新疆策勒绿洲——沙漠过渡带不同下垫面风场特征
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摘要
以新疆策勒2010年8月至2011年7月的气象数据为依据,运用数理统计方法,对策勒绿洲—沙漠过渡带流沙地、半固定沙地、固定沙地及绿洲内部4个下垫面的风况进行统计分析,为风场的时空差异特征和植被防风阻沙效益研究提供理论依据。结果表明:研究区4个下垫面主风向以WNW、W为主,所占频率分别为41. 43%、33. 74%。从流沙地、半固定沙地、固定沙地到绿洲内部,静风所占的频率依次为44. 30%、52. 44%、54. 29%和85. 39%,随着风速的增大,其所占频率依次减小,气温与风速均呈现同步变化的趋势。较高起沙风频率与起沙风月平均最大风速多出现在春、夏两季,6月频率最大,虽然最大值出现月份不同,但变化趋势相似。从绿洲外围向绿洲内部风向不同,且主风向所占频率减少,表明植被能削减风速并使风向变得更加分散。平均风速、起沙风频率从流沙地到绿洲内部逐渐减小(少)。月平均风速、气温之间呈显著相关性,且从流沙地前缘到绿洲内部相关性逐渐减弱。植被类型、植被覆盖度和地形等是影响不同下垫面风场特征的主要因素。
Based on the meteorological data in Qira County,Xinjiang from August 2010 to July 2011,the statistical analysis method was used to analyze the wind regime over four different underlying surfaces including the shifting sandy land,semi-fixed sandy land,fixed sandy land in oasis-desert ecotone and oasis in Qira. The study results could provide a theoretical basis for further studying the spatial and temporal characteristics of wind field and the effects of vegetation against wind and drifting sand. The results showed that the wind directions in the study area were dominated by WNW and W,and their frequencies were 41. 43% and 33. 74% respectively. The calm frequencies over the shifting sandy land,semi-fixed sandy land,fixed sandy land and oasis accounted for 44. 30%,52. 44%,54. 29% and 85. 39% respectively,and these frequencies were decreased gradually with the increase of wind speed. The changes of air temperature and wind speed were in a synchronous trend. The high sand-driving wind frequency and the monthly-averaged maximum wind speed occurred mostly in spring and summer,especially in June. Although the maximum values occurred in different months,the change trend was similar. From the periphery to the central area of the oasis,the wind direction and the frequency of prevailing wind direction were decreased,which indicated that the vegetation could reduce wind speed and disperse wind direction. The average wind speed and sand-driving wind frequency were gradually decreased from the shifting sandy land to the central area of the oasis. There was a significant correlation between the monthly-averaged air temperature and monthly-averaged wind speed,and the correlation was gradually decreased from the shifting sandy land to the central area of the oasis. Vegetation types,vegetation coverage and topography are the main factors affecting the variation of wind fields over the different underlying surfaces.
Based on the meteorological data in Qira County,Xinjiang from August 2010 to July 2011,the statistical analysis method was used to analyze the wind regime over four different underlying surfaces including the shifting sandy land,semi-fixed sandy land,fixed sandy land in oasis-desert ecotone and oasis in Qira. The study results could provide a theoretical basis for further studying the spatial and temporal characteristics of wind field and the effects of vegetation against wind and drifting sand. The results showed that the wind directions in the study area were dominated by WNW and W,and their frequencies were 41. 43% and 33. 74% respectively. The calm frequencies over the shifting sandy land,semi-fixed sandy land,fixed sandy land and oasis accounted for 44. 30%,52. 44%,54. 29% and 85. 39% respectively,and these frequencies were decreased gradually with the increase of wind speed. The changes of air temperature and wind speed were in a synchronous trend. The high sand-driving wind frequency and the monthly-averaged maximum wind speed occurred mostly in spring and summer,especially in June. Although the maximum values occurred in different months,the change trend was similar. From the periphery to the central area of the oasis,the wind direction and the frequency of prevailing wind direction were decreased,which indicated that the vegetation could reduce wind speed and disperse wind direction. The average wind speed and sand-driving wind frequency were gradually decreased from the shifting sandy land to the central area of the oasis. There was a significant correlation between the monthly-averaged air temperature and monthly-averaged wind speed,and the correlation was gradually decreased from the shifting sandy land to the central area of the oasis. Vegetation types,vegetation coverage and topography are the main factors affecting the variation of wind fields over the different underlying surfaces.
引文
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[16]俎瑞平，张克存，屈建军，等．塔克拉玛干沙漠地面风场特征及周边地区沙丘排列关系分析[J]．应用气象学报，2005,16(4):468-475．[Zu Ruiping,Zhang Kecun,Qu Jianjun,et al.Characteristics of surface winds in Taklamakan deserts and their relationship to the orientation of dunes in neighboring regions[J]．Journal of Applied Meteorological Science,2005,16(4):468-475．]
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[20]张鹤年．塔克拉玛干沙漠南缘-绿洲过渡带生态环境区综合治理技术与试验示范研究[J]．干旱区研究，1995,12(4):1-9．[Zhang Henian.Research on comprehensive control technology and experimental demonstration of ecological environment district of desert-oasis ecotone on southern Taklimakan Desert[J]．Arid Zone Research,1995,12(4):1-9．]
[21]杨兴华，何清，霍文，等．塔克拉玛干沙漠南缘风沙跃移运动研究---以策勒县为例[J]．中国沙漠，2012,32(4):910-914．[Yang Xinghua,He Qing,Huo Wen,et al.Sand saltation in the south margin of the Taklimakan Desert:A case study in Cele county[J]．Journal of Desert Research,2012,32(4):910-914．]
[22]毛东雷，蔡富艳，雷加强，等．新疆策勒沙漠-荒漠-绿洲典型下垫面小气候空间变化分析[J]．地理科学，2017,37(4):630-640．[Mao Donglei,Cai Fuyan,Lei Jiaqiang,et al.Spatial analysis on changes of microclimate in typical landscapes in desert-wilderness-oasis in Cele,Xinjiang[J]．Scientia Geographica Sinica,2017,37(4):630-640．]
[23]王雪芹，杨东亮，马洋，等．沙漠-绿洲过渡带典型下垫面风速脉动特征---以塔克拉玛干沙漠南缘策勒绿洲为例[J]．中国沙漠，2015,35(3):542-548．[Wang Xueqin,Yang Dongliang,Ma Yang,et al.Wind fluctuation of three typical ground surfaces in desert-oasis ecotone:A case at the southern rim of the Taklimakan Desert[J]．Journal of Desert Research,2015,35(3):542-548．]
[24]庞营军，雷加强，曾凡江，等．新疆维吾尔自治区策勒县绿洲-沙漠过渡带小气候特征[J]．水土保持通报，2011,31(5):240-245．[Pang Yingjun,Lei Jiaqiang,Zeng Fanjiang,et al.Microclimatic characteristics of oasis-desert transitional zone in Qira county of Xinjiang Wei autonomous region[J]．Bulletin of Soil and Water Conservation,2011,31(5):240-245．]
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[2]穆桂金，贺俊霞，雷加强，等．再议绿洲-沙漠过渡带---以策勒绿洲-沙漠过渡带为例[J]．干旱区地理，2013,36(2):195-202．[Mu Guijin,He Junxia,Lei Jiaqiang,et al.A discussion on the transitional zone from oasis to sandy desert:A case study at Cele oasis[J]．Arid Land Geography,2013,36(2):195-202．]
[3]Hadas Saaroni,Arieh Bitan,Eyal Ben Dor,et al.The mixed results concerning the‘oasis effect’in a rural-settlement in the Negev Desert,Israel[J]．Journal of Arid Environments,2003,58(2):235-248．
[4]王柯，何清，王敏仲，等．塔克拉玛干沙漠腹地特征层风场特征[J]．干旱气象，2011,29(3):302-305．[Wang Ke,He Qing,Wang Minzhong,et al.Wind field feature of characteristic layer in the hinterland of the Taklimakan Desert[J]．Journal of Arid Meteorology,2011,29(3):302-305．]
[5]张克存，安志山，蔡迪文，等．典型天气背景下沙漠绿洲过渡带近地表风动力空间变化特征[J]．干旱区地理，2016,39(5):1 004-1 010．[Zhang Kecun,An Zhishan,Cai Diwen,et al.Spatial variation of wind dynamical characteristics in the desert-oasis transitional zone under typical weather conditions[J]．Arid Land Geography,2016,39(5):1 004-1 010．]
[6]陈渭南，董治宝，杨佐涛，等．塔克拉玛干沙漠的起沙风速[J]．地理学报，1995,50(4):360-367．[Chen Weinan,Dong Zhibao,Yang Zuotao,et al.Threshold velocities of sand-driving wind in the Taklimakan Desert[J]．Acta Geographica Sinica,1995,50(4):360-367．]
[7]李振山，陈广庭．塔克拉玛干沙漠起沙风况[J]．中国沙漠，1999,19(1):43-45．[Li Zhenshan,Chen Guangting.Effective wind regime in the Taklimakan Desert[J]．Journal of Desert Research,1999,19(1):43-45．]
[8]俎瑞平，张克存，屈建军，等．塔克拉玛干沙漠风况特征研究[J]．干旱区地理，2005,28(2):167-170．[Zu Ruiping,Zhang Kecun,Qu Jianjun,et al.Study on wind regime characteristics in the Taklimakan Desert[J]．Arid Land Geography,2005,28(2):167-170．]
[9]俎瑞平，张克存，屈建军．塔克拉玛干沙漠风沙活动强度特征[J]．地理研究，2005,24(5):699-707．[Zu Ruiping,Zhang Kecun,Qu Jianjun.The intensity of sand-drift activities in Taklimakan Desert[J]．Geographical Research,2005,24(5):699-707．]
[10]鲍锋，董治宝，张正偲．柴达木盆地风沙地貌区风况特征[J]．中国沙漠，2015,35(3):549-554．[Bao Feng,Dong Zhibao,Zhang Zhengcai.Wind regime in the Qaidam Basin desert[J]．Journal of Desert Research,2015,35(3):549-554．]
[11]杨东亮，王雪芹，胡永峰，等．绿洲-沙漠过渡带风况资料统计中的若干问题研究---以策勒绿洲为例[J]．干旱区地理，2015,38(3):549-555．[Yang Dongliang,Wang Xueqin,Hu Yongfeng,et al.Some problems in wind data analyzing in oasisdesert ecotone:A case of Qira oasis[J]．Arid Land Geography,2015,38(3):549-555．]
[12]王永胜，杨文斌，李永华，等．库姆塔格沙漠东缘荒漠-绿洲过渡带风况及输沙势[J]．干旱区资源与环境，2015,29(1):140-144．[Wang Yongsheng,Yang Wenbin,Li Yonghua,et al.Wind regime and resultant sand-transporting potential in the desert-oasis ecotone in the eastern marginal zone of the Kumtag Desert[J]．Journal of Arid Land Resources and Environment,2015,29(1):140-144．]
[13]张华，李锋瑞，李玉霖，等．科尔沁沙地奈曼旗近5年来风况及合成输沙势[J]．中国沙漠，2004,24(5):623-627．[Zhang Hua,Li Fengrui,Li Yulin,et al.Wind regime and resultant sandtransporting potential of Naiman banner in Horqin sandy land during past five years[J]．Journal of Desert Research,2004,24(5):623-627．]
[14]邢文娟，雷加强，王海峰，等．荒漠-绿洲过渡带风况及输沙势分析---以策勒县为例[J]．干旱区研究，2008,25(6):894-898．[Xing Wenjuan,Lei Jiaqiang,Wang Haifeng,et al.Analysis on wind regime and wind borne sand potential in a desert-oasis ecotone:A case study in Qira County,Xinjiang[J]．Arid Zone Research,2008,25(6):894-898．]
[15]张正偲，董治宝．黑河流域中游沙漠风能环境与风沙地貌[J]．中国沙漠，2014,34(2):332-341．[Zhang Zhengcai,Dong Zhibao.Dune field patterns and wind environments in the middle reaches of the Heihe Basin[J]．Journal of Desert Research,2014,34(2):332-341．]
[16]俎瑞平，张克存，屈建军，等．塔克拉玛干沙漠地面风场特征及周边地区沙丘排列关系分析[J]．应用气象学报，2005,16(4):468-475．[Zu Ruiping,Zhang Kecun,Qu Jianjun,et al.Characteristics of surface winds in Taklamakan deserts and their relationship to the orientation of dunes in neighboring regions[J]．Journal of Applied Meteorological Science,2005,16(4):468-475．]
[17]杨佐涛．戈壁与绿洲内的风向风速关系---以新疆策勒县为例[J]．中国沙漠，1990,10(3):33-39．[Yang Zuotao.Relations between wind velocity and direction in gobi area and oasis[J]．Journal of Desert Research,1990,10(3):33-39．]
[18]毛东雷，雷加强，曾凡江，等．策勒绿洲-沙漠过渡带风沙活动强度的空间分布特征[J]．水土保持学报，2013,27(2):13-19．[Mao Donglei,Lei Jiaqiang,Zeng Fanjiang,et al.Spatial distribution characteristics of sand blown activities intensity on Cele oasis-desert ecotone[J]．Journal of Soil and Water Conservation,2013,27(2):13-19．]
[19]毛东雷，蔡富艳，杨雪峰，等．新疆策勒绿洲-沙漠过渡带风、温、湿相关性分析[J]．干旱区研究，2017,34(4):931-941．[Mao Donglei,Cai Fuyan,Yang Xuefeng,et al.Correlations among wind speed,air temperature and relative humidity in oasis-desert ecotone in Qira,Xinjiang[J]．Arid Zone Research,2017,34(4):931-941．]
[20]张鹤年．塔克拉玛干沙漠南缘-绿洲过渡带生态环境区综合治理技术与试验示范研究[J]．干旱区研究，1995,12(4):1-9．[Zhang Henian.Research on comprehensive control technology and experimental demonstration of ecological environment district of desert-oasis ecotone on southern Taklimakan Desert[J]．Arid Zone Research,1995,12(4):1-9．]
[21]杨兴华，何清，霍文，等．塔克拉玛干沙漠南缘风沙跃移运动研究---以策勒县为例[J]．中国沙漠，2012,32(4):910-914．[Yang Xinghua,He Qing,Huo Wen,et al.Sand saltation in the south margin of the Taklimakan Desert:A case study in Cele county[J]．Journal of Desert Research,2012,32(4):910-914．]
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