耕作深度对蔗地土壤物理性状及甘蔗产量的影响
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摘要
探讨蔗地机械化耕作深度对耕层土壤物理性状及甘蔗产量构成因子的影响,阐明深松作业的针对性土壤区位和障碍因子,可为甘蔗良好耕层的构建和土壤改良策略的制定提供科学依据.本研究设置3种深松作业深度(35、40和45 cm),以不深松为对照,对蔗地土壤物理性状(紧实度、容重、含水率、孔隙度、三相容积率)和甘蔗产量构成因素及蔗茎产量等指标进行研究.结果表明:耕作作业深度与蔗地土壤结构特性及甘蔗产量的改善提升效应呈显著正相关.深松能够打破犁底层,显著降低土壤紧实度和容重,减小机械作业相应的贯入阻力和抗剪强度,尤其对20～30 cm土层的上述因子具有显著改善效应,对甘蔗高产意义重大.深松显著提高了30 cm以内土层的液相容积率,增大了土壤水分库容,使10～30 cm土层的水分指标显著改善.10～30 cm土层是深松对耕层土壤固相容积率改善效应最显著的区位.耕作深度的增加对甘蔗有效茎数、株高、蔗茎产量及蔗糖含量具有显著的促进效应.鉴于蔗区当前较普遍的机具装备水平,我国适宜蔗区实施机械化深松的作业深度标准应不小于40 cm.
We investigated the physical properties of the plough soil and the components of sugarcane yield in the depth of mechanized subsoiling of sugarcane field,along with the clarification on the specific soil location and obstacle factors of subsoiling,with the aim to provide scientific basis for the construction of a good sugarcane cultivation layer and the development of soil improvement strategies. Three depths of subsoiling operation( 35,40 and 45 cm) were set up,with nosubsoiling as control. Soil physical properties,including compactness,bulk density,water content,porosity,three-phase volume ratio,and yield components and cane yield of sugarcane in the fields were investigated. The results showed that subsoiling depth was significantly correlated with the soil structure characteristics and the improvement of sugarcane yield in sugarcane field. Subsoiling broke down the plow bottom,significantly reduced soil compaction,bulk density,and the corresponding penetration resistance and shear strength during mechanical operation,especially for the above factors in 20-30 cm soil layer,with positive consequences for sugarcane yield. Moreover,subsoiling significantly increased the liquid volume rate of the soil layer within 30 cm and soil moisture storage capacity,and thus significantly improved the water index of the 10-30 cm soil layer. The 10-30 cm soil layer was the location for the most significant effect of subsoiling on the improvement of solid volume rate in the plough soil. The effective stem number,plant height,cane yield and sucrose content of sugarcane were significantly promoted by subsoiling. In view of the common equipment level in the sugarcane planting area,we suggested that the operating depth standard of mechanized subsoiling should not be less than 40 cm.
We investigated the physical properties of the plough soil and the components of sugarcane yield in the depth of mechanized subsoiling of sugarcane field,along with the clarification on the specific soil location and obstacle factors of subsoiling,with the aim to provide scientific basis for the construction of a good sugarcane cultivation layer and the development of soil improvement strategies. Three depths of subsoiling operation( 35,40 and 45 cm) were set up,with nosubsoiling as control. Soil physical properties,including compactness,bulk density,water content,porosity,three-phase volume ratio,and yield components and cane yield of sugarcane in the fields were investigated. The results showed that subsoiling depth was significantly correlated with the soil structure characteristics and the improvement of sugarcane yield in sugarcane field. Subsoiling broke down the plow bottom,significantly reduced soil compaction,bulk density,and the corresponding penetration resistance and shear strength during mechanical operation,especially for the above factors in 20-30 cm soil layer,with positive consequences for sugarcane yield. Moreover,subsoiling significantly increased the liquid volume rate of the soil layer within 30 cm and soil moisture storage capacity,and thus significantly improved the water index of the 10-30 cm soil layer. The 10-30 cm soil layer was the location for the most significant effect of subsoiling on the improvement of solid volume rate in the plough soil. The effective stem number,plant height,cane yield and sucrose content of sugarcane were significantly promoted by subsoiling. In view of the common equipment level in the sugarcane planting area,we suggested that the operating depth standard of mechanized subsoiling should not be less than 40 cm.
引文
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[19] Wang C-T(王崇桃),Li S-K(李少昆). Assessment of limiting factors and techniques prioritization for maize production in China. Scientia Agricultura Sinica(中国农业科学),2010,43(6):1136-1146(in Chinese)
[20] Munkholm LJ,Schjnning P,Rasmussen KJ. Non-inversion tillage effects on soil mechanical properties of a humid sandy loam. Soil and Tillage Research,2001,62:1-14
[21] Birks M,Jolnkai M,Gyuricza C,et al. Tillage effects on compaction,earthworms and other soil quality indicators in Hungary. Soil and Tillage Research,2004,78:185-196
[22] Zhao Y-L(赵亚丽),Xue Z-W(薛志伟),Guo H-B(郭海斌),et al. Effects of tillage and straw returning on water consumption characteristics and water use efficiency in the winter wheat and summer maize rotation system. Scientia Agricultura Sinica(中国农业科学),2014,47(17):3359-3371(in Chinese)
[23] Kong X-M(孔晓民),Han C-W(韩成卫),Zeng S-M(曾苏明),et al. Effects of different tillage managements on soil physical properties and maize yield. Journal of Maize Sciences(玉米科学),2014,22(1):108-113(in Chinese)
[24] Ji B,Zhao Y,Mu X,et al. Effects of tillage on soil physical properties and root growth of maize in loam and clay in central China. Plant,Soil and Environment,2013,59:295-302
[25] Li X-L(李晓龙),Gao J-L(高聚林),Hu S-P(胡树平),et al. Effects of various cultivation approaches on the three-phase ratio of soil and root system structure of maize. Agricultural Research in the Arid Areas(干旱地区农业研究),2015,33(4):1-7(in Chinese)
[2] Su Y-J(苏有健),Wang Y-J(王烨军),Zhang Y-L(张永利),et al. Effects of different tillage methods on tea garden soil physical characteristics and tea yield.Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology(应用生态学报),2015,26(12):3723-3729(in Chinese)
[3] Luo J(罗俊),Lin Z-L(林兆里),Que Y-X(阙友雄),et al. The influence of different tillage modes on layer structure characters and yield components in sugarcane. Chinese Journal of Eco-Agriculture(中国生态农业学报),2018,26(6):824-836(in Chinese)
[4] Liang Q(梁强),Xie J-L(谢金兰),Li Y-J(李毅杰),et al. Effects of different harvesting methods on soil bulk density and seedling roots of ratoon sugarcane.Journal of Southern Agriculture(南方农业学报),2014,45(7):1221-1224(in Chinese)
[5] Zheng C(郑超),Liao Z-W(廖宗文),Tan Z-W(谭中文),et al. Effect of deep ploughing on the yield of sugarcane in the Leizhou Peninsula. Chinese Journal of Soil Science(土壤通报),2004,35(6):809-811(in Chinese)
[6] Dao J-M(刀静梅),Fan X(樊仙),Zhao J(赵俊),et al. Analysis of topsoil moisture feature of different soils on dry land sugarcane:Taken Kaiyuan and Yuanjiang as example. Southwest China Journal of Agricultural Sciences(西南农业学报),2017,30(2):389-393(in Chinese)
[7] Wu X-L(吴晓莲),Lin Z-L(林兆里),Zhang H(张华). Influence of soil density on seedling growth of sugarcane variety Funong 39. Guangdong Agricultural Sciences(广东农业科学),2014,41(19):43-46(in Chinese)
[8] Liao Q(廖青),Wei G-P(韦广泼),Liu B(刘斌),et al. Effects of mechanized deep ploughing and scarification cultivation technology on growth and yield of sugarcane. Journal of Southern Agriculture(南方农业学报),2010,41(6):542-544(in Chinese)
[9] Yavuzcan HG. Wheel traffic impact on soil conditions as influenced by tillage system in Central Anatolia. Soil and Tillage Research,2000,54:129-138
[10] Ozpinar S,Cay A. Effect of different tillage systems on the quality and crop productivity of a clay-loam soil in semi-arid north-western Turkey. Soil and Tillage Research,2006,88:95-106
[11] Borghei AM,Taghinejad J,Minaei S,et al. Effects of subsoiling on soil bulk density,penetration resistance and cotton yield in northwest of Iran. International Journal of Agricultural Biology,2008,10:120-123
[12] Qin H-L(秦红灵),Gao W-S(高旺盛),Ma Y-C(马月存),et al. Effects of subsoiling on soil moisture under no-tillage 2 years later. Scientia Agricultura Sinica(中国农业科学),2008,41(1):78-85(in Chinese)
[13] Liu H(刘浩),Sun J-S(孙景生),Zhang J-Y(张寄阳),et al. Effects of tillage mode and deficit irrigation on the yield and water use of transplanted cotton following wheat harvest under sprinkler irrigation. ChineseJournal of Applied Ecology(应用生态学报),2012,23(2):389-394(in Chinese)
[14] Li J-H(李就好),Tan Z-W(谭中文),Luo X-W(罗锡文),et al. Effects of tillage and mulch methods on sugarcane production. Transactions of the Chinese Society for Agricultural Machinery(农业机械学报),2004,35(5):70-73(in Chinese)
[15] Chen N-N(陈宁宁),Li J(李军),Lyu W(吕薇),et al. Effects of different rotational tillage patterns on soil physical properties and yield of winter wheatspring maize rotation field in Weibei highland. Chinese Journal of Eco-Agriculture(中国生态农业学报),2015,23(9):1102-1111(in Chinese)
[16] Tong W-J(童文杰),Deng X-P(邓小鹏),Xu Z-L(徐照丽),et al. Effect of plowing depth on soil physical characteristics and spatial distribution of root system of flue-cured tobacco. Chinese Journal of Eco-Agriculture(中国生态农业学报),2016,24(11):1464-1472(in Chinese)
[17] Luo X-W(罗锡文),Shao Y-J(邵耀坚),Qiu G-Q(邱国庆),et al. The application of soil deep loosening technique in sugarcane production. Transactions of the Chinese Society for Agricultural Machinery(农业机械学报),1997,28(1):39-42(in Chinese)
[18] Wang Z-T(汪洲涛),Su W-H(苏炜华),Que Y-X(阙友雄),et al. Analysis of yield stability and test site representativeness of sugarcane trials using combined AMMI and HA-GGE biplotmodels. Chinese Journal of Eco-Agriculture(中国生态农业学报),2016,24(6):790-800(in Chinese)
[19] Wang C-T(王崇桃),Li S-K(李少昆). Assessment of limiting factors and techniques prioritization for maize production in China. Scientia Agricultura Sinica(中国农业科学),2010,43(6):1136-1146(in Chinese)
[20] Munkholm LJ,Schjnning P,Rasmussen KJ. Non-inversion tillage effects on soil mechanical properties of a humid sandy loam. Soil and Tillage Research,2001,62:1-14
[21] Birks M,Jolnkai M,Gyuricza C,et al. Tillage effects on compaction,earthworms and other soil quality indicators in Hungary. Soil and Tillage Research,2004,78:185-196
[22] Zhao Y-L(赵亚丽),Xue Z-W(薛志伟),Guo H-B(郭海斌),et al. Effects of tillage and straw returning on water consumption characteristics and water use efficiency in the winter wheat and summer maize rotation system. Scientia Agricultura Sinica(中国农业科学),2014,47(17):3359-3371(in Chinese)
[23] Kong X-M(孔晓民),Han C-W(韩成卫),Zeng S-M(曾苏明),et al. Effects of different tillage managements on soil physical properties and maize yield. Journal of Maize Sciences(玉米科学),2014,22(1):108-113(in Chinese)
[24] Ji B,Zhao Y,Mu X,et al. Effects of tillage on soil physical properties and root growth of maize in loam and clay in central China. Plant,Soil and Environment,2013,59:295-302
[25] Li X-L(李晓龙),Gao J-L(高聚林),Hu S-P(胡树平),et al. Effects of various cultivation approaches on the three-phase ratio of soil and root system structure of maize. Agricultural Research in the Arid Areas(干旱地区农业研究),2015,33(4):1-7(in Chinese)