制造业投入服务化与碳排放强度——基于WIOD跨国面板的实证分析
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摘要
本文利用WIOD的世界投入产出表和环境账户数据,测算了制造业完全碳排放强度,并分析了投入服务化对制造业完全碳排放强度的影响。研究结果显示,投入服务化可以降低制造业完全碳排放强度,但其对完全碳排放强度的作用要小于其对直接碳排放强度的作用。机制检验发现,投入服务化可通过提高制造业生产效率、替代能源要素和优化制造业结构等途径降低完全碳排放强度。分组检验发现,投入服务化对降低污染密集型制造业碳排放强度的效果大于非污染密集型制造业。从生产性服务类型来看,金融、租赁和商务服务化对降低制造业碳排放强度的作用最大,其次是邮电服务化等。分地区来看,投入服务化对降低中国制造业碳排放强度的作用明显大于发达经济体。本文结论说明,提高制造业投入服务化水平是协调各国制造业发展和资源环境约束的可行路径。
Using WIOD's world input-output tables and environmental account data, the paper calculates the complete carbon emission intensity of manufacturing and analyzes the impact of manufacturing's input servitization on its carbon emission intensity. The results show that input servitization can reduce the complete carbon intensity of manufacturing. However, its effect on complete carbon intensity is smaller than that on direct carbon intensity. The mechanism test shows that input servitization reduces the complete carbon emission intensity by improving the production efficiency, substituting energy inputs and optimizing the structure of manufacturing industry. Group test finds that the effect of input servitization on reducing carbon emission intensity is greater for the pollution-intensive manufacturing sector than the non-pollution-intensive manufacturing sector. By the type of producer service, financial leasing and commercial servitization play the most important role in reducing the carbon emission intensity of manufacturing, followed by post and telecommunications servitization. By region, servitization plays a more important role in reducing the carbon intensity in China than in developed economies. These conclusions show that improving the input servitization level of manufacturing industry is a feasible way to coordinate the development of manufacturing industry and the constraints of resources and environment for all countries.
Using WIOD's world input-output tables and environmental account data, the paper calculates the complete carbon emission intensity of manufacturing and analyzes the impact of manufacturing's input servitization on its carbon emission intensity. The results show that input servitization can reduce the complete carbon intensity of manufacturing. However, its effect on complete carbon intensity is smaller than that on direct carbon intensity. The mechanism test shows that input servitization reduces the complete carbon emission intensity by improving the production efficiency, substituting energy inputs and optimizing the structure of manufacturing industry. Group test finds that the effect of input servitization on reducing carbon emission intensity is greater for the pollution-intensive manufacturing sector than the non-pollution-intensive manufacturing sector. By the type of producer service, financial leasing and commercial servitization play the most important role in reducing the carbon emission intensity of manufacturing, followed by post and telecommunications servitization. By region, servitization plays a more important role in reducing the carbon intensity in China than in developed economies. These conclusions show that improving the input servitization level of manufacturing industry is a feasible way to coordinate the development of manufacturing industry and the constraints of resources and environment for all countries.
引文
1.陈诗一:《中国碳排放强度的波动下降模式及经济解释》,《世界经济》2011年第4期。
2.戴翔:《中国制造业出口内涵服务价值演进及因素决定》,《经济研究》2016年第9期。
3.樊茂清、郑海涛、孙琳琳、任若恩:《能源价格、技术变化和信息化投资对部门能源强度的影响》,《世界经济》2012年第5期。
4.刘斌、魏倩、吕越、祝坤福:《制造业服务化与价值链升级》,《经济研究》2016年第3期。
5.陆旸:《环境规制影响了污染密集型商品的贸易比较优势吗?》,《经济研究》2009年第4期。
6.吕越、李小萌、吕云龙:《全球价值链中的制造业服务化与企业全要素生产率》,《南开经济研究》2017年第3期。
7.潘安、魏龙:《中国对外贸易隐含碳:结构特征与影响因素》,《经济评论》2016年第4期。
8.任力、黄崇杰:《国内外环境规制对中国出口贸易的影响》,《世界经济》2015年第5期。
9.谢建国、姜珮珊:《中国进出口贸易隐含能源消耗的测算与分解》,《经济学(季刊)》2014年第4期。
10.许家云、毛其淋、胡鞍钢:《中间品进口与企业出口产品质量升级:基于中国证据的研究》,《世界经济》2017年第3期。
11.谢康、肖静华、周先波、乌家培:《中国工业化与信息化融合质量:理论与实证》,《经济研究》2012年第1期。
12.杨玲:《生产性服务进口贸易促进制造业服务化效应研究》,《数量经济技术经济研究》2015年第5期。
13.周彬、周彩:《土地财政、企业杠杆率与债务风险》,《财贸经济》2019年第3期。
14.周大鹏:《制造业服务化对产业转型升级的影响》,《世界经济研究》2013年第9期。
15.周银香、吕徐莹:《中国碳排放的经济规模、结构及技术效应——基于33个国家GVAR模型的实证分析》,《国际贸易问题》2017年第8期。
16.祝树金、钟腾龙、李仁宇:《中间品贸易自由化与多产品出口企业的产品加成率》,《中国工业经济》2018年第1期。
17.Arnold,J.M.,Javorcik,B.S.,& Mattoo,A.,Does Services Liberalization Benefit Manufacturing Firms?Evidence from the Czech Republic.Journal of International Economics,Vol.85,No.1,2011,pp.136-146.
18.Baines,T.S.,Lightfoot,H.W.,Benedettini,O.,& Kay,J.M.,The Servitization of Manufacturing:A Review of Literature and Reflection on Future Challenges.Journal of Manufacturing Technology Management,Vol.20,No.5,2009,pp.547-567.
19.Biege,S.,Lay,G.,& Buschak,D.,Mapping Service Processes in Manufacturing Companies:Industrial Service Blueprinting.International Journal of Operation and Production Management,Vol.32,No.8,2012,pp.932-957.
20.Cole,M.A.,Elliott,R.J.R.,& Okubo,T.,Trade,Environmental Regulations and Industrial Mobility:An Industry-level Study of Japan.Ecological Economics,Vol.69,No.10,2010,pp.1995-2002.
21.Crozet,M.,& Milet,E.,Should Everybody Be in Services?The Effect of Servitization on Manufacturing Firm Performance.Journal of Economics & Management Strategy,Vol.26,No.4,2017,pp.820-841.
22.Fontagné,L.,& Harrison,A.,The Factory-free Economy:Outsourcing,Servitization and the Future of Industry.NBER Working Paper,No.23016,2017.
23.Gebauer,H.,Edvardsson,B.,Gustafsson,A.,& Witell,L.,Match or Mismatch:Strategy-structure Configurations in the Service Business of Manufacturing Companies.Journal of Service Research,Vol.13,No.2,2010,pp.198-215.
24.Harris,M.N.,Konya,L.,& Matyas,L.,Modelling the Impact of Environmental Regulations on Bilateral Trade Flows:OECD,1990—1996.The World Economy,Vol.25,No.3,2002,pp.387-405.
25.Hojnik,J.,Servitisation as a Mean of Restoring Environmental Sustainability in Europe.The University of Maribor Jean Monnet Centre of Excellence Working Paper,No.28,2016.
26.Mont,O.K.,Clarifying the Concept of Product-Service System.Journal of Cleaner Production,Vol.10,No.3,2002,pp.237-245.
27.Perkins,R.,& Neumayer,E.,Do Recipient Country Characteristics Affect International Spillovers of CO2-efficiency via Trade and Foreign Direct Investment?.Climatic Change,Vol.112,No.2,2012,pp.469-491.
28.Reiskin,E.D.,White,A.L.,Johnson,J.K.,& Votta,T.J.,Servicizing the Chemical Supply Chain.Journal of Industrial Ecology,Vol.3,No.2-3,2000,pp.19-31.
29.Rothenberg,S.,Sustainability through Servicizing.MIT Sloan Management Review,Vol.48,No.2,2007,pp.83-90.
30.Tietze,F.,& Hansen,E.,To Own or to Use?How Product Service Systems Facilitate Eco-innovation Behavior.2013 Academy of Management Conference,April 3,2013.
31.Vandermerwe,S.,& Rada,J.,Servitization of Business:Adding Value by Adding Services.European Management Journal,Vol.6,No.4,1988,pp.314-324.
32.White,A.L.,Stoughton,M.,& Feng,L.,Servicizing:The Quiet Transition to Extended Product Responsibility.Boston:Tellus Institute,1999.
(1)GDP中服务业产值占70%,服务业中生产性服务业产值占70%。
(2)限于篇幅,制造业投入服务化与碳排放强度的散点图未予报告,备索。
(3)本文就制造业投入服务化对碳排放强度的作用进行了较为严格的模型推导,限于篇幅未予报告,备索。
(4)RIGVC UIBE,2016,UIBE GVC Index System,http://rigvc.uibe.edu.cn/english/D_E/database_database/index.htm.
(5)限于篇幅,关键变量的计算结果和描述性统计未在文中列出,备索。
(6)VIF越大,说明多重共线性问题越严重,经验规则是max(VIF1,VIF2,…,VIFk)<10,即认为不存在多重共线性问题。限于篇幅,各解释变量间的方差膨胀因子结果未给出,备索。
(7)具体行业包括C6、C8、C12、C13、C14、C15、C16。
(8)根据计算,样本期内,金融、租赁和商务服务部门的平均碳系数为0.039,邮电服务部门为0.048,分销服务部门为0.067,而运输服务部门为0.825,远高于各制造业在样本期内的平均碳系数0.458,因此运输服务化会提高制造业碳排放强度。
(9)根据世界银行的标准,2016年人均国民收入在12235美元以上的为发达经济体,具体分类见前文表1。
2.戴翔:《中国制造业出口内涵服务价值演进及因素决定》,《经济研究》2016年第9期。
3.樊茂清、郑海涛、孙琳琳、任若恩:《能源价格、技术变化和信息化投资对部门能源强度的影响》,《世界经济》2012年第5期。
4.刘斌、魏倩、吕越、祝坤福:《制造业服务化与价值链升级》,《经济研究》2016年第3期。
5.陆旸:《环境规制影响了污染密集型商品的贸易比较优势吗?》,《经济研究》2009年第4期。
6.吕越、李小萌、吕云龙:《全球价值链中的制造业服务化与企业全要素生产率》,《南开经济研究》2017年第3期。
7.潘安、魏龙:《中国对外贸易隐含碳:结构特征与影响因素》,《经济评论》2016年第4期。
8.任力、黄崇杰:《国内外环境规制对中国出口贸易的影响》,《世界经济》2015年第5期。
9.谢建国、姜珮珊:《中国进出口贸易隐含能源消耗的测算与分解》,《经济学(季刊)》2014年第4期。
10.许家云、毛其淋、胡鞍钢:《中间品进口与企业出口产品质量升级:基于中国证据的研究》,《世界经济》2017年第3期。
11.谢康、肖静华、周先波、乌家培:《中国工业化与信息化融合质量:理论与实证》,《经济研究》2012年第1期。
12.杨玲:《生产性服务进口贸易促进制造业服务化效应研究》,《数量经济技术经济研究》2015年第5期。
13.周彬、周彩:《土地财政、企业杠杆率与债务风险》,《财贸经济》2019年第3期。
14.周大鹏:《制造业服务化对产业转型升级的影响》,《世界经济研究》2013年第9期。
15.周银香、吕徐莹:《中国碳排放的经济规模、结构及技术效应——基于33个国家GVAR模型的实证分析》,《国际贸易问题》2017年第8期。
16.祝树金、钟腾龙、李仁宇:《中间品贸易自由化与多产品出口企业的产品加成率》,《中国工业经济》2018年第1期。
17.Arnold,J.M.,Javorcik,B.S.,& Mattoo,A.,Does Services Liberalization Benefit Manufacturing Firms?Evidence from the Czech Republic.Journal of International Economics,Vol.85,No.1,2011,pp.136-146.
18.Baines,T.S.,Lightfoot,H.W.,Benedettini,O.,& Kay,J.M.,The Servitization of Manufacturing:A Review of Literature and Reflection on Future Challenges.Journal of Manufacturing Technology Management,Vol.20,No.5,2009,pp.547-567.
19.Biege,S.,Lay,G.,& Buschak,D.,Mapping Service Processes in Manufacturing Companies:Industrial Service Blueprinting.International Journal of Operation and Production Management,Vol.32,No.8,2012,pp.932-957.
20.Cole,M.A.,Elliott,R.J.R.,& Okubo,T.,Trade,Environmental Regulations and Industrial Mobility:An Industry-level Study of Japan.Ecological Economics,Vol.69,No.10,2010,pp.1995-2002.
21.Crozet,M.,& Milet,E.,Should Everybody Be in Services?The Effect of Servitization on Manufacturing Firm Performance.Journal of Economics & Management Strategy,Vol.26,No.4,2017,pp.820-841.
22.Fontagné,L.,& Harrison,A.,The Factory-free Economy:Outsourcing,Servitization and the Future of Industry.NBER Working Paper,No.23016,2017.
23.Gebauer,H.,Edvardsson,B.,Gustafsson,A.,& Witell,L.,Match or Mismatch:Strategy-structure Configurations in the Service Business of Manufacturing Companies.Journal of Service Research,Vol.13,No.2,2010,pp.198-215.
24.Harris,M.N.,Konya,L.,& Matyas,L.,Modelling the Impact of Environmental Regulations on Bilateral Trade Flows:OECD,1990—1996.The World Economy,Vol.25,No.3,2002,pp.387-405.
25.Hojnik,J.,Servitisation as a Mean of Restoring Environmental Sustainability in Europe.The University of Maribor Jean Monnet Centre of Excellence Working Paper,No.28,2016.
26.Mont,O.K.,Clarifying the Concept of Product-Service System.Journal of Cleaner Production,Vol.10,No.3,2002,pp.237-245.
27.Perkins,R.,& Neumayer,E.,Do Recipient Country Characteristics Affect International Spillovers of CO2-efficiency via Trade and Foreign Direct Investment?.Climatic Change,Vol.112,No.2,2012,pp.469-491.
28.Reiskin,E.D.,White,A.L.,Johnson,J.K.,& Votta,T.J.,Servicizing the Chemical Supply Chain.Journal of Industrial Ecology,Vol.3,No.2-3,2000,pp.19-31.
29.Rothenberg,S.,Sustainability through Servicizing.MIT Sloan Management Review,Vol.48,No.2,2007,pp.83-90.
30.Tietze,F.,& Hansen,E.,To Own or to Use?How Product Service Systems Facilitate Eco-innovation Behavior.2013 Academy of Management Conference,April 3,2013.
31.Vandermerwe,S.,& Rada,J.,Servitization of Business:Adding Value by Adding Services.European Management Journal,Vol.6,No.4,1988,pp.314-324.
32.White,A.L.,Stoughton,M.,& Feng,L.,Servicizing:The Quiet Transition to Extended Product Responsibility.Boston:Tellus Institute,1999.
(1)GDP中服务业产值占70%,服务业中生产性服务业产值占70%。
(2)限于篇幅,制造业投入服务化与碳排放强度的散点图未予报告,备索。
(3)本文就制造业投入服务化对碳排放强度的作用进行了较为严格的模型推导,限于篇幅未予报告,备索。
(4)RIGVC UIBE,2016,UIBE GVC Index System,http://rigvc.uibe.edu.cn/english/D_E/database_database/index.htm.
(5)限于篇幅,关键变量的计算结果和描述性统计未在文中列出,备索。
(6)VIF越大,说明多重共线性问题越严重,经验规则是max(VIF1,VIF2,…,VIFk)<10,即认为不存在多重共线性问题。限于篇幅,各解释变量间的方差膨胀因子结果未给出,备索。
(7)具体行业包括C6、C8、C12、C13、C14、C15、C16。
(8)根据计算,样本期内,金融、租赁和商务服务部门的平均碳系数为0.039,邮电服务部门为0.048,分销服务部门为0.067,而运输服务部门为0.825,远高于各制造业在样本期内的平均碳系数0.458,因此运输服务化会提高制造业碳排放强度。
(9)根据世界银行的标准,2016年人均国民收入在12235美元以上的为发达经济体,具体分类见前文表1。