污水处理厂中四环素和磺胺类抗生素抗性基因的分布、传播及去除
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摘要
近年来,抗生素滥用造成的抗性基因(ARGs)污染问题引起了人们的关注.四环素及磺胺类抗生素由于价格低廉被广泛使用,大量残留的四环素和磺胺通过各种途径进入污水处理厂,并进一步导致ARGs的污染.为深入了解四环素和磺胺类ARGs的污染及治理现状,本研究对污水处理厂中四环素和磺胺类ARGs的分布情况及传播机制进行了综述,并重点讨论了不同污水处理工艺对ARGs的去除效果.在此基础上,从加大污水处理厂ARGs污染调查、改进污水处理工艺以及探讨ARGs传播机制等方面进行了展望.
The contamination of antibiotic resistance genes(ARGs) caused by abuse of antibiotics has attracted more and more attention. Due to their low price, tetracyclines and sulfonamides are widely used. The plenty of residual tetracyclines and sulfonamides is discharged into wastewater treatment plant(WWTPs), with consequent ARGs pollution. To understand the current status of ARGs contamination and removal efficiency, we summarized the distribution and spread mechanism of tetracyclines and sulfonamides ARGs, and further emphasized the ARGs removal efficiency across different treatment technologies. Based on the current knowledge and lack of ARGs, future work were proposed, such as investigating ARGs contamination in WWTPs, improving ARGs removal technologies, exploring spread mechanisms of ARGs.
The contamination of antibiotic resistance genes(ARGs) caused by abuse of antibiotics has attracted more and more attention. Due to their low price, tetracyclines and sulfonamides are widely used. The plenty of residual tetracyclines and sulfonamides is discharged into wastewater treatment plant(WWTPs), with consequent ARGs pollution. To understand the current status of ARGs contamination and removal efficiency, we summarized the distribution and spread mechanism of tetracyclines and sulfonamides ARGs, and further emphasized the ARGs removal efficiency across different treatment technologies. Based on the current knowledge and lack of ARGs, future work were proposed, such as investigating ARGs contamination in WWTPs, improving ARGs removal technologies, exploring spread mechanisms of ARGs.
引文
[1] Zhang QQ,Ying GG,Pan CG,et al.Comprehensive evaluation of antibiotics emission and fate in the river basins of China:Source analysis,multimedia modeling,and linkage to bacterial resistance.Environmental Science & Technology,2015,49:6772-6782
[2] Gao J,Pedersen JA.Adsorption of sulfonamide antimicrobial agents to clay minerals.Environmental Science & Technology,2016,39:9509-9516
[3] Wang S-L (王双玲),Wang L (王礼),Zhou H (周贺),et al.An overview on antibiotic resistance genes in drinking water systems.Environmental Chemistry (环境化学),2017,36(2):229-240 (in Chinese)
[4] Xie WY,Shen Q,Zhao FJ.Antibiotics and antibiotic resistance from animal manures to soil:A review.European Journal of Soil Science,2017,69:181-195
[5] Wang J (王娟),Wang X-H (王新华),Xu H (徐海).Drug resistance and transmission mechanisms of multidrug-resistant bacteria in humans,animals and the environment.Acta Microbiologica Sinica (微生物学报),2016,56(11):1671-1679 (in Chinese)
[6] WHO.Antimicrobial Resistance:Global Report on Surveillance [EB/OL].(2014-05-16) [2018-02-08].http://www.who.int/drugresistance/documents/surveillancereport/en
[7] Sachdeva S,Palur RV,Sudhakar KU,et al.E.coli group 1 capsular polysaccharide exportation nanomachinary as a plausible antivirulence target in the perspective of emerging antimicrobial resistance.Frontiers in Microbiology,2017,8:70-89
[8] Guo X,Yan Z,Zhang Y,et al.Behavior of antibiotic resistance genes under extremely high-level antibiotic selection pressures in pharmaceutical wastewater treatment plants.Science of the Total Environment,2018,612:119-128
[9] Rizzo L,Manaia C,Merlin C,et al.Urban wastewater treatment plants as hotspots for antibiotic resistant bacteria and genes spread into the environment:A review.Science of the Total Environment,2013,447:345-360
[10] Mao D,Yu S,Rysz M,et al.Prevalence and proliferation of antibiotic resistance genes in two municipal wastewater treatment plants.Water Research,2015,85:458-466
[11] Pruden A,Pei RT,Storteboom H,et al.Antibiotic resistance genes as emerging contaminants:Studies in northern Colorado.Environmental Science & Technology,2006,40:7445-7450
[12] Wang L-M (王丽梅),Luo Y (罗义),Mao D-Q (毛大庆),et al.Transport of antibiotic resistance genes in environment and detection methods of antibiotic resistance.Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology (应用生态学报),2010,21(4):1063-1069 (in Chinese)
[13] Christgen B,Yang Y,Ahamed Z,et al.Metagenomics shows low energy anaerobic-aerobic treatment reactors reduce antibiotic resistance gene dissemination from domestic wastewater.Environmental Science & Technology,2014,49:2577-2584
[14] Rodriguez-Mozaz S,Chamorro S,Marti E,et al.Occurrence of antibiotics and antibiotic resistance genes in hospital and urban wastewaters and their impact on the receiving river.Water Research,2015,69:234-242
[15] Yang Y,Li B,Zou SC,et al.Fate of antibiotic resis-tance genes in sewage treatment plant revealed by metagenomic approach.Water Research,2014,62:97-106
[16] Zhang T,Li B.Occurrence,transformation,and fate of antibiotics in municipal wastewater treatment plants.Critical Reviews in Environmental Science & Technology,2011,41:951-998
[17] Zhou Q-X (周启星),Luo Y (罗义),Wang M-E (王美娥).Environmental residues and ecotoxicity of antibiotics and their resistance gene pollution:A review.Asian Journal of Ecotoxicology (生态毒理学报),2007,2(3):243-251 (in Chinese)
[18] An J,Zhou Q,Sun Y,et al.Ecotoxicological effects of typical personal care products on seed germination and seedling development of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.).Chemosphere,2009,76:1428-1434
[19] Li Z-H (李兆君),Yao Z-P (姚志鹏),Zhang J (张杰),et al.A review on fate and ecological toxicity of veterinary antibiotics in soil environments.Asian Journal of Ecotoxicology (生态毒理学报),2008,3(1):15-20 (in Chinese)
[20] He J-H (何金华),Qiu J-R (丘锦荣),He D-C (贺德春),et al.Environmental behavior and related control technologies of sulfonamides.Guangdong Agricultural Science (广东农业科学),2012,39(7):225-229 (in Chinese)
[21] Na G-S (那广水),Chen T (陈彤),Zhang Y-M (张月梅),et al.Analysis terracyclines antibiotics residues status in water of north China.Environmental Monitoring in China (中国环境监测),2009,25(6):78-80 (in Chinese)
[22] Baquero F,José-Luis M,Rafael C.Antibiotics and antibiotic resistance in water environments.Current Opinion in Biotechnology,2008,19:260-265
[23] Lai H-W (赖后伟),Luo Q-J (骆其金),Zhu Q-H (朱群华),et al.Sulfonamides antibiotics removals in WWTPs of south China and environmental risk assessment related to some different treatment processes.Environmental Science & Technology (环境科学与技术),2017,40(8):171-176 (in Chinese)
[24] Suzuki S,Ogo M,Koike T,et al.Sulfonamide and tetracycline resistance genes in total- and culturable-bacterial assemblages in South African aquatic environments.Frontiers in Microbiology,2015,6:796-804
[25] Li JN,Cheng W,Xu L,et al.Antibiotic-resistant genes and antibiotic-resistant bacteria in the effluent of urban residential areas,hospitals,and a municipal wastewater treatment plant system.Environmental Science & Pollution Research,2015,22:4587-4596
[26] Beukers AG,Zaheer R,Cook SR,et al.Comparison of antimicrobial resistance genes in feedlots and urban wastewater.Canadian Journal of Veterinary Research,2018,82:24-38
[27] Berglund B,Fick J,Lindgren PE.Urban wastewater effluent increases antibiotic resistance gene concentrations in a receiving Northern European river.Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry,2015,34:192-196
[28] Xu J,Xu Y,Wang H,et al.Occurrence of antibiotics and antibiotic resistance genes in a sewage treatment plant and its effluent-receiving river.Chemosphere,2015,119:1379-1385
[29] Duan R (段然).Distribution and Enhanced Removal of Antibiotic Resistance Genes in Wastewater Treatment Plants in Harbin.Master Thesis.Harbin:Harbin Institute of Technology,2014 (in Chinese)
[30] Yang Y,Li B,Zou S,et al.Fate of antibiotic resistance genes in sewage treatment plant revealed by metageno-mic approach.Water Research,2014,62:97-106
[31] Rafraf ID,Lekunberri I,Sànchez-Melsió,et al.Abundance of antibiotic resistance genes in five municipal wastewater treatment plants in the Monastir Governorate,Tunisia.Environmental Pollution,2016,219:353-358
[32] Yang F-X (杨凤霞),Mao D-Q (毛大庆),Luo Y (罗义),et al.Horizontal transfer of antibiotic resistance genes in the environment.Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology (应用生态学报),2013,24(10):2993-3002 (in Chinese)
[33] Vries JD,Wackernagel W.Microbial horizontal gene transfer and the DNA release from transgenic crop plants.Plant and Soil,2005,266:91-104
[34] Wright GD.The antibiotic resistome:The nexus of che-mical and genetic diversity.Nature Reviews Microbiology,2007,5:175-186
[35] Rhodes G,Huys G,Swings J,et al.Distribution of oxytetracycline resistance plasmids between aeromonads in hospital and aquaculture environments:Implication of Tn1721 in dissemination of the tetracycline resistance determinant tet A.Applied & Environmental Microbiology,2000,66:3883-3890
[36] Luo B-S (罗碧珊),Cheng J-F (成敬锋).Study on the mechanism of production and spread of vancomycin-resistant enterococci.Medical Innovation of China (中国医学创新),2010,7(20):167-169 (in Chinese)
[37] Panoff JM,Chuiton C.Horizontal gene transfer:A universal phenomenon.Human & Ecological Risk Assessment,2004,10:939-943
[38] Shi M-W (史密伟),Zhu X-L (朱晓磊),Tang W-Z (唐文忠),et al.Research of the environmental effects of antibiotic resistance genes.Environmental Protection Science (环境保护科学),2015,41(6):123-128 (in Chinese)
[39] Zhu Y,Wang Y,Zhou S,et al.Robust performance of a membrane bioreactor for removing antibiotic resistance genes exposed to antibiotics:Role of membrane foulants.Water Research,2017,130:139-150
[40] Guo CS,Kai W,Song H,et al.H2O2 and/or TiO2 photocatalysis under UV irradiation for the removal of antibio-tic resistant bacteria and their antibiotic resistance genes.Journal of Hazardous Materials,2016,323:710-718
[41] Yi Q,Zhang Y,Gao Y,et al.Anaerobic treatment of antibiotic production wastewater pretreated with enhanced hydrolysis:Simultaneous reduction of COD and ARGs.Water Research,2017,110:211-217
[42] Liu J (刘建),Mao D-Q (毛大庆),Ren J (任君),et al.Analysis of conserved flanking elements associated with antibiotic resistance genes dissemination.Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology (应用生态学报),2012,23(1):240-246 (in Chinese)
[43] Du J,Geng J,Ren H,et al.Variation of antibiotic resistance genes in municipal wastewater treatment plant with A2O-MBR system.Environmental Science & Pollution Research,2015,22:3715-3726
[44] Tong J,Liu J,Zheng X,et al.Fate of antibiotic resis-tance bacteria and genes during enhanced anaerobic digestion of sewage sludge by microwave pretreatment.Bioresource Technology,2016,217:37-43
[45] Jang HM,Lee J,Kim YB,et al.Fate of antibiotic resistance genes and metal resistance genes during thermophilic aerobic digestion of sewage sludge.Bioresource Technology,2018,249:635-643
[46] Xu R,Yang ZH,Wang QP,et al.Rapid startup of thermophilic anaerobic digester to remove tetracycline and sulfonamides resistance genes from sewage sludge.Science of the Total Environment,2017,612:788-798
[47] Diehl DL,Lapara TM.Effect of temperature on the fate of genes encoding tetracycline resistance and the integrase of class 1 integrons within anaerobic and aerobic digesters treating municipal wastewater solids.Environmental Science & Technology,2010,44:9128-9133
[48] Chopra I,Roberts M.Tetracycline antibiotics:Mode of action,applications,molecular biology,and epidemio-logy of bacterial resistance.Microbiology & Molecular Biology Reviews,2001,65:232-260
[49] Tian S-N (田少囡),Tian Z (田哲),Yang H (杨宏),et al.Reduction of antibiotic resistance genes in viable bacterial communities of sludge during ozonation treatment.Chinese Journal of Environmental Engineering (环境工程学报),2017,11(5):3271-3278 (in Chinese)
[50] Alexander J,Knopp G,D?tsch A,et al.Ozone treatment of conditioned wastewater selects antibiotic resis-tance genes,opportunistic bacteria,and induce strong population shifts.Science of the Total Environment,2016,559:103-112
[51] Zhang Y,Zhuang Y,Geng J,et al.Reduction of anti-biotic resistance genes in municipal wastewater effluent by advanced oxidation processes.Science of the Total Environment,2016,550:184-191
[52] Wei X (魏欣),Xue S-L (薛顺利),Yang F (杨帆),et al.Effect of zero valent iron on the decline of tetracycline resistance genes and class 1 integrons during thermophilic anaerobic digestion of sludge.Environmental Science (环境科学),2017,38(2):697-702 (in Chinese)
[53] Liu M,Li Q,Sun H,et al.Impact of salinity on anti-biotic resistance genes in wastewater treatment bioreactors.Chemical Engineering Journal,2018,338:557-563
[54] Barancheshme F,Munir M.Strategies to combat anti-biotic resistance in the wastewater treatment plants.Frontiers in Microbiology,2017,8:2603-2612
[55] Dodd MC.Potential impacts of disinfection processes on elimination and deactivation of antibiotic resistance genes during water and wastewater treatment.Journal of Environmental Monitoring,2012,14:1-5
[56] Mckinney CW,Pruden A.Ultraviolet disinfection of antibiotic resistant bacteria and their antibiotic resistance genes in water and wastewater.Environmental Science & Technology,2012,46:13393-13400
[57] Zheng J,Su C,Zhou J,et al.Effects and mechanisms of ultraviolet,chlorination,and ozone disinfection on antibiotic resistance genes in secondary effluents of municipal wastewater treatment plants.Chemical Engineering Journal,2017,317:309-316
[58] Cesare AD,Fontaneto D,Doppelbauer J,et al.Fitness and recovery of bacterial communities and antibiotic resistance genes in urban wastewaters exposed to classical disinfection treatments.Environmental Science & Technology,2016,50:10153-10161
[59] Ferro G,Guarino F,Castiglione S,et al.Antibiotic resistance spread potential in urban wastewater effluents disinfected by UV/H2O2 process.Science of the Total Environment,2016,560:29-35
[2] Gao J,Pedersen JA.Adsorption of sulfonamide antimicrobial agents to clay minerals.Environmental Science & Technology,2016,39:9509-9516
[3] Wang S-L (王双玲),Wang L (王礼),Zhou H (周贺),et al.An overview on antibiotic resistance genes in drinking water systems.Environmental Chemistry (环境化学),2017,36(2):229-240 (in Chinese)
[4] Xie WY,Shen Q,Zhao FJ.Antibiotics and antibiotic resistance from animal manures to soil:A review.European Journal of Soil Science,2017,69:181-195
[5] Wang J (王娟),Wang X-H (王新华),Xu H (徐海).Drug resistance and transmission mechanisms of multidrug-resistant bacteria in humans,animals and the environment.Acta Microbiologica Sinica (微生物学报),2016,56(11):1671-1679 (in Chinese)
[6] WHO.Antimicrobial Resistance:Global Report on Surveillance [EB/OL].(2014-05-16) [2018-02-08].http://www.who.int/drugresistance/documents/surveillancereport/en
[7] Sachdeva S,Palur RV,Sudhakar KU,et al.E.coli group 1 capsular polysaccharide exportation nanomachinary as a plausible antivirulence target in the perspective of emerging antimicrobial resistance.Frontiers in Microbiology,2017,8:70-89
[8] Guo X,Yan Z,Zhang Y,et al.Behavior of antibiotic resistance genes under extremely high-level antibiotic selection pressures in pharmaceutical wastewater treatment plants.Science of the Total Environment,2018,612:119-128
[9] Rizzo L,Manaia C,Merlin C,et al.Urban wastewater treatment plants as hotspots for antibiotic resistant bacteria and genes spread into the environment:A review.Science of the Total Environment,2013,447:345-360
[10] Mao D,Yu S,Rysz M,et al.Prevalence and proliferation of antibiotic resistance genes in two municipal wastewater treatment plants.Water Research,2015,85:458-466
[11] Pruden A,Pei RT,Storteboom H,et al.Antibiotic resistance genes as emerging contaminants:Studies in northern Colorado.Environmental Science & Technology,2006,40:7445-7450
[12] Wang L-M (王丽梅),Luo Y (罗义),Mao D-Q (毛大庆),et al.Transport of antibiotic resistance genes in environment and detection methods of antibiotic resistance.Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology (应用生态学报),2010,21(4):1063-1069 (in Chinese)
[13] Christgen B,Yang Y,Ahamed Z,et al.Metagenomics shows low energy anaerobic-aerobic treatment reactors reduce antibiotic resistance gene dissemination from domestic wastewater.Environmental Science & Technology,2014,49:2577-2584
[14] Rodriguez-Mozaz S,Chamorro S,Marti E,et al.Occurrence of antibiotics and antibiotic resistance genes in hospital and urban wastewaters and their impact on the receiving river.Water Research,2015,69:234-242
[15] Yang Y,Li B,Zou SC,et al.Fate of antibiotic resis-tance genes in sewage treatment plant revealed by metagenomic approach.Water Research,2014,62:97-106
[16] Zhang T,Li B.Occurrence,transformation,and fate of antibiotics in municipal wastewater treatment plants.Critical Reviews in Environmental Science & Technology,2011,41:951-998
[17] Zhou Q-X (周启星),Luo Y (罗义),Wang M-E (王美娥).Environmental residues and ecotoxicity of antibiotics and their resistance gene pollution:A review.Asian Journal of Ecotoxicology (生态毒理学报),2007,2(3):243-251 (in Chinese)
[18] An J,Zhou Q,Sun Y,et al.Ecotoxicological effects of typical personal care products on seed germination and seedling development of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.).Chemosphere,2009,76:1428-1434
[19] Li Z-H (李兆君),Yao Z-P (姚志鹏),Zhang J (张杰),et al.A review on fate and ecological toxicity of veterinary antibiotics in soil environments.Asian Journal of Ecotoxicology (生态毒理学报),2008,3(1):15-20 (in Chinese)
[20] He J-H (何金华),Qiu J-R (丘锦荣),He D-C (贺德春),et al.Environmental behavior and related control technologies of sulfonamides.Guangdong Agricultural Science (广东农业科学),2012,39(7):225-229 (in Chinese)
[21] Na G-S (那广水),Chen T (陈彤),Zhang Y-M (张月梅),et al.Analysis terracyclines antibiotics residues status in water of north China.Environmental Monitoring in China (中国环境监测),2009,25(6):78-80 (in Chinese)
[22] Baquero F,José-Luis M,Rafael C.Antibiotics and antibiotic resistance in water environments.Current Opinion in Biotechnology,2008,19:260-265
[23] Lai H-W (赖后伟),Luo Q-J (骆其金),Zhu Q-H (朱群华),et al.Sulfonamides antibiotics removals in WWTPs of south China and environmental risk assessment related to some different treatment processes.Environmental Science & Technology (环境科学与技术),2017,40(8):171-176 (in Chinese)
[24] Suzuki S,Ogo M,Koike T,et al.Sulfonamide and tetracycline resistance genes in total- and culturable-bacterial assemblages in South African aquatic environments.Frontiers in Microbiology,2015,6:796-804
[25] Li JN,Cheng W,Xu L,et al.Antibiotic-resistant genes and antibiotic-resistant bacteria in the effluent of urban residential areas,hospitals,and a municipal wastewater treatment plant system.Environmental Science & Pollution Research,2015,22:4587-4596
[26] Beukers AG,Zaheer R,Cook SR,et al.Comparison of antimicrobial resistance genes in feedlots and urban wastewater.Canadian Journal of Veterinary Research,2018,82:24-38
[27] Berglund B,Fick J,Lindgren PE.Urban wastewater effluent increases antibiotic resistance gene concentrations in a receiving Northern European river.Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry,2015,34:192-196
[28] Xu J,Xu Y,Wang H,et al.Occurrence of antibiotics and antibiotic resistance genes in a sewage treatment plant and its effluent-receiving river.Chemosphere,2015,119:1379-1385
[29] Duan R (段然).Distribution and Enhanced Removal of Antibiotic Resistance Genes in Wastewater Treatment Plants in Harbin.Master Thesis.Harbin:Harbin Institute of Technology,2014 (in Chinese)
[30] Yang Y,Li B,Zou S,et al.Fate of antibiotic resistance genes in sewage treatment plant revealed by metageno-mic approach.Water Research,2014,62:97-106
[31] Rafraf ID,Lekunberri I,Sànchez-Melsió,et al.Abundance of antibiotic resistance genes in five municipal wastewater treatment plants in the Monastir Governorate,Tunisia.Environmental Pollution,2016,219:353-358
[32] Yang F-X (杨凤霞),Mao D-Q (毛大庆),Luo Y (罗义),et al.Horizontal transfer of antibiotic resistance genes in the environment.Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology (应用生态学报),2013,24(10):2993-3002 (in Chinese)
[33] Vries JD,Wackernagel W.Microbial horizontal gene transfer and the DNA release from transgenic crop plants.Plant and Soil,2005,266:91-104
[34] Wright GD.The antibiotic resistome:The nexus of che-mical and genetic diversity.Nature Reviews Microbiology,2007,5:175-186
[35] Rhodes G,Huys G,Swings J,et al.Distribution of oxytetracycline resistance plasmids between aeromonads in hospital and aquaculture environments:Implication of Tn1721 in dissemination of the tetracycline resistance determinant tet A.Applied & Environmental Microbiology,2000,66:3883-3890
[36] Luo B-S (罗碧珊),Cheng J-F (成敬锋).Study on the mechanism of production and spread of vancomycin-resistant enterococci.Medical Innovation of China (中国医学创新),2010,7(20):167-169 (in Chinese)
[37] Panoff JM,Chuiton C.Horizontal gene transfer:A universal phenomenon.Human & Ecological Risk Assessment,2004,10:939-943
[38] Shi M-W (史密伟),Zhu X-L (朱晓磊),Tang W-Z (唐文忠),et al.Research of the environmental effects of antibiotic resistance genes.Environmental Protection Science (环境保护科学),2015,41(6):123-128 (in Chinese)
[39] Zhu Y,Wang Y,Zhou S,et al.Robust performance of a membrane bioreactor for removing antibiotic resistance genes exposed to antibiotics:Role of membrane foulants.Water Research,2017,130:139-150
[40] Guo CS,Kai W,Song H,et al.H2O2 and/or TiO2 photocatalysis under UV irradiation for the removal of antibio-tic resistant bacteria and their antibiotic resistance genes.Journal of Hazardous Materials,2016,323:710-718
[41] Yi Q,Zhang Y,Gao Y,et al.Anaerobic treatment of antibiotic production wastewater pretreated with enhanced hydrolysis:Simultaneous reduction of COD and ARGs.Water Research,2017,110:211-217
[42] Liu J (刘建),Mao D-Q (毛大庆),Ren J (任君),et al.Analysis of conserved flanking elements associated with antibiotic resistance genes dissemination.Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology (应用生态学报),2012,23(1):240-246 (in Chinese)
[43] Du J,Geng J,Ren H,et al.Variation of antibiotic resistance genes in municipal wastewater treatment plant with A2O-MBR system.Environmental Science & Pollution Research,2015,22:3715-3726
[44] Tong J,Liu J,Zheng X,et al.Fate of antibiotic resis-tance bacteria and genes during enhanced anaerobic digestion of sewage sludge by microwave pretreatment.Bioresource Technology,2016,217:37-43
[45] Jang HM,Lee J,Kim YB,et al.Fate of antibiotic resistance genes and metal resistance genes during thermophilic aerobic digestion of sewage sludge.Bioresource Technology,2018,249:635-643
[46] Xu R,Yang ZH,Wang QP,et al.Rapid startup of thermophilic anaerobic digester to remove tetracycline and sulfonamides resistance genes from sewage sludge.Science of the Total Environment,2017,612:788-798
[47] Diehl DL,Lapara TM.Effect of temperature on the fate of genes encoding tetracycline resistance and the integrase of class 1 integrons within anaerobic and aerobic digesters treating municipal wastewater solids.Environmental Science & Technology,2010,44:9128-9133
[48] Chopra I,Roberts M.Tetracycline antibiotics:Mode of action,applications,molecular biology,and epidemio-logy of bacterial resistance.Microbiology & Molecular Biology Reviews,2001,65:232-260
[49] Tian S-N (田少囡),Tian Z (田哲),Yang H (杨宏),et al.Reduction of antibiotic resistance genes in viable bacterial communities of sludge during ozonation treatment.Chinese Journal of Environmental Engineering (环境工程学报),2017,11(5):3271-3278 (in Chinese)
[50] Alexander J,Knopp G,D?tsch A,et al.Ozone treatment of conditioned wastewater selects antibiotic resis-tance genes,opportunistic bacteria,and induce strong population shifts.Science of the Total Environment,2016,559:103-112
[51] Zhang Y,Zhuang Y,Geng J,et al.Reduction of anti-biotic resistance genes in municipal wastewater effluent by advanced oxidation processes.Science of the Total Environment,2016,550:184-191
[52] Wei X (魏欣),Xue S-L (薛顺利),Yang F (杨帆),et al.Effect of zero valent iron on the decline of tetracycline resistance genes and class 1 integrons during thermophilic anaerobic digestion of sludge.Environmental Science (环境科学),2017,38(2):697-702 (in Chinese)
[53] Liu M,Li Q,Sun H,et al.Impact of salinity on anti-biotic resistance genes in wastewater treatment bioreactors.Chemical Engineering Journal,2018,338:557-563
[54] Barancheshme F,Munir M.Strategies to combat anti-biotic resistance in the wastewater treatment plants.Frontiers in Microbiology,2017,8:2603-2612
[55] Dodd MC.Potential impacts of disinfection processes on elimination and deactivation of antibiotic resistance genes during water and wastewater treatment.Journal of Environmental Monitoring,2012,14:1-5
[56] Mckinney CW,Pruden A.Ultraviolet disinfection of antibiotic resistant bacteria and their antibiotic resistance genes in water and wastewater.Environmental Science & Technology,2012,46:13393-13400
[57] Zheng J,Su C,Zhou J,et al.Effects and mechanisms of ultraviolet,chlorination,and ozone disinfection on antibiotic resistance genes in secondary effluents of municipal wastewater treatment plants.Chemical Engineering Journal,2017,317:309-316
[58] Cesare AD,Fontaneto D,Doppelbauer J,et al.Fitness and recovery of bacterial communities and antibiotic resistance genes in urban wastewaters exposed to classical disinfection treatments.Environmental Science & Technology,2016,50:10153-10161
[59] Ferro G,Guarino F,Castiglione S,et al.Antibiotic resistance spread potential in urban wastewater effluents disinfected by UV/H2O2 process.Science of the Total Environment,2016,560:29-35