露天煤矿排土场生物修复与生态重建技术
|
摘要
大型露天矿区长期高强度开采驱动下的生态累积效应,以及其导致的植被受损、土壤退化、水土流失、水文失调和地质变化,已成为恢复生态学研究中亟待解决的问题.我国露天煤矿生态环境的恢复处于发展阶段,与国外有一定差距.根据国内外矿山生态环境保护与恢复治理技术规范、生态环境状况评价技术规范、土壤环境监测技术规范、区域生物多样性评价标准等指标体系,结合我国露天煤矿排土场生物修复与生态重建的研究现状进行了系统分析.结果表明:(1)我国露天煤矿排土场生态恢复主要以地貌重塑、土地复垦和植物修复为主要手段;(2)目前露天煤矿土地复垦研究作为生态重建的重要基础,土地复垦应考虑生态效果;(3)露天煤矿排土场生物修复作为生态恢复持续进行的关键,强调土壤基质改良、适宜性强的生物种类筛选、环境因子调控措施的技术耦合.(4)通过轻量化、绿色化、生态化的重建技术提升综合治理能力和水平.
The ecological cumulative effects like vegetation damage,soil degradation, soil erosion, hydrological imbalance and geological change driven by long-term high-intensity mining in large open-pit coalmine areas have become the urgent problems to be solved in the study of restoration ecology.In view of the early development stage of restoration of ecological environment in open-pit coal mines in China and a certain gap with foreign countries,we analyzed systematically the current situation of bioremediation and ecological reconstruction for waste dump in open pit coalmine in China according some index systems used regularly at home and abroad,such as the technical norms for the protection and restoration of mine ecological environment,the technical norms for the assessment of ecological environment,the technical norms for soil environmental monitoring and the evaluation criteria for regional biodiversity,etc.The results showed that:(1) Landform remodeling,land reclamation and phyto-remediation were the main means for ecological restoration of open-pit coal mine dump in China;(2) As an important basis for ecological reconstruction,research on land reclamation in open-pit coal mine should focus on the ecological effect and always think from an ecological point of view;(3) As the key to sustainable ecological restoration,bioremediation of waste dump in open-pit coal mine should emphasize the technical coupling of soil matrix improvement,selection of adaptable biological species and environmental factors control measures.(4) The ability and level of comprehensive management could be improved through lightweight, green and ecological reconstruction technology.
The ecological cumulative effects like vegetation damage,soil degradation, soil erosion, hydrological imbalance and geological change driven by long-term high-intensity mining in large open-pit coalmine areas have become the urgent problems to be solved in the study of restoration ecology.In view of the early development stage of restoration of ecological environment in open-pit coal mines in China and a certain gap with foreign countries,we analyzed systematically the current situation of bioremediation and ecological reconstruction for waste dump in open pit coalmine in China according some index systems used regularly at home and abroad,such as the technical norms for the protection and restoration of mine ecological environment,the technical norms for the assessment of ecological environment,the technical norms for soil environmental monitoring and the evaluation criteria for regional biodiversity,etc.The results showed that:(1) Landform remodeling,land reclamation and phyto-remediation were the main means for ecological restoration of open-pit coal mine dump in China;(2) As an important basis for ecological reconstruction,research on land reclamation in open-pit coal mine should focus on the ecological effect and always think from an ecological point of view;(3) As the key to sustainable ecological restoration,bioremediation of waste dump in open-pit coal mine should emphasize the technical coupling of soil matrix improvement,selection of adaptable biological species and environmental factors control measures.(4) The ability and level of comprehensive management could be improved through lightweight, green and ecological reconstruction technology.
引文
[1] BP(英国石油公司).2018世界能源统计年鉴 [N].https://www.bp.com/ zh_cn/china/ reports-and-publications/_bp _2018 -_.html.
[2] 谢和平,王金华,申宝宏,等.煤炭开采新理念—科学开采与科学产能 [J].煤炭学报,2012,37(7):1069-1079.
[3] 编委会.中国矿床发现史综合卷 [M].北京:地质出版社,2009.
[4] 雷少刚,卞正富.西部干旱区煤炭开采环境影响研究 [J].生态学报,2014,34(11):2837-2843.
[5] 宋晓波.中国适宜露天开采的煤炭资源分布及其评价研究 [J].煤炭工程,2015,47(12):124-129.
[6] 郭义强,罗明,王军.中的典型露天煤矿排土场土地复垦技术对比研究 [J].中国矿业,2016,25(2):63-68.
[7] 张峰玮,甄选,陈传玺.世界露天煤矿发展现状及趋势 [J].中国煤炭,2014,40(11):113-116.
[8] Clint S,Philip D.Attitudes of environmental management personnel involved in surface coal mine reclamation in Alberta and British Columbia,Canada [J].Applied Geography,1998(18):275-295.
[9] Werner T,Katrin T,Heike K.Soil dumping techniques and afforestation drive ground-dwelling beetle assemblages in a 25-year-old open-cast mining reclamation area [J].Ecological Engineering,2010(36):751-756.
[10] Nishant K,Srivastava L,Ram C,et al.Reclamation of overburden and lowland in coal mining area with fly ash and selective plantation:A sustainable ecological approach [J].Ecological Engineering,2013(71)479-489.
[11] Daniel M,Evans C,Zipper E,et al.Reforestation practice for enhancement of ecosystem services on a compacted surface mine:Path toward ecosystem recovery [J].Ecological Engineering,2013(51):16-23.
[12] Subodh K M,Deblina M.Ecological restoration of waste dumps by topsoil blanketing,coir-matting and seeding with grass-legume mixture[J].Ecological Engineering,2015(77):74-84.
[13] Romane H,Céline Frére C,Banks P,B.A review of fauna in mine rehabilitation in Australia:Current state and future directions [J].Biological Conservation,2012(149):60-72.
[14] 郭建英,何京丽,李锦荣,等.典型草原大型露天煤矿排土场边坡水蚀控制效果 [J].农业工程学报,2015,31(3):296-303.
[15] 白中科,王治国,赵景逵.现代化大型露天煤矿排土场岩土侵蚀时空变异规律的研究 [C]// 安太保露天煤矿土地复垦协作组编.黄土高原地区露天煤矿土地复垦研究论文集第一集.北京:中国科学技术出版社,1995:40-46.
[16] Wu L.Species richness and selenium accumulation of plants in soils with elevated concentration of selenium and salinity [J].Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety,1991,3(22):251-251.
[17] 魏平.矿区土地复垦及保障措施探讨 [J].中国煤炭,2010(7):132-133.
[18] 杜建平,邵景安,谭少军,等.煤矿区土地复垦研究:前景与进展 [J].重庆师范大学学报,2018,35(1):131-140.
[19] 金丹,卞正富.国内外土地复垦政策法规比较与借鉴 [J].中国土地科学,2009,23(10):66-73.
[20] 胡振琪.中国土地复垦与生态重建20年:回顾与展望 [J].科技导报,2009,27(17):25-29.
[21] 白中科,李晋川,王文英,等.中国山西平朔安太堡露天煤矿退化土地生态重建研究 [J].中国土地科学,2000,14(4):1-4.
[22] 白中科,贺振伟,李晋川,等.矿区土地复垦与生态产业链总体规划设计 [J].山西农业科学,2010,38(1):51-55.
[23] 王镔,白中科,康新立,等.露天矿排土场生态分类研究 [J].煤矿环境保护,1997,11(5):7-9.
[24] 原野,赵中秋,白中科,等.露天煤矿复垦生物多样性恢复技术体系与方法以平朔矿排土场为例 [J].中国矿业,2017,26(8):93-98.
[25] 付佳.胜利矿区某露天矿排土场土地复垦技术研究 [J].露天采矿技术,2017,32(1):84-87.
[26] 胡振琪,魏忠义,秦萍.矿山复垦土壤重构的概念与方法 [J].土壤,2005,37(1):8-12.
[27] 黄铭洪,骆永明.矿区土地修复与生态恢复 [J].土壤学报,2003,40(2):161-169.
[28] Mc Cormack D E,Carlson C L.Formulation of soil reconstruction and productivity standards.In:Innovative approaches to mined land reclamation [M].Carlson and Sarishered,Carbondale:Southern Illinois University Press,1986,19-30.
[29] 胡振琪.煤矿山复垦土壤剖面重构的基本原理与方法 [J].煤炭学报,1997,22(6):59-64.
[30] Rate A W,Lee K M,French P A.Application of biosolids in mineral sands mine rehabilitation:use of stockpiled topsoil decrease strace element uptake by plants [J].Bioresource Technology,2004,91(3):223-231.
[31] Giedrius P,Vida M.Towards sustainable rural development in Central and Eastern Europe:Applying land consolidation [J].Land Use Policy,2010,27(2):545-549.
[32] 胡振琪,王萍,张明亮,等.土工布阻隔煤矸石中重金属迁移实验研究 [J].环境工程学报,2008,2(4):536-541.
[33] 李俊超,党廷辉,郭胜利,等.植被重建下煤矿排土场土壤熟化过程中碳储量变化 [J].环境科学,2014,35(10):3842-3842.
[34] Wang L Y,Han Y Z,Zhang C L,et al.Reclaimed soil properties and weathered gangue change characteristics undervarious vegetation types on gangue pile [J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2011,31(21):6429-6441.
[35] Ling Z,Wang J,Bai Z,et al.Effects of vegetation on runoff and soil erosion on reclaimed land in an opencast coal-mine dump in a loess area [J].International Joural of Sediment Research,2015(128):44-53.
[36] Mukhopadhyay S,Maiti S K,Masto R E.Use of reclaimed mine soil index (RMSI) for screening of tree species for reclamation of coal mine degraded land [J].Ecological Engineering,2013(57):133.
[37] Melina G,Vanessa G,David D.Reconciling waste rock rehabilitation goals and practice for a phosphate mine in a semi-arid environment [J].Ecological Engineering,2015(85):1-12.
[38] 金靖博,陆月皎,孙德军.恢复生态学及其在林区矿山植被修复中的应用 [J].林业勘查设计,2008(2):44-45.
[39] 项元和,于晓杰,魏勇明.露天矿排土场生态修复与植被重建技术 [J].中国水土保持科学,2013,11(S):48-54.
[40] 陈洪祥,张树礼,马建军.煤矿复垦地不同恢复模式下土壤特性研究—以黑岱沟露天煤矿为例 [J].内蒙古环境科学,2007,19(4):63-67.
[41] Ma J J,Zhang S L,Li Q F.The intrusion rule of wild plant species on reclaimed land of Heidaigou opencast coal mine and effect to ecosystem [J].Research of Environmental Sciences,2006,19(5):101-106.
[42] 梁红.矿区植被修复研究进展 [J].仲恺农业工程学院学报,2009,22(4):56-60.
[43] 刘青柏,刘明国,周广柱,等.阜新地区煤矿排土场植被恢复的研究 [J].辽宁林业科技,2005(3):22-38.
[44] 郝蓉,白中科,赵景逵,等.黄土区大型露天煤矿废弃地植被恢复过程中的植被动态 [J].生态学报,2003,23(8):1470-1476.
[45] 王尚义,石瑛,牛俊杰,等.煤矸石山不同植被恢复模式对土壤养分的影响—以山西省河东矿区1号煤矸石山为例 [J].地理学报,2013,68(3):372-379.
[46] 邢慧,张婕,白中科,等.安太堡露天矿排土场植被恢复模式与土壤因子相关性研究 [J].环境科学与管理,2015,40(1):82-85.
[47] Zhou C F,Zhao H,Sun Z Y,et al.The invasion of spartina alterniflora alters carbon dynamics in China’s Yancheng natural reserve [J].Clean Soil AirWater,2015,43(2):159-166.
[48] 丰瞻,许文年,李少丽,等.基于恢复生态学理论的裸露山体生态修复模式研究 [J].中国水土保持,2008,4:23-26.
[49] 李若愚,侯明明,卿华,等.矿山废弃地生态恢复研究进展 [J].矿产保护与利用,2007,1:50- 54.
[50] 刘国华.南京幕府山构树种群生态学及矿区废弃地植被恢复技术研究 [D].南京:南京林业大学2004.
[51] 魏东,全员,王辰星,等.国家大型煤电基地生态环境监测技术体系研究—以内蒙古锡林郭勒盟煤电基地为例 [J].生态学报,2014,34(11):2821-2829.
[52] 刘庚,毕如田,权腾,等.某焦化场地土壤中多环芳烃分布的三维空间插值研究 [J].生态学报,2014,34(11):2876-2883.
[53] 周政达,王辰星,付晓,等.基于DPSIR模型的国家大型煤电基地生态效应评估指标体系 [J].生态学报,2014,34(11):2830-2836.
[54] 卓义,于凤鸣,包玉海.内蒙古伊敏露天煤矿生态环境遥感监测 [J].内蒙古师范大学学报:自然科学汉文版,2007,36(3):358-362.
[2] 谢和平,王金华,申宝宏,等.煤炭开采新理念—科学开采与科学产能 [J].煤炭学报,2012,37(7):1069-1079.
[3] 编委会.中国矿床发现史综合卷 [M].北京:地质出版社,2009.
[4] 雷少刚,卞正富.西部干旱区煤炭开采环境影响研究 [J].生态学报,2014,34(11):2837-2843.
[5] 宋晓波.中国适宜露天开采的煤炭资源分布及其评价研究 [J].煤炭工程,2015,47(12):124-129.
[6] 郭义强,罗明,王军.中的典型露天煤矿排土场土地复垦技术对比研究 [J].中国矿业,2016,25(2):63-68.
[7] 张峰玮,甄选,陈传玺.世界露天煤矿发展现状及趋势 [J].中国煤炭,2014,40(11):113-116.
[8] Clint S,Philip D.Attitudes of environmental management personnel involved in surface coal mine reclamation in Alberta and British Columbia,Canada [J].Applied Geography,1998(18):275-295.
[9] Werner T,Katrin T,Heike K.Soil dumping techniques and afforestation drive ground-dwelling beetle assemblages in a 25-year-old open-cast mining reclamation area [J].Ecological Engineering,2010(36):751-756.
[10] Nishant K,Srivastava L,Ram C,et al.Reclamation of overburden and lowland in coal mining area with fly ash and selective plantation:A sustainable ecological approach [J].Ecological Engineering,2013(71)479-489.
[11] Daniel M,Evans C,Zipper E,et al.Reforestation practice for enhancement of ecosystem services on a compacted surface mine:Path toward ecosystem recovery [J].Ecological Engineering,2013(51):16-23.
[12] Subodh K M,Deblina M.Ecological restoration of waste dumps by topsoil blanketing,coir-matting and seeding with grass-legume mixture[J].Ecological Engineering,2015(77):74-84.
[13] Romane H,Céline Frére C,Banks P,B.A review of fauna in mine rehabilitation in Australia:Current state and future directions [J].Biological Conservation,2012(149):60-72.
[14] 郭建英,何京丽,李锦荣,等.典型草原大型露天煤矿排土场边坡水蚀控制效果 [J].农业工程学报,2015,31(3):296-303.
[15] 白中科,王治国,赵景逵.现代化大型露天煤矿排土场岩土侵蚀时空变异规律的研究 [C]// 安太保露天煤矿土地复垦协作组编.黄土高原地区露天煤矿土地复垦研究论文集第一集.北京:中国科学技术出版社,1995:40-46.
[16] Wu L.Species richness and selenium accumulation of plants in soils with elevated concentration of selenium and salinity [J].Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety,1991,3(22):251-251.
[17] 魏平.矿区土地复垦及保障措施探讨 [J].中国煤炭,2010(7):132-133.
[18] 杜建平,邵景安,谭少军,等.煤矿区土地复垦研究:前景与进展 [J].重庆师范大学学报,2018,35(1):131-140.
[19] 金丹,卞正富.国内外土地复垦政策法规比较与借鉴 [J].中国土地科学,2009,23(10):66-73.
[20] 胡振琪.中国土地复垦与生态重建20年:回顾与展望 [J].科技导报,2009,27(17):25-29.
[21] 白中科,李晋川,王文英,等.中国山西平朔安太堡露天煤矿退化土地生态重建研究 [J].中国土地科学,2000,14(4):1-4.
[22] 白中科,贺振伟,李晋川,等.矿区土地复垦与生态产业链总体规划设计 [J].山西农业科学,2010,38(1):51-55.
[23] 王镔,白中科,康新立,等.露天矿排土场生态分类研究 [J].煤矿环境保护,1997,11(5):7-9.
[24] 原野,赵中秋,白中科,等.露天煤矿复垦生物多样性恢复技术体系与方法以平朔矿排土场为例 [J].中国矿业,2017,26(8):93-98.
[25] 付佳.胜利矿区某露天矿排土场土地复垦技术研究 [J].露天采矿技术,2017,32(1):84-87.
[26] 胡振琪,魏忠义,秦萍.矿山复垦土壤重构的概念与方法 [J].土壤,2005,37(1):8-12.
[27] 黄铭洪,骆永明.矿区土地修复与生态恢复 [J].土壤学报,2003,40(2):161-169.
[28] Mc Cormack D E,Carlson C L.Formulation of soil reconstruction and productivity standards.In:Innovative approaches to mined land reclamation [M].Carlson and Sarishered,Carbondale:Southern Illinois University Press,1986,19-30.
[29] 胡振琪.煤矿山复垦土壤剖面重构的基本原理与方法 [J].煤炭学报,1997,22(6):59-64.
[30] Rate A W,Lee K M,French P A.Application of biosolids in mineral sands mine rehabilitation:use of stockpiled topsoil decrease strace element uptake by plants [J].Bioresource Technology,2004,91(3):223-231.
[31] Giedrius P,Vida M.Towards sustainable rural development in Central and Eastern Europe:Applying land consolidation [J].Land Use Policy,2010,27(2):545-549.
[32] 胡振琪,王萍,张明亮,等.土工布阻隔煤矸石中重金属迁移实验研究 [J].环境工程学报,2008,2(4):536-541.
[33] 李俊超,党廷辉,郭胜利,等.植被重建下煤矿排土场土壤熟化过程中碳储量变化 [J].环境科学,2014,35(10):3842-3842.
[34] Wang L Y,Han Y Z,Zhang C L,et al.Reclaimed soil properties and weathered gangue change characteristics undervarious vegetation types on gangue pile [J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2011,31(21):6429-6441.
[35] Ling Z,Wang J,Bai Z,et al.Effects of vegetation on runoff and soil erosion on reclaimed land in an opencast coal-mine dump in a loess area [J].International Joural of Sediment Research,2015(128):44-53.
[36] Mukhopadhyay S,Maiti S K,Masto R E.Use of reclaimed mine soil index (RMSI) for screening of tree species for reclamation of coal mine degraded land [J].Ecological Engineering,2013(57):133.
[37] Melina G,Vanessa G,David D.Reconciling waste rock rehabilitation goals and practice for a phosphate mine in a semi-arid environment [J].Ecological Engineering,2015(85):1-12.
[38] 金靖博,陆月皎,孙德军.恢复生态学及其在林区矿山植被修复中的应用 [J].林业勘查设计,2008(2):44-45.
[39] 项元和,于晓杰,魏勇明.露天矿排土场生态修复与植被重建技术 [J].中国水土保持科学,2013,11(S):48-54.
[40] 陈洪祥,张树礼,马建军.煤矿复垦地不同恢复模式下土壤特性研究—以黑岱沟露天煤矿为例 [J].内蒙古环境科学,2007,19(4):63-67.
[41] Ma J J,Zhang S L,Li Q F.The intrusion rule of wild plant species on reclaimed land of Heidaigou opencast coal mine and effect to ecosystem [J].Research of Environmental Sciences,2006,19(5):101-106.
[42] 梁红.矿区植被修复研究进展 [J].仲恺农业工程学院学报,2009,22(4):56-60.
[43] 刘青柏,刘明国,周广柱,等.阜新地区煤矿排土场植被恢复的研究 [J].辽宁林业科技,2005(3):22-38.
[44] 郝蓉,白中科,赵景逵,等.黄土区大型露天煤矿废弃地植被恢复过程中的植被动态 [J].生态学报,2003,23(8):1470-1476.
[45] 王尚义,石瑛,牛俊杰,等.煤矸石山不同植被恢复模式对土壤养分的影响—以山西省河东矿区1号煤矸石山为例 [J].地理学报,2013,68(3):372-379.
[46] 邢慧,张婕,白中科,等.安太堡露天矿排土场植被恢复模式与土壤因子相关性研究 [J].环境科学与管理,2015,40(1):82-85.
[47] Zhou C F,Zhao H,Sun Z Y,et al.The invasion of spartina alterniflora alters carbon dynamics in China’s Yancheng natural reserve [J].Clean Soil AirWater,2015,43(2):159-166.
[48] 丰瞻,许文年,李少丽,等.基于恢复生态学理论的裸露山体生态修复模式研究 [J].中国水土保持,2008,4:23-26.
[49] 李若愚,侯明明,卿华,等.矿山废弃地生态恢复研究进展 [J].矿产保护与利用,2007,1:50- 54.
[50] 刘国华.南京幕府山构树种群生态学及矿区废弃地植被恢复技术研究 [D].南京:南京林业大学2004.
[51] 魏东,全员,王辰星,等.国家大型煤电基地生态环境监测技术体系研究—以内蒙古锡林郭勒盟煤电基地为例 [J].生态学报,2014,34(11):2821-2829.
[52] 刘庚,毕如田,权腾,等.某焦化场地土壤中多环芳烃分布的三维空间插值研究 [J].生态学报,2014,34(11):2876-2883.
[53] 周政达,王辰星,付晓,等.基于DPSIR模型的国家大型煤电基地生态效应评估指标体系 [J].生态学报,2014,34(11):2830-2836.
[54] 卓义,于凤鸣,包玉海.内蒙古伊敏露天煤矿生态环境遥感监测 [J].内蒙古师范大学学报:自然科学汉文版,2007,36(3):358-362.