液氮冷却作用下高温花岗岩损伤实验
|
摘要
液氮作用于高温岩石能够损伤致裂岩石,因此可用于提高干热岩地层的钻井和压裂效率。为研究液氮快速冷却高温岩石对其物理和力学性质的影响规律,分别采用液氮冷却和自然冷却对不同温度(25～600℃)的干燥花岗岩岩样进行处理,通过对比两种处理方式下岩样的声波速度、渗透率、抗拉及单轴抗压强度的差异,得到液氮冷却对高温花岗岩的损伤特性。结果表明:液氮冷却可有效损伤高温花岗岩;对于实验中150～600℃的花岗岩,经液氮冷却产生的损伤能使其波速降低4.13%～10.04%,渗透率提高0.21～182.80倍,抗拉强度降低4.95%～34.54%,抗压强度降低13.95%～29.30%,弹性模量降低7.33%～45.74%;冷却前岩石温度越高,冷却过程中产生的热应力越大,冷却损伤程度越大。
High temperature rocks can be cracked or damaged when they contact with liquid nitrogen, and thus this method can be used to improve the efficiency of drilling and fracturing in hot dry rock formations. To study the effect of liquid nitrogen cooling on the physical and mechanical properties of hot rocks, air and liquid nitrogen were used to cool dry granite rock samples at different temperature of 25-600 ℃, and the sound velocity, permeability, tensile strength and uniaxial compressive strength of the rock samples were measured and compared. The experimental results show that liquid nitrogen cooling can effectively crack and damage the high temperature granite. The damage to the granite samples under 150-600 ℃ caused by liquid nitrogen cooling can lead the wave velocity decreasing 4.13%-10.04%, the permeability increasing 0.21-182.80 times, the tensile strength decreasing 4.95%-34.54%, the compressive strength decreasing 13.95%-29.30%, and the elastic modulus decreasing 7.33%-45.74%. It is notable that the higher of the temperature of rocks before cooling, the greater thermal stress can be resulted from the cooling process, and the greater degree of cooling damage can be caused.
High temperature rocks can be cracked or damaged when they contact with liquid nitrogen, and thus this method can be used to improve the efficiency of drilling and fracturing in hot dry rock formations. To study the effect of liquid nitrogen cooling on the physical and mechanical properties of hot rocks, air and liquid nitrogen were used to cool dry granite rock samples at different temperature of 25-600 ℃, and the sound velocity, permeability, tensile strength and uniaxial compressive strength of the rock samples were measured and compared. The experimental results show that liquid nitrogen cooling can effectively crack and damage the high temperature granite. The damage to the granite samples under 150-600 ℃ caused by liquid nitrogen cooling can lead the wave velocity decreasing 4.13%-10.04%, the permeability increasing 0.21-182.80 times, the tensile strength decreasing 4.95%-34.54%, the compressive strength decreasing 13.95%-29.30%, and the elastic modulus decreasing 7.33%-45.74%. It is notable that the higher of the temperature of rocks before cooling, the greater thermal stress can be resulted from the cooling process, and the greater degree of cooling damage can be caused.
引文
[1] 许天福,袁益龙,姜振蛟,等.干热岩资源和增强型地热工程:国际经验和我国展望[J].吉林大学学报(地球科学版),2016,46(4):1139-1152.XU Tianfu,YUAN Yilong,JIANG Zhenjiao,et al.Hot dry rock and enhanced geothermal engineering:international experience and China prospect[J].Journal of Jilin University(Earth Science Edition),2016,46(4):1139-1152.
[2] SIRATOVICH P A,SASS I,HOMUTH S,et al.Thermal stimulation of geothermal reservoirs and laboratory investigation of thermally-induced fractures:Geothermal Resources Council Annual Meeting[R].San Diego,California,USA:Transactions Geothemal Resources,2011:1529-1535.
[3] KIM K,KEMENY J.Effect of thermal shock and rapid unloading on mechanical rock properties:43rd US Rock Mechanics Symposium & 4th US-Canada Rock Mechanics Symposium,28 Tune-1 July,Asheville,North Carolina[C].Asheville,North Carolina,USA:American Rock Mechanics Association,2009.
[4] BRADFORD J,OHREN M,OSBORN W L,et al.Thermal stimulation and injectivity testing at raft river,ID EGS site[R].Proeeedings,Thirty-Ninth Workshop on Geothermal Reservoir Engineering Stanford:Stan ford University,2014.
[5] 郤保平,赵阳升.600 ℃内高温状态花岗岩遇水冷却后力学特性试验研究[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2010,29(5):892-898.XI Baoping,ZHAO Yangsheng.Experimental research on mechanical properties of water-cooled granite under high temperatures within 600 ℃[J].Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering,2010,29(5):892-898.
[6] GRUNDMANN S R,RODVELT G D,DIALS G A,et al.Cryogenic nitrogen as a hydraulic fracturing fluid in the devonian shale[R].SPE 51067,1998.
[7] MCDANIEL B,GRUNDMANN S R,KENDRICK W D,et al.Field applications of cryogenic nitrogen as a hydraulic fracturing fluid[R].SPE 38623,1997.
[8] 蔡承政,李根生,黄中伟,等.液氮压裂中液氮对岩石破坏的影响试验[J].中国石油大学学报(自然科学版),2014,38(4):98-103.CAI Chengzheng,LI Gensheng,HUANG Zhongwei,et al.Experimental study on effect of liquid nitrogen on rock failure during cryogenic nitrogen fracturing[J].Journal of China University of Petroleum(Edition of Natural Science),2014,38(4):98-103.
[9] CHA M,YIN X,KNEAFSEY T,et al.Cryogenic fracturing for reservoir stimulatio—laboratory studies[J].Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering,2014,124:436-450.
[10] ALQATAHNI N B,CHA M,YAO B,et al.Experimental investigation of cryogenic fracturing of rock specimens under true triaxial confining stresses[R].SPE 180071,2016.
[11] 任韶然,范志坤,张亮,等.液氮对煤岩的冷冲击作用机制及试验研究[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2013,32(增2):3790-3794.REN Shaoran,FAN Zhikun,ZHANG Liang,et al.Mechanisms and experimental study of thermal-shock effect on coal-rock using liquid nitrogen[J].Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering,2013,32(sup2):3790-3794.
[12] 黄中伟,位江巍,李根生,等.液氮冻结对岩石抗拉及抗压强度影响试验研究[J].岩土力学,2016,37(3):694-700,834.HUANG Zhongwei,WEI Jiangwei,LI Gensheng,et al.An experimental study of tensile and compressive strength of rocks under cryogenic nitrogen freezing[J].Rock and Soil Mechanics,2016,37(3):694-700,834.
[13] 蔡承政,李根生,黄中伟,等.液氮冻结条件下岩石孔隙结构损伤试验研究[J].岩土力学,2014,35(4):965-971.CAI Chengzheng,LI Gensheng,HUANG Zhongwei,et al.Experiment study of rock porous structure damage under cryogenic nitrogen freezing[J].Rock and Soil Mechanics,2014,35(4):965-971.
[14] 蔡承政,李根生,黄中伟,等.液氮对页岩的致裂效应及在压裂中应用分析[J].中国石油大学学报(自然科学版).2016,40(1):79-85.CAI Chengzheng,LI Gensheng,HUANG Zhongwei,et al.Thermal cracking effect of liquid nitrogen on shale and its application analysis in hydraulic fracturing[J].Journal of China University of Petroleum(Edition of Natural Science),2016,40(1):79-85.
[15] 席道瑛,谢端,易良坤,等.温度对岩石模量和波速的影响[J].岩石力学与工程学报,1998,17(增):802-807.XI Daoying,XIE Duan,YI Liangkun,et al.Effects of temperature on rock's modulus and wave velocity[J].Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering,1998,17(sup):802-807.
[16] 席道瑛.花岗岩中矿物相变的物性特征[J].矿物学报,1994,14(3):223-227.XI Daoying.Physical characteristics of mineral phase transition in the granite[J].Acta Mineralogica Sinica,1994,14(3):223-227.
[17] 李智慧,师俊平,汤安民.脆性材料压剪断裂方向影响因素的宏细观分析[J].西安理工大学学报,2011,27(3):280-284.LI Zhihui,SHI Junping,TANG Anmin.Discussions on fracture factors of brittle materials under the shear-compression condition[J].Journal of Xi'an University of Technology,2011,27(3):280-284.
[18] KUMARI W,RANJITH P,PERERA M,et al.Temperature-dependent mechanical behaviour of Australian strathbogie granite with different cooling treatments[J].Engineering Geology,2017,229:31-44.
[19] 周青春.温度,孔隙水和应力作用下砂岩的力学特性研究[D].武汉:中国科学院武汉岩土力学研究所,2006.ZHOU Qingchun.Study on the mechanical property of a sandstone under geothermal-mechanical and hydraulic-mechanical coupling [D].Wuhan:Institute of Rock and Soil Mechanics,Chinese Academy of Sciences,2006.
[2] SIRATOVICH P A,SASS I,HOMUTH S,et al.Thermal stimulation of geothermal reservoirs and laboratory investigation of thermally-induced fractures:Geothermal Resources Council Annual Meeting[R].San Diego,California,USA:Transactions Geothemal Resources,2011:1529-1535.
[3] KIM K,KEMENY J.Effect of thermal shock and rapid unloading on mechanical rock properties:43rd US Rock Mechanics Symposium & 4th US-Canada Rock Mechanics Symposium,28 Tune-1 July,Asheville,North Carolina[C].Asheville,North Carolina,USA:American Rock Mechanics Association,2009.
[4] BRADFORD J,OHREN M,OSBORN W L,et al.Thermal stimulation and injectivity testing at raft river,ID EGS site[R].Proeeedings,Thirty-Ninth Workshop on Geothermal Reservoir Engineering Stanford:Stan ford University,2014.
[5] 郤保平,赵阳升.600 ℃内高温状态花岗岩遇水冷却后力学特性试验研究[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2010,29(5):892-898.XI Baoping,ZHAO Yangsheng.Experimental research on mechanical properties of water-cooled granite under high temperatures within 600 ℃[J].Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering,2010,29(5):892-898.
[6] GRUNDMANN S R,RODVELT G D,DIALS G A,et al.Cryogenic nitrogen as a hydraulic fracturing fluid in the devonian shale[R].SPE 51067,1998.
[7] MCDANIEL B,GRUNDMANN S R,KENDRICK W D,et al.Field applications of cryogenic nitrogen as a hydraulic fracturing fluid[R].SPE 38623,1997.
[8] 蔡承政,李根生,黄中伟,等.液氮压裂中液氮对岩石破坏的影响试验[J].中国石油大学学报(自然科学版),2014,38(4):98-103.CAI Chengzheng,LI Gensheng,HUANG Zhongwei,et al.Experimental study on effect of liquid nitrogen on rock failure during cryogenic nitrogen fracturing[J].Journal of China University of Petroleum(Edition of Natural Science),2014,38(4):98-103.
[9] CHA M,YIN X,KNEAFSEY T,et al.Cryogenic fracturing for reservoir stimulatio—laboratory studies[J].Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering,2014,124:436-450.
[10] ALQATAHNI N B,CHA M,YAO B,et al.Experimental investigation of cryogenic fracturing of rock specimens under true triaxial confining stresses[R].SPE 180071,2016.
[11] 任韶然,范志坤,张亮,等.液氮对煤岩的冷冲击作用机制及试验研究[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2013,32(增2):3790-3794.REN Shaoran,FAN Zhikun,ZHANG Liang,et al.Mechanisms and experimental study of thermal-shock effect on coal-rock using liquid nitrogen[J].Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering,2013,32(sup2):3790-3794.
[12] 黄中伟,位江巍,李根生,等.液氮冻结对岩石抗拉及抗压强度影响试验研究[J].岩土力学,2016,37(3):694-700,834.HUANG Zhongwei,WEI Jiangwei,LI Gensheng,et al.An experimental study of tensile and compressive strength of rocks under cryogenic nitrogen freezing[J].Rock and Soil Mechanics,2016,37(3):694-700,834.
[13] 蔡承政,李根生,黄中伟,等.液氮冻结条件下岩石孔隙结构损伤试验研究[J].岩土力学,2014,35(4):965-971.CAI Chengzheng,LI Gensheng,HUANG Zhongwei,et al.Experiment study of rock porous structure damage under cryogenic nitrogen freezing[J].Rock and Soil Mechanics,2014,35(4):965-971.
[14] 蔡承政,李根生,黄中伟,等.液氮对页岩的致裂效应及在压裂中应用分析[J].中国石油大学学报(自然科学版).2016,40(1):79-85.CAI Chengzheng,LI Gensheng,HUANG Zhongwei,et al.Thermal cracking effect of liquid nitrogen on shale and its application analysis in hydraulic fracturing[J].Journal of China University of Petroleum(Edition of Natural Science),2016,40(1):79-85.
[15] 席道瑛,谢端,易良坤,等.温度对岩石模量和波速的影响[J].岩石力学与工程学报,1998,17(增):802-807.XI Daoying,XIE Duan,YI Liangkun,et al.Effects of temperature on rock's modulus and wave velocity[J].Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering,1998,17(sup):802-807.
[16] 席道瑛.花岗岩中矿物相变的物性特征[J].矿物学报,1994,14(3):223-227.XI Daoying.Physical characteristics of mineral phase transition in the granite[J].Acta Mineralogica Sinica,1994,14(3):223-227.
[17] 李智慧,师俊平,汤安民.脆性材料压剪断裂方向影响因素的宏细观分析[J].西安理工大学学报,2011,27(3):280-284.LI Zhihui,SHI Junping,TANG Anmin.Discussions on fracture factors of brittle materials under the shear-compression condition[J].Journal of Xi'an University of Technology,2011,27(3):280-284.
[18] KUMARI W,RANJITH P,PERERA M,et al.Temperature-dependent mechanical behaviour of Australian strathbogie granite with different cooling treatments[J].Engineering Geology,2017,229:31-44.
[19] 周青春.温度,孔隙水和应力作用下砂岩的力学特性研究[D].武汉:中国科学院武汉岩土力学研究所,2006.ZHOU Qingchun.Study on the mechanical property of a sandstone under geothermal-mechanical and hydraulic-mechanical coupling [D].Wuhan:Institute of Rock and Soil Mechanics,Chinese Academy of Sciences,2006.
© 2004-2018 中国地质图书馆版权所有 京ICP备05064691号 京公网安备11010802017129号 地址：北京市海淀区学院路29号 邮编：100083 电话：办公室：(+86 10)66554848；文献借阅、咨询服务、科技查新：66554700 |