不同环境因子对毛颚动物的影响和毛颚动物生态研究综述
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摘要
毛颚动物又称箭虫,是海洋中的次级生产力代表之一。毛颚动物的呼吸受温度影响较大,因此其丰度会受到水温的调节作用。盐度>25时,毛颚动物种类多丰度低,但也有一些耐高盐的种类可在高盐环境中有高丰度。许多研究表明,海流和海洋锋对毛颚动物分布产生显著影响,海流可将毛颚动物携至不同水层甚至不同气候带。毛颚动物有迁移现象并呈垂直分布,这与捕食相联系,不同毛颚动物之间遵循空间、时间、食物型分离的生态规则,以减少种间竞争。毛颚动物对其捕食对象的摄食压力较大,此外,还产生可快速下沉的粪粒,在有机物向下输送过程有一定作用。
Chaetognatha, also known as arrow worms, are a group of animals representing a part of the secondary productivity in ocean. Their breathing is greatly affected by temperature. Therefore, their abundance is regulated by water temperature. When the salinity is >25, the species of Chaetognatha are diverse, but their abundance is low. Some species have high salinity tolerances and high abundances at high salinities. Many studies have shown that ocean currents and ocean fronts have significant impacts on the distribution of Chaetognatha. Ocean currents can move Chaetognatha to different water layers and even different climatic zones. Relating to predation, Chaetognatha have migration behaviors and are vertically distributed. Different species follow the ecological rules of space, time and food type separation to reduce interspecific competition. Chaetognatha have greater feeding pressures on their predators. In addition, they produce fecal granules which sink quickly and play roles in the downward transport of organic matter.
Chaetognatha, also known as arrow worms, are a group of animals representing a part of the secondary productivity in ocean. Their breathing is greatly affected by temperature. Therefore, their abundance is regulated by water temperature. When the salinity is >25, the species of Chaetognatha are diverse, but their abundance is low. Some species have high salinity tolerances and high abundances at high salinities. Many studies have shown that ocean currents and ocean fronts have significant impacts on the distribution of Chaetognatha. Ocean currents can move Chaetognatha to different water layers and even different climatic zones. Relating to predation, Chaetognatha have migration behaviors and are vertically distributed. Different species follow the ecological rules of space, time and food type separation to reduce interspecific competition. Chaetognatha have greater feeding pressures on their predators. In addition, they produce fecal granules which sink quickly and play roles in the downward transport of organic matter.
引文
[1] 杨德渐,孙世春.海洋无脊椎动物学[M].青岛:中国海洋大学出版社,2005:542-546.
[2] 萧贻昌.中国动物志无脊椎动物第38卷毛颚动物门[M].北京:科学出版社,2004.
[3] 刘青,曲晗,张硕,等.强壮箭虫对温度、盐度的耐受性研究[J].海洋湖沼通报,2007,(1):111-116.
[4] 刘青,朱海燕,刘芳等.温度、盐度对强壮箭虫耗氧率和窒息点的影响[J].应用生态学报,2011,22(11):3081-3086.
[5] Tsutomu Ikeda,Tomokazu Takahashi.Synthesis towards a global-bathymetric model of metabolism and chemical composition of marine pelagic chaetognaths[J].Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology.2012.424:78-88.
[6] 戴燕玉.南黄海和东海毛颚类生态特征的研究Ⅰ.数量分布的特征[J].海洋学报(中文版),2006,28(6):106-111.
[7] Nagai Naoki,Tadokoro Kazuaki,Kuroda Kazunori,et al..Occurrence characteristics of chaetognath species along the PM transect in the Japan sea during 1972-2002[J].Journal of Oceanography.2006.62(5):597-606.
[8] Nagai Naoki,Tadokoro Kazuaki,Kuroda Kazunori.et al..Chaetognath species-specific responses to climate regime shifts in the Tsushima Warm Current of the Japan Sea [J].Plankton and Benthos Research.2008.3(2):86-95.
[9] Miho Ozawa,Atsushi Yamaguchi,Tsutomu Ikeda,et al..Abundance and community structure of chaetognaths from the epipelagic through abyssopelagic zones in the western North Pacific and its adjacent seas[J].Plankton and Benthos Research.2007.2(4):184.
[10] 李开枝,尹健强,黄良民,等.珠江口毛颚类的生态研究[J].海洋环境科学,2009,28(5):506-510.
[11] Mahsa Haghi,Ahmad Savari,Simin Dehghan Madiseh,et al..Abundance of pelagic chaetognaths in northwestern Persian Gulf[J].Plankton and Benthos Research.2010.5(1):44-48.
[12] T.-H.Liang,K.Ara,L.B.Miranda,et al..On the variability of the chaetognath Sagitta friderici Ritter-Zahony at Cananeia Lagoon Estuarine system,Sao Paulo,Brazil[J].Hydrobiologia.2003.510(1):91-102.
[13] 林强,尹健强,黄良民,等.南沙群岛海区上层毛颚类的种类组成和丰度分布[J].海洋学报(中文版),2010,32(5):100-109.
[14] 毕洪生,孙松,高尚武,等.渤海浮游动物群落生态特点Ⅰ.种类组成与群落结构[J].生态学报,2000,20(5):715-721.
[15] Segura L,Hernandez RM,Morones L.Distribution and abundance of Chaetognatha in the region of the COSTA-RICA DOME[J].Revista de Biologia Tropical.1992.40(1):35-42.
[16] Noblezada Mary Mar P.,Campos Wilfredo L..Chaetognath assemblages along the Pacific Coast and adjacent inland waters of the Philippines:relative importance of oceanographic and biological factors[J].ICES Journal of Marine Science.2012.69(3):410-420.
[17] Xabier Irigoien,David V.P.Conway,Roger P.Harris.Flexible diel vertical migration behaviour of zooplankton in the Irish Sea[J].Marine Ecology Progress Series.2004.267:85-97.
[18] R.Giesecke,H.E.Gonz lez.Distribution and feeding of chaetognaths in the epipelagic zone of the Lazarev Sea (Antarctica) during austral summer[J].Polar Biology.2012.35(5):689-703.
[19] Francisco Villenas,Sergio Palma,Daniela Soto.Chaetognath Spatial Distribution and how Egg-carrying Affects the Vertical Distribution of Sagitta Tasmanica off Southern Chile[J].Scientia Marina.2009.73(1):29-38.
[20] K.K.Kusum,G.Vineetha,T.V.Raveendran,et al..Impact of oxygen-depleted water on the vertical distribution of chaetognaths in the northeastern Arabian Sea[J].Deep Sea Research Part I:Oceanographic Research Papers.2011.58(12):1163-1174.
[21] 尹健强,张谷贤,谭烨辉,等.三亚湾浮游动物的种类组成与数量分布[J].热带海洋学报,2004,23(5):1-9.
[22] Alle A.Y.Lie,Pan Tse,Chong Kim Wong.Diel vertical migration and feeding of three species of chaetognaths (Flaccisagitta enflata,Aidanosagitta delicata and Aidanosagitta neglecta) in two shallow subtropical bays in Hong Kong[J].Journal of Plankton Research.2012.34(8):670-684.
[23] George Kehayias,Dimitris Kourouvakalis.Diel vertical migration and feeding of chaetognaths in coastal waters of the eastern Mediterranean[J].Biologia.2010.65(2):301-308.
[24] 徐晓群,曾江宁,陈全震,等.浙江三门湾浮游动物优势种空间生态位[J].应用生态学报,2013,(3):818-824.
[25] Brodeur Richard D,Terazaki Makoto.Springtime abundance of chaetognaths in the shelf region of the northern Gulf of Alaska,with observations on the vertical distribution and feeding of Sagitta elegans[J].Fisheries Oceanography.1999.8(2):93-103.
[26] Grant GC.Chaetognatha from the central and southern middle Atlantic Bight-species composition,temperature-salinity relationships and interspecific associations[J].Fishery Bulletin.1991.89(1):33-40.
[27] 刘青,曲晗,张硕,等.强壮箭虫摄食生态的实验研究[J].水产学报,2006,30(6):767-772.
[28] 刘青,刘芳,朱海燕,等.光照、体长对强壮箭虫摄食强度和日粮的影响[J].海洋湖沼通报,2009,(1):155-161.
[29] 金鑫,李超伦,孙松,等.基于脂肪酸标记的长江口海区浮游动物常见种食性分析[J].海洋与湖沼,2012,(6):1083-1090.
[30] Delphine Bonnet,Penelope K.Lindeque,Roger P.Harris.Sagitta setosa predation on Calanus helgolandicus in the English Channel[J].Journal of Plankton Research.2010.32(5):725-737.
[31] Baier CT,Purcell JE.Trophic interactions of chaetognaths,larval fish and zooplankton in the South Atlantic Bight[J].Marine Ecology Progress Series.1997.146(1/3):43-53.
[32] 王倩,孙松,霍元子,等.胶州湾毛颚类生态学研究[J].海洋与湖沼,2010,41(4):639-644.
[33] Choe N,Deibel D,Thompson RJ,et al..Seasonal variation in the biochemical composition of the chaetognath Parasagitta elegans from the hyperbenthic zone of Conception Bay,Newfoundland[J].Marine Ecology Progress Series.2003.251:191-200.
[34] Hideaki Nomura,Kumi Aihara,Takashi Ishimaru.Feeding of the chaetognath Sagitta crassa Tokioka in heavily eutrophicated Tokyo Bay,Japan[J].Plankton and Benthos Research.2007.2(3):120.
[35] 霍元子,孙松,杨波,等.南黄海强壮箭虫(Sagitta crassa)的生活史特征[J].海洋与湖沼,2010,41(2):180-185.
[36] Giesecke Ricardo,González Humberto E.,Bathmann Ulrich.The role of the chaetognath Sagitta gazellae in the vertical carbon flux of the Southern Ocean[J].Polar Biology.2010.33(30):293-304.
[2] 萧贻昌.中国动物志无脊椎动物第38卷毛颚动物门[M].北京:科学出版社,2004.
[3] 刘青,曲晗,张硕,等.强壮箭虫对温度、盐度的耐受性研究[J].海洋湖沼通报,2007,(1):111-116.
[4] 刘青,朱海燕,刘芳等.温度、盐度对强壮箭虫耗氧率和窒息点的影响[J].应用生态学报,2011,22(11):3081-3086.
[5] Tsutomu Ikeda,Tomokazu Takahashi.Synthesis towards a global-bathymetric model of metabolism and chemical composition of marine pelagic chaetognaths[J].Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology.2012.424:78-88.
[6] 戴燕玉.南黄海和东海毛颚类生态特征的研究Ⅰ.数量分布的特征[J].海洋学报(中文版),2006,28(6):106-111.
[7] Nagai Naoki,Tadokoro Kazuaki,Kuroda Kazunori,et al..Occurrence characteristics of chaetognath species along the PM transect in the Japan sea during 1972-2002[J].Journal of Oceanography.2006.62(5):597-606.
[8] Nagai Naoki,Tadokoro Kazuaki,Kuroda Kazunori.et al..Chaetognath species-specific responses to climate regime shifts in the Tsushima Warm Current of the Japan Sea [J].Plankton and Benthos Research.2008.3(2):86-95.
[9] Miho Ozawa,Atsushi Yamaguchi,Tsutomu Ikeda,et al..Abundance and community structure of chaetognaths from the epipelagic through abyssopelagic zones in the western North Pacific and its adjacent seas[J].Plankton and Benthos Research.2007.2(4):184.
[10] 李开枝,尹健强,黄良民,等.珠江口毛颚类的生态研究[J].海洋环境科学,2009,28(5):506-510.
[11] Mahsa Haghi,Ahmad Savari,Simin Dehghan Madiseh,et al..Abundance of pelagic chaetognaths in northwestern Persian Gulf[J].Plankton and Benthos Research.2010.5(1):44-48.
[12] T.-H.Liang,K.Ara,L.B.Miranda,et al..On the variability of the chaetognath Sagitta friderici Ritter-Zahony at Cananeia Lagoon Estuarine system,Sao Paulo,Brazil[J].Hydrobiologia.2003.510(1):91-102.
[13] 林强,尹健强,黄良民,等.南沙群岛海区上层毛颚类的种类组成和丰度分布[J].海洋学报(中文版),2010,32(5):100-109.
[14] 毕洪生,孙松,高尚武,等.渤海浮游动物群落生态特点Ⅰ.种类组成与群落结构[J].生态学报,2000,20(5):715-721.
[15] Segura L,Hernandez RM,Morones L.Distribution and abundance of Chaetognatha in the region of the COSTA-RICA DOME[J].Revista de Biologia Tropical.1992.40(1):35-42.
[16] Noblezada Mary Mar P.,Campos Wilfredo L..Chaetognath assemblages along the Pacific Coast and adjacent inland waters of the Philippines:relative importance of oceanographic and biological factors[J].ICES Journal of Marine Science.2012.69(3):410-420.
[17] Xabier Irigoien,David V.P.Conway,Roger P.Harris.Flexible diel vertical migration behaviour of zooplankton in the Irish Sea[J].Marine Ecology Progress Series.2004.267:85-97.
[18] R.Giesecke,H.E.Gonz lez.Distribution and feeding of chaetognaths in the epipelagic zone of the Lazarev Sea (Antarctica) during austral summer[J].Polar Biology.2012.35(5):689-703.
[19] Francisco Villenas,Sergio Palma,Daniela Soto.Chaetognath Spatial Distribution and how Egg-carrying Affects the Vertical Distribution of Sagitta Tasmanica off Southern Chile[J].Scientia Marina.2009.73(1):29-38.
[20] K.K.Kusum,G.Vineetha,T.V.Raveendran,et al..Impact of oxygen-depleted water on the vertical distribution of chaetognaths in the northeastern Arabian Sea[J].Deep Sea Research Part I:Oceanographic Research Papers.2011.58(12):1163-1174.
[21] 尹健强,张谷贤,谭烨辉,等.三亚湾浮游动物的种类组成与数量分布[J].热带海洋学报,2004,23(5):1-9.
[22] Alle A.Y.Lie,Pan Tse,Chong Kim Wong.Diel vertical migration and feeding of three species of chaetognaths (Flaccisagitta enflata,Aidanosagitta delicata and Aidanosagitta neglecta) in two shallow subtropical bays in Hong Kong[J].Journal of Plankton Research.2012.34(8):670-684.
[23] George Kehayias,Dimitris Kourouvakalis.Diel vertical migration and feeding of chaetognaths in coastal waters of the eastern Mediterranean[J].Biologia.2010.65(2):301-308.
[24] 徐晓群,曾江宁,陈全震,等.浙江三门湾浮游动物优势种空间生态位[J].应用生态学报,2013,(3):818-824.
[25] Brodeur Richard D,Terazaki Makoto.Springtime abundance of chaetognaths in the shelf region of the northern Gulf of Alaska,with observations on the vertical distribution and feeding of Sagitta elegans[J].Fisheries Oceanography.1999.8(2):93-103.
[26] Grant GC.Chaetognatha from the central and southern middle Atlantic Bight-species composition,temperature-salinity relationships and interspecific associations[J].Fishery Bulletin.1991.89(1):33-40.
[27] 刘青,曲晗,张硕,等.强壮箭虫摄食生态的实验研究[J].水产学报,2006,30(6):767-772.
[28] 刘青,刘芳,朱海燕,等.光照、体长对强壮箭虫摄食强度和日粮的影响[J].海洋湖沼通报,2009,(1):155-161.
[29] 金鑫,李超伦,孙松,等.基于脂肪酸标记的长江口海区浮游动物常见种食性分析[J].海洋与湖沼,2012,(6):1083-1090.
[30] Delphine Bonnet,Penelope K.Lindeque,Roger P.Harris.Sagitta setosa predation on Calanus helgolandicus in the English Channel[J].Journal of Plankton Research.2010.32(5):725-737.
[31] Baier CT,Purcell JE.Trophic interactions of chaetognaths,larval fish and zooplankton in the South Atlantic Bight[J].Marine Ecology Progress Series.1997.146(1/3):43-53.
[32] 王倩,孙松,霍元子,等.胶州湾毛颚类生态学研究[J].海洋与湖沼,2010,41(4):639-644.
[33] Choe N,Deibel D,Thompson RJ,et al..Seasonal variation in the biochemical composition of the chaetognath Parasagitta elegans from the hyperbenthic zone of Conception Bay,Newfoundland[J].Marine Ecology Progress Series.2003.251:191-200.
[34] Hideaki Nomura,Kumi Aihara,Takashi Ishimaru.Feeding of the chaetognath Sagitta crassa Tokioka in heavily eutrophicated Tokyo Bay,Japan[J].Plankton and Benthos Research.2007.2(3):120.
[35] 霍元子,孙松,杨波,等.南黄海强壮箭虫(Sagitta crassa)的生活史特征[J].海洋与湖沼,2010,41(2):180-185.
[36] Giesecke Ricardo,González Humberto E.,Bathmann Ulrich.The role of the chaetognath Sagitta gazellae in the vertical carbon flux of the Southern Ocean[J].Polar Biology.2010.33(30):293-304.
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