【方法】采用随机区组试验设计,研究华油杂62号品种生育期的生长量变化以及植株不同部位的氮、磷、钾含量变化对油菜产量的影响。【结果】基施氮肥60%、苗期追施氮肥40%的油菜产量最高,每667 m~2产量达到4 889.1 kg;在整个生育期,油菜株高增长呈曲线增长态势;叶绿素含量在生长发育期前期快速增长,60 d时叶绿素含量达到最高。随着生育进程的推进,氮含量逐渐减小,根部前期降低趋势较大,后期缓慢降低;叶部前期降低趋势缓慢,后期缓慢增加;茎部前期降低趋势缓慢后期增大。根部磷含量变化趋势一直缓慢下降;茎部前期上升趋势比较大,45 d后缓慢升高;叶部前期缓慢降低,整个生育期升高的趋势都不明显。钾含量先降低再缓慢升高,收获后期降低,但是降幅不大。饲料油菜全氮含量均呈现先增高后降低的趋势,全氮含量在4.10%～5.46%范围内变化;全磷含量均呈现先增加后降低再增加再降低的趋势;全钾含量均呈现先增加后降低的趋势,各处理在40 d左右植株全钾含量达到最高值,分别为4.02%、4.22%、4.39%。【结论】宁夏引黄灌区华油杂62号品种宜选择在苗期追肥,且以基施氮肥60%、苗期追施氮肥40%效果最好。
【Objective】The objective of the study was to explore the best topdressing period of main rapeseed varieties that suitable for Yellow River Irrigation District of Ningxia. 【Method】The randomized block experiment was designed to study the change of growth of the variety "Huayouza 62" and the effects of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium contents in different parts of the plant on the yield of rapeseed. 【Result】 The highest yield of rapeseed was obtained when applying 60% of basal nitrogen fertilizer and 40% of topdressing nitrogen fertilizer in the seedling stage, with the yield reaching 4 889.1 kg per 667 m~2. The plant height of rapeseed increased in a curve during the whole growth period. The chlorophyll content increased rapidly in the early growth stage and the chlorophyll content reached the highest at 60 days.With the advancement of the fertility process, the N content gradually decreased, the roots decreased in the early stage, and decreased slowly in the late stage; the leaves decreased slowly in the early stage and increased gradually in the late stage;the stems decreased slowly in the early stage and rapidly in the late stage. The change of P content of the roots has been decreasing slowly; the growth of stems showed a relatively great upward trend, and it increased slowly after 45 days; the leaves decreased slowly in the early stage, and showed little increase during the whole growth period. The K content decreased first and then increased slowly, but decreased in late harvest stage, with slight decrease. The total nitrogen(TN) content of rapeseed increased first and then decreased. The TN content varied from 4.10% to 5.46% and the highest nitrogen accumulation amount in treatment 2 was 0.78 g/plant. The total phosphorus(TP) content increased first and then decreased. Then the TP content increased and decreased again. The total potassium(TK) content increased first and then decreased, and the highest TK contents of the three treatments were obtained at about 40 days, with the highest contents of 4.02%, 4.22% and 4.39%,respectively. 【Conclusion】 The variety "Huayouza 62" of Yellow River Irrigation District of Ningxia should be selected for topdressing at seedling stage, and the effect was best when applying 60% of basal nitrogen fertilizer and 40% of topdressing nitrogen fertilizer in the seedling stage.
【Objective】The objective of the study was to explore the best topdressing period of main rapeseed varieties that suitable for Yellow River Irrigation District of Ningxia. 【Method】The randomized block experiment was designed to study the change of growth of the variety "Huayouza 62" and the effects of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium contents in different parts of the plant on the yield of rapeseed. 【Result】 The highest yield of rapeseed was obtained when applying 60% of basal nitrogen fertilizer and 40% of topdressing nitrogen fertilizer in the seedling stage, with the yield reaching 4 889.1 kg per 667 m~2. The plant height of rapeseed increased in a curve during the whole growth period. The chlorophyll content increased rapidly in the early growth stage and the chlorophyll content reached the highest at 60 days.With the advancement of the fertility process, the N content gradually decreased, the roots decreased in the early stage, and decreased slowly in the late stage; the leaves decreased slowly in the early stage and increased gradually in the late stage;the stems decreased slowly in the early stage and rapidly in the late stage. The change of P content of the roots has been decreasing slowly; the growth of stems showed a relatively great upward trend, and it increased slowly after 45 days; the leaves decreased slowly in the early stage, and showed little increase during the whole growth period. The K content decreased first and then increased slowly, but decreased in late harvest stage, with slight decrease. The total nitrogen(TN) content of rapeseed increased first and then decreased. The TN content varied from 4.10% to 5.46% and the highest nitrogen accumulation amount in treatment 2 was 0.78 g/plant. The total phosphorus(TP) content increased first and then decreased. Then the TP content increased and decreased again. The total potassium(TK) content increased first and then decreased, and the highest TK contents of the three treatments were obtained at about 40 days, with the highest contents of 4.02%, 4.22% and 4.39%,respectively. 【Conclusion】 The variety "Huayouza 62" of Yellow River Irrigation District of Ningxia should be selected for topdressing at seedling stage, and the effect was best when applying 60% of basal nitrogen fertilizer and 40% of topdressing nitrogen fertilizer in the seedling stage.
引文
[1]中华人民共和国国家统计局.中国统计年鉴[M].北京:中国统计出版社,2009.National Bureau of Statistics of the People's Republic of China.Chinese Statistical Yearbook[M].Beijing:China Statistics Press,2009.
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[3]李燕玲,刘爱民.长江流域冬季农业主要作物的耕地竞争机制及案例研究[J].长江流域资源与环境,2009,18(2):146-151.LI Y L,LIU A M.Competitive mechanism and case study of cultivated land of main agricultural crops in winter in the Yangtze River Basin[J].Resources and Environment of the Yangtze River Basin,2009,18(2):146-151.
[4]傅寿仲.双低油菜核心竞争力研究——油菜栽培及其成本效益分析[J].中国油料作物学报,2004(3):101-105.FU S Z.Study on the core competitiveness of double-low rapeseedrapeseed cultivation and its cost-benefit analysis[J].Chinese Journal of Oil Crop Sciences,2004(3):101-105.
[5]官春云.改变冬油菜栽培方式,提高和发展油菜生产[J].中国油料作物学报,2006(1):83-85.GUAN C Y.To change the cultivation mode of winter rapeseed and improve and develop rapeseed production[J].Chinese Journal of Oil Crop Sciences,2006(1):83-85.
[6]张春雷,李俊,余利平,李锋,马霓.油菜不同栽培方式的投入产出比较研究[J].中国油料作物学报,2010,32(1):57-64,70.ZHANG C L,LI J,YU L P,LI F,MA N.Comparative study on inputoutput of different cultivation methods of rapeseed[J].Journal of Chinese Oil Crop Sciences,2010,32(1):57-64,70.
[7]EDUARDO M,JUAN-PABLO F,PAOLA S,SUSANA V.Soil physical properties and wheat root growth as affected by no-tillage and conventional tillage systems in a Mediterranean environment of Chile[J].Soil and Tillage Research,2008,99(2):232-244.
[8]赵继献,程国平,任廷波,高志宏.不同氮水平对优质甘蓝型黄籽杂交油菜产量和品质性状的影响[J].植物营养与肥料学报,2007,13(5):882-889.ZHAO J X,CHENG G P,REN T B,GAO Z H.Effects of different nitrogen levels on yield and quality traits of high quality brassica yellow seed hybrid rapeseed[J].Journal of Plant Nutrition and Fertilizers,2007,13(5):882-889.
[9]李志玉,郭庆元,廖星,秦亚平.不同氮水平对双低油菜中双9号产量和品质的影响[J].中国油料作物学报,2007,29(2):78-82.LI Z Y,GUO Q Y,LIAO X,QIN Y P.Effects of different nitrogen levels on yield and quality of double 9th in double-low rapeseed[J].Chinese Journal of Oil Crop Sciences,2007,29(2):78-82.
[10]王维国,李建龙,韩庆保,李庆生,成强生.优质油菜高产施氮技术[J].土壤肥料,1997(4):34-36.WANG W G,LI J L,HAN Q B,LI Q S,T CHENG Q S.High yield nitrogen application technology of high quality rapeseed[J].Soil Fertilizer,1997(4):34-36.
[11]冷锁虎,单玉华,周宝梅.氮素营养对油菜成熟期生物产量的调控[J].中国油料作物学报,2000(2):56-59.LENG S H,SHAN Y H,ZHOU B M.Regulation of nitrogen nutrition on biological yield in the ripening period of rapeseed[J].Chinese Journal of Oil Crop Sciences,2000(2):56-59.
[12]邹娟,鲁剑巍,陈防,李银水.氮磷钾硼肥施用对长江流域油菜产量及经济效益的影响[J].作物学报,2009,35(1):87-92.doi:10.3724/SP.J.1006.2009.00087.ZOU J,LU J W,CHEN F,LI Y S.Effect of nitrogen,phosphorus and potassium boron fertilizer application on rapeseed yield and economic benefit in the Yangtze River Basin[J].Journal of Crops,2009,35(1):87-92.doi:10.3724/SP.J.1006.2009.00087.
[13]邹小云,陈伦林,李书宇,邹晓芬,张建模,宋来强.氮、磷、钾、硼肥施用对甘蓝型杂交油菜产量及经济效益的影响[J].中国农业科学,2011,44(5):917-924.doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2011.05.007.ZOU X Y,CHEN L L,LI S Y,ZOU X F,ZHANG J M,SONG L Q.Effects of application of nitrogen,phosphorus,potassium and boron fertilizer on yield and economic benefit of Brassica hybrid rapeseed[J].Scientia Agricultura Sinica,2011,44(5):917-924.doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2011.05.007.
[14]鲁如坤.土壤农业化学分析方法[M].北京:中国农业科技出版社,2000.LU R K.Methods of soil agricultural chemical analysis[M].Beijing:China Agricultural Science and Technology Press,2000.
[15]苏伟,鲁剑巍,李云春,李小坤,马常宝,高祥照.氮肥运筹方式对油菜产量、氮肥利用率及氮素淋失的影响[J].中国油料作物学报,2010,32(4):558-562.SU W,LU J W,LI Y C,LI X K,MA C B,GAO X Z.Effects of nitrogen fertilizer operation on rapeseed yield,nitrogen fertilizer utilization rate and nitrogen leaching[J].Chinese Journal of Oil Crop Sciences,2010,32(4):558-562.
[16]俞晓红.宁夏引黄灌区麦后复种饲料油菜播种量和收获期的研究[D].银川:宁夏大学,2016.YU X H.Study on sowing quantity and harvest period of post-wheat replanting feed rapeseed in Ningxia Yellow River irrigation Area[D].Yinchuan:Ningxia University,2016.
[17]段玉,张君,景宇鹏,王博,郝云凤,赵娜.河套灌区麦后复种饲料油菜养分吸收规律及施肥效应[J].中国油料作物学报,2017,39(6):848-854.doi:10.7505/j.issn.1007-9084.2017.06.017.DUAN Y,ZHANG J,JING Y P,WANG B,HAO Y F,ZHAO N.Nutrient absorption regularity and fertilization effect of post-wheat replanting feed rapeseed in Hetao irrigation area[J].Chinese Journal of Oil Crop Sciences,2017,39(6):848-854.doi:10.7505/j.issn.1007-9084.2017.06.017.
[18]黎咏蜀.饲用油菜栽培技术及营养价值研究[D].重庆:西南大学,2014.LI Y S.Study on cultivation techniques and nutritional value of feed rapeseed[D].Chongqing:Southwest University,2014.
[19]杨雪海,张巍,赵娜,陈芳,魏金涛,傅廷栋,周广生,李晓峰.油菜华油杂62不同生长期氨基酸组成及营养价值评价[J].中国油料作物学报,2017,39(2):197-203.doi:10.7505/j.issn.1007-9084.2017.02.009.YANG X H,ZHANG W,ZHAO N,CHEN F,WEI J T,FU T D,ZHOUG S,LI X F.Forage amino acid composition and nutrition of Brassica napus L.cv Huayouza 62 in different growth stages[J].Chinese Journal of Oil Crop Sciences,2017,39(2):197-203.doi:10.7505/j.issn.1007-9084.2017.02.009.
[20]孙建阁,霍子华,王锦.陕西推广种植饲料油菜的前景探析[J].中国农技推广,2014,30(2):7-8.SUN J G,HUO Z H,WANG J.Probe into the prospect of promoting the cultivation of feed rapeseed in Shaanxi[J].China Agricultural Technology Promotion,2014,30(2):7-8.
[21]傅廷栋,涂金星,张毅,陈常兵,杨祁峰,滕怀渊,牛菊兰,尹经章.在我国西北部地区麦后复种饲料油菜的研究与利用[J].中国西部科技,2004(6):4-7.FU T D,TU J X,ZHANG Y,CHEN C B,YANG Q F,TENG H Y,NIUJ L,YIN J Z.Research and utilization of post-wheat replanting feed rapeseed in northwest China[J].Science and Technology of Western China,2004(6):4-7.
[2]殷艳,王汉中,廖星.2009年我国油菜产业发展形势分析及对策建议[J].中国油料作物学报,2009,31(2):259-262.YIN Y,WANG H Z,LIAO X.Analysis on the development situation of rapeseed industry in China in 2009 and countermeasures[J].Chinese Journal of Oil Crop Sciences,2009,31(2):259-262.
[3]李燕玲,刘爱民.长江流域冬季农业主要作物的耕地竞争机制及案例研究[J].长江流域资源与环境,2009,18(2):146-151.LI Y L,LIU A M.Competitive mechanism and case study of cultivated land of main agricultural crops in winter in the Yangtze River Basin[J].Resources and Environment of the Yangtze River Basin,2009,18(2):146-151.
[4]傅寿仲.双低油菜核心竞争力研究——油菜栽培及其成本效益分析[J].中国油料作物学报,2004(3):101-105.FU S Z.Study on the core competitiveness of double-low rapeseedrapeseed cultivation and its cost-benefit analysis[J].Chinese Journal of Oil Crop Sciences,2004(3):101-105.
[5]官春云.改变冬油菜栽培方式,提高和发展油菜生产[J].中国油料作物学报,2006(1):83-85.GUAN C Y.To change the cultivation mode of winter rapeseed and improve and develop rapeseed production[J].Chinese Journal of Oil Crop Sciences,2006(1):83-85.
[6]张春雷,李俊,余利平,李锋,马霓.油菜不同栽培方式的投入产出比较研究[J].中国油料作物学报,2010,32(1):57-64,70.ZHANG C L,LI J,YU L P,LI F,MA N.Comparative study on inputoutput of different cultivation methods of rapeseed[J].Journal of Chinese Oil Crop Sciences,2010,32(1):57-64,70.
[7]EDUARDO M,JUAN-PABLO F,PAOLA S,SUSANA V.Soil physical properties and wheat root growth as affected by no-tillage and conventional tillage systems in a Mediterranean environment of Chile[J].Soil and Tillage Research,2008,99(2):232-244.
[8]赵继献,程国平,任廷波,高志宏.不同氮水平对优质甘蓝型黄籽杂交油菜产量和品质性状的影响[J].植物营养与肥料学报,2007,13(5):882-889.ZHAO J X,CHENG G P,REN T B,GAO Z H.Effects of different nitrogen levels on yield and quality traits of high quality brassica yellow seed hybrid rapeseed[J].Journal of Plant Nutrition and Fertilizers,2007,13(5):882-889.
[9]李志玉,郭庆元,廖星,秦亚平.不同氮水平对双低油菜中双9号产量和品质的影响[J].中国油料作物学报,2007,29(2):78-82.LI Z Y,GUO Q Y,LIAO X,QIN Y P.Effects of different nitrogen levels on yield and quality of double 9th in double-low rapeseed[J].Chinese Journal of Oil Crop Sciences,2007,29(2):78-82.
[10]王维国,李建龙,韩庆保,李庆生,成强生.优质油菜高产施氮技术[J].土壤肥料,1997(4):34-36.WANG W G,LI J L,HAN Q B,LI Q S,T CHENG Q S.High yield nitrogen application technology of high quality rapeseed[J].Soil Fertilizer,1997(4):34-36.
[11]冷锁虎,单玉华,周宝梅.氮素营养对油菜成熟期生物产量的调控[J].中国油料作物学报,2000(2):56-59.LENG S H,SHAN Y H,ZHOU B M.Regulation of nitrogen nutrition on biological yield in the ripening period of rapeseed[J].Chinese Journal of Oil Crop Sciences,2000(2):56-59.
[12]邹娟,鲁剑巍,陈防,李银水.氮磷钾硼肥施用对长江流域油菜产量及经济效益的影响[J].作物学报,2009,35(1):87-92.doi:10.3724/SP.J.1006.2009.00087.ZOU J,LU J W,CHEN F,LI Y S.Effect of nitrogen,phosphorus and potassium boron fertilizer application on rapeseed yield and economic benefit in the Yangtze River Basin[J].Journal of Crops,2009,35(1):87-92.doi:10.3724/SP.J.1006.2009.00087.
[13]邹小云,陈伦林,李书宇,邹晓芬,张建模,宋来强.氮、磷、钾、硼肥施用对甘蓝型杂交油菜产量及经济效益的影响[J].中国农业科学,2011,44(5):917-924.doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2011.05.007.ZOU X Y,CHEN L L,LI S Y,ZOU X F,ZHANG J M,SONG L Q.Effects of application of nitrogen,phosphorus,potassium and boron fertilizer on yield and economic benefit of Brassica hybrid rapeseed[J].Scientia Agricultura Sinica,2011,44(5):917-924.doi:10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2011.05.007.
[14]鲁如坤.土壤农业化学分析方法[M].北京:中国农业科技出版社,2000.LU R K.Methods of soil agricultural chemical analysis[M].Beijing:China Agricultural Science and Technology Press,2000.
[15]苏伟,鲁剑巍,李云春,李小坤,马常宝,高祥照.氮肥运筹方式对油菜产量、氮肥利用率及氮素淋失的影响[J].中国油料作物学报,2010,32(4):558-562.SU W,LU J W,LI Y C,LI X K,MA C B,GAO X Z.Effects of nitrogen fertilizer operation on rapeseed yield,nitrogen fertilizer utilization rate and nitrogen leaching[J].Chinese Journal of Oil Crop Sciences,2010,32(4):558-562.
[16]俞晓红.宁夏引黄灌区麦后复种饲料油菜播种量和收获期的研究[D].银川:宁夏大学,2016.YU X H.Study on sowing quantity and harvest period of post-wheat replanting feed rapeseed in Ningxia Yellow River irrigation Area[D].Yinchuan:Ningxia University,2016.
[17]段玉,张君,景宇鹏,王博,郝云凤,赵娜.河套灌区麦后复种饲料油菜养分吸收规律及施肥效应[J].中国油料作物学报,2017,39(6):848-854.doi:10.7505/j.issn.1007-9084.2017.06.017.DUAN Y,ZHANG J,JING Y P,WANG B,HAO Y F,ZHAO N.Nutrient absorption regularity and fertilization effect of post-wheat replanting feed rapeseed in Hetao irrigation area[J].Chinese Journal of Oil Crop Sciences,2017,39(6):848-854.doi:10.7505/j.issn.1007-9084.2017.06.017.
[18]黎咏蜀.饲用油菜栽培技术及营养价值研究[D].重庆:西南大学,2014.LI Y S.Study on cultivation techniques and nutritional value of feed rapeseed[D].Chongqing:Southwest University,2014.
[19]杨雪海,张巍,赵娜,陈芳,魏金涛,傅廷栋,周广生,李晓峰.油菜华油杂62不同生长期氨基酸组成及营养价值评价[J].中国油料作物学报,2017,39(2):197-203.doi:10.7505/j.issn.1007-9084.2017.02.009.YANG X H,ZHANG W,ZHAO N,CHEN F,WEI J T,FU T D,ZHOUG S,LI X F.Forage amino acid composition and nutrition of Brassica napus L.cv Huayouza 62 in different growth stages[J].Chinese Journal of Oil Crop Sciences,2017,39(2):197-203.doi:10.7505/j.issn.1007-9084.2017.02.009.
[20]孙建阁,霍子华,王锦.陕西推广种植饲料油菜的前景探析[J].中国农技推广,2014,30(2):7-8.SUN J G,HUO Z H,WANG J.Probe into the prospect of promoting the cultivation of feed rapeseed in Shaanxi[J].China Agricultural Technology Promotion,2014,30(2):7-8.
[21]傅廷栋,涂金星,张毅,陈常兵,杨祁峰,滕怀渊,牛菊兰,尹经章.在我国西北部地区麦后复种饲料油菜的研究与利用[J].中国西部科技,2004(6):4-7.FU T D,TU J X,ZHANG Y,CHEN C B,YANG Q F,TENG H Y,NIUJ L,YIN J Z.Research and utilization of post-wheat replanting feed rapeseed in northwest China[J].Science and Technology of Western China,2004(6):4-7.