杉木纯林和混交林林下草本层种群生态位特征
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摘要
生态位是评价种内、种间关系以及种群在群落中功能地位的重要因子,对人工林营造和经营管理具有重要指导意义。采用Shannon-Wiener和Levins生态位宽度、Levins生态位重叠以及生态位相似性计算方法,比较杉木纯林和混交林林下草本层种群的生态位特征。结果表明:(1)植物在群落中出现的频率越高,生态位宽度越大,生态位宽度最大的华山姜(Alpinia chinensis)和狗脊(Woodwardia japonica)在2种经营方式下的资源位上出现的频率最高,说明其在群落中处于明显的优势地位,相对于生态位宽度窄的种群能更好地利用资源,具有极强的环境适应能力和竞争力。(2)生态位宽度与生态位重叠之间并没有呈明显的正相关关系,而是随该物种占用其他植物资源量的生态位重叠之和增加而增大。(3)混交林林下草本层植物种类多于纯林,且生态位宽度普遍比纯林高,植物对资源的利用程度更明显,种群在群落发展中更具优势。(4)混交林和纯林的生态位重叠指数普遍不高,种间竞争强度不强,种群存在分化现象,说明林地资源较为丰富,但混交林的生态位重叠指数和生态位相似性比例的平均值均比纯林高。总体上混交林林下草本层物种多样性和植物对资源的利用能力较高,在经营模式上优于纯林。
Niche is an important factor to evaluate intraspecific and interspecific relationships,and it is of vital significance to silviculture and plantation management. Shannon-Wiener,Levins' niche width,Levins' niche overlap and niche proportional similarity were used to compare the niche characteristics of understory herbaceous layers in Cunninghamia lanceolata pure forest and mixed forest. The results indicate that( 1) When the occurrence frequency of a plant was higher in the community,its niche was broader. Alpinia chinensis and Woodwardia japonica,with the widest niches,showed the highest frequency under both forest types. That is,the two species were dominant in the community. Compared with the species having narrow niche width,these two species can acquire resources more efficiently because of their strong environmental adaptability and competitiveness.( 2) There were no apparent positive relationships between niche width and niche overlap. However,niche width increased with the increase in the combined niche overlap by these species over that of the other plants.( 3) When compared with the pure forest,the number of plant species in the understory herbaceous layer of the mixed forest was higher,and the niche width in the mixed forest was higher than that in the pure forest. This finding indicates that the plants in the understory herbaceous layer in the mixed forest make more complete use of the resources. Moreover,plant populations in the mixed forest have better developmental advantages than the plants in the pure forest community.( 4) The niche overlapping indexes of both the mixed and pure forests were not high. The interspecific competition intensity was not strong,and there was a differentiation between the populations. The study suggests that both forest resources are abundant,but the average value of niche overlapping indexes and niche proportional similarity under mixed forest are higher than those in the pure forest. In general,compared with the pure forest,species diversity and the ability of plant species to use resources in the understory herbaceous layer in the mixed forest are higher as well as management mode.
Niche is an important factor to evaluate intraspecific and interspecific relationships,and it is of vital significance to silviculture and plantation management. Shannon-Wiener,Levins' niche width,Levins' niche overlap and niche proportional similarity were used to compare the niche characteristics of understory herbaceous layers in Cunninghamia lanceolata pure forest and mixed forest. The results indicate that( 1) When the occurrence frequency of a plant was higher in the community,its niche was broader. Alpinia chinensis and Woodwardia japonica,with the widest niches,showed the highest frequency under both forest types. That is,the two species were dominant in the community. Compared with the species having narrow niche width,these two species can acquire resources more efficiently because of their strong environmental adaptability and competitiveness.( 2) There were no apparent positive relationships between niche width and niche overlap. However,niche width increased with the increase in the combined niche overlap by these species over that of the other plants.( 3) When compared with the pure forest,the number of plant species in the understory herbaceous layer of the mixed forest was higher,and the niche width in the mixed forest was higher than that in the pure forest. This finding indicates that the plants in the understory herbaceous layer in the mixed forest make more complete use of the resources. Moreover,plant populations in the mixed forest have better developmental advantages than the plants in the pure forest community.( 4) The niche overlapping indexes of both the mixed and pure forests were not high. The interspecific competition intensity was not strong,and there was a differentiation between the populations. The study suggests that both forest resources are abundant,but the average value of niche overlapping indexes and niche proportional similarity under mixed forest are higher than those in the pure forest. In general,compared with the pure forest,species diversity and the ability of plant species to use resources in the understory herbaceous layer in the mixed forest are higher as well as management mode.
引文
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[10]铁军,李燕芬,金山,等.山西历山国家级自然保护区猕猴栖息地优势树种生态位特征[J].生态学杂志,2015,34(3):634-641.[TIE Jun,LI Yan-fen,JIN Shan,et al.Niche Characteristics of Dominant Tree Species in Macaca mulatta Habitat of Lishan National Nature Reserve,Shanxi[J].Chinese Journal of Ecology,2015,34(3):634-641.]
[11]崔丽娟,李伟,赵欣胜,等.采砂迹地型湿地恢复过程中优势种群生态位研究[J].生态科学,2013,32(1):73-77.[CUI Lijuan,LI Wei,ZHAO Xin-sheng,et al.Niche of Dominant Species in the Process of Sand-Mining Wetland Restoration[J].Ecological Science,2013,32(1):73-77.]
[12]苏智娇,张峰.山西辽东栎群落优势种群生态位研究[J].山西大学学报(自然科学版),2016,39(3):505-511.[SU Zhi-jiao,ZHANG Feng.Niche Characteristics of Dominant Populations of Quercus Wutaishanica Communities,Shanxi[J].Journal of Shanxi University(Natural Science Edition),2016,39(3):505-511.]
[13]王晓荣,程瑞梅,肖文发,等.三峡库区消落带水淹初期主要优势草本植物生态位变化特征[J].长江流域资源与环境,2016,25(3):404-411.[WANG Xiao-rong,CHENG Rui-mei,XIAOWen-fa,et al.Niche Variation of Dominant Herbaceous Plants in Waterlevel-Fluctuating Zone of Three Gorges Reservoir at the Beginning After Charging Water[J].Resources and Environment in the Yangtze Basin,2016,25(3):404-411.]
[14]黄勇来.枫香与不同树种混交林的培肥土壤功能[J].浙江林学院学报,2006,23(5):497-500.[HUANG Yong-lai.Soil Fertility Improvement in Mixed Forests of Liquidambar formosana With Other Tree Species[J].Journal of Zhejiang Forestry College,2006,23(5):497-500.]
[15]林同龙.杉木人工林近自然经营技术的应用效果研究[J].中南林业科技大学学报,2012,32(3):11-16.[LIN Tong-long.Application Effect Research on Intimate Natural Forestry Management Techniques for Cunninghamia lanceolata Plantation[J].Journal of Central South University of Forestry&Technology,2012,32(3):11-16.]
[16]苏宝川.杉木人工纯林与混交林下土壤肥力分析[J].安徽农学通报,2007,13(1):138-139.[SU Bao-chuan.Analysis on Fertility of the Soils Beneath Pure and Mixed Chinese Fir Planations[J].Anhui Agricultural Science Bulletin,2007,13(1):138-139.]
[17]ABRAMS P A.Alternative Models of Character Displacement and Niche Shift:Ⅰ.Adaptive Shifts in Resource Use When There is Competition for Nutritionally Nonsubstitutable Resources[J].Evolution,1987,41(3):651-661.
[18]TILMAN D.Resource Competition and Community Structure[M].Princeton,USA:Princeton University Press,1982:88-91.
[19]WALKER B.Conserving Biological Diversity Through Ecosystem Resilience[J].Conservation Biology,1995,9(4):747-752.
[20]汪建华,周先容,尚进,等.金佛山巴山榧树灌丛群落主要木本植物种群生态位特征[J].生态学杂志,2014,33(5):1135-1141.[WANG Jian-hua,ZHOU Xian-rong,SHANG Jin,et al.Niche Characteristics of Dominant Woody Plant Populations in a Torreya fargesii Shrub Community in the Jinfo Mountains[J].Chinese Journal of Ecology,2014,33(5):1135-1141.]
[21]符饶,郝建锋,李艳,等.青衣江中游河滨草本植物生态位和物种多样性[J].湿地科学,2016,14(4):546-552.[FU Rao,HAOJian-feng,LI Yan,et al.Niche and Species Diversity of Riparian Herbaceous Plants in the Middle Reaches of the Qingyijiang River[J].Wetland Science,2016,14(4):546-552.]
[22]奚为民.怀柔山区灌丛群落优势种群生态位的研究[J].植物生态学与地植物学学报,1993,17(4):324-330.[XI Wei-min.Niche Research of Scrub Dominant Population in Huairou Mountainous Region of Beijing Area[J].Acta Phytoecologica et Geobotanica Sinica,1993,17(4):324-330.]
[2]MRIALIGETI S,TINYA F,BIDLA,et al.Environmental Drivers of the Composition and Diversity of the Herb Layer in Mixed Temperate Forests in Hungary[J].Plant Ecology,2016,217(5):549-563.
[3]许诺,林开敏,吴培培,等.杉木老龄林乔木层主要树种生态位研究[J].森林与环境学报,2017,37(3):330-335.[XU Nuo,LIN Kai-min,WU Pei-pei,et al.Niche of Main Species in the Tree Layer of Old-Growth Chinese Fir Forest[J].Journal of Forest and Environment,2017,37(3):330-335.]
[4]杨超,田大伦,胡曰利,等.连栽杉木林林下植被生物量动态格局[J].生态学报,2011,31(10):2737-2747.[YANG Chao,TIAN Da-lun,HU Yue-li,et al.Dynamics of Understory Vegetation Biomass in Successive Rotations of Chinese Fir(Cunninghamia lanceolata)Plantations[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2011,31(10):2737-2747.]
[5]张象君,王庆成,王石磊,等.小兴安岭落叶松人工纯林近自然化改造对林下植物多样性的影响[J].林业科学,2011,47(1):6-14.[ZHANG Xiang-jun,WANG Qing-cheng,WANG Shi-lei,et al.Effect of the Close-to-Nature Transformation of Larix gmelinii Pure Stands on Plant Diversity of Understory Vegetation in Xiaoxing'an Mountains of China[J].Scientia Silvae Sinicae,2011,47(1):6-14.]
[6]宋永昌.植被生态学[M].上海:华东师范大学出版社,2001:44-45.
[7]PETRAITIS P S.Likelihood Measures of Niche Breadth and Overlap[J].Ecology,1979,60(4):703-710.
[8]LEVINS R.Evolution in Changing Environments:Some Theoretical Explorations[M].Princeton,USA:Princeton University Press,1968:121-123.
[9]张金屯.数量生态学[M].北京:科学出版社,2004:111-112.
[10]铁军,李燕芬,金山,等.山西历山国家级自然保护区猕猴栖息地优势树种生态位特征[J].生态学杂志,2015,34(3):634-641.[TIE Jun,LI Yan-fen,JIN Shan,et al.Niche Characteristics of Dominant Tree Species in Macaca mulatta Habitat of Lishan National Nature Reserve,Shanxi[J].Chinese Journal of Ecology,2015,34(3):634-641.]
[11]崔丽娟,李伟,赵欣胜,等.采砂迹地型湿地恢复过程中优势种群生态位研究[J].生态科学,2013,32(1):73-77.[CUI Lijuan,LI Wei,ZHAO Xin-sheng,et al.Niche of Dominant Species in the Process of Sand-Mining Wetland Restoration[J].Ecological Science,2013,32(1):73-77.]
[12]苏智娇,张峰.山西辽东栎群落优势种群生态位研究[J].山西大学学报(自然科学版),2016,39(3):505-511.[SU Zhi-jiao,ZHANG Feng.Niche Characteristics of Dominant Populations of Quercus Wutaishanica Communities,Shanxi[J].Journal of Shanxi University(Natural Science Edition),2016,39(3):505-511.]
[13]王晓荣,程瑞梅,肖文发,等.三峡库区消落带水淹初期主要优势草本植物生态位变化特征[J].长江流域资源与环境,2016,25(3):404-411.[WANG Xiao-rong,CHENG Rui-mei,XIAOWen-fa,et al.Niche Variation of Dominant Herbaceous Plants in Waterlevel-Fluctuating Zone of Three Gorges Reservoir at the Beginning After Charging Water[J].Resources and Environment in the Yangtze Basin,2016,25(3):404-411.]
[14]黄勇来.枫香与不同树种混交林的培肥土壤功能[J].浙江林学院学报,2006,23(5):497-500.[HUANG Yong-lai.Soil Fertility Improvement in Mixed Forests of Liquidambar formosana With Other Tree Species[J].Journal of Zhejiang Forestry College,2006,23(5):497-500.]
[15]林同龙.杉木人工林近自然经营技术的应用效果研究[J].中南林业科技大学学报,2012,32(3):11-16.[LIN Tong-long.Application Effect Research on Intimate Natural Forestry Management Techniques for Cunninghamia lanceolata Plantation[J].Journal of Central South University of Forestry&Technology,2012,32(3):11-16.]
[16]苏宝川.杉木人工纯林与混交林下土壤肥力分析[J].安徽农学通报,2007,13(1):138-139.[SU Bao-chuan.Analysis on Fertility of the Soils Beneath Pure and Mixed Chinese Fir Planations[J].Anhui Agricultural Science Bulletin,2007,13(1):138-139.]
[17]ABRAMS P A.Alternative Models of Character Displacement and Niche Shift:Ⅰ.Adaptive Shifts in Resource Use When There is Competition for Nutritionally Nonsubstitutable Resources[J].Evolution,1987,41(3):651-661.
[18]TILMAN D.Resource Competition and Community Structure[M].Princeton,USA:Princeton University Press,1982:88-91.
[19]WALKER B.Conserving Biological Diversity Through Ecosystem Resilience[J].Conservation Biology,1995,9(4):747-752.
[20]汪建华,周先容,尚进,等.金佛山巴山榧树灌丛群落主要木本植物种群生态位特征[J].生态学杂志,2014,33(5):1135-1141.[WANG Jian-hua,ZHOU Xian-rong,SHANG Jin,et al.Niche Characteristics of Dominant Woody Plant Populations in a Torreya fargesii Shrub Community in the Jinfo Mountains[J].Chinese Journal of Ecology,2014,33(5):1135-1141.]
[21]符饶,郝建锋,李艳,等.青衣江中游河滨草本植物生态位和物种多样性[J].湿地科学,2016,14(4):546-552.[FU Rao,HAOJian-feng,LI Yan,et al.Niche and Species Diversity of Riparian Herbaceous Plants in the Middle Reaches of the Qingyijiang River[J].Wetland Science,2016,14(4):546-552.]
[22]奚为民.怀柔山区灌丛群落优势种群生态位的研究[J].植物生态学与地植物学学报,1993,17(4):324-330.[XI Wei-min.Niche Research of Scrub Dominant Population in Huairou Mountainous Region of Beijing Area[J].Acta Phytoecologica et Geobotanica Sinica,1993,17(4):324-330.]