不同测定方法探讨重金属对微生物毒性的影响
|
摘要
微生物是污水处理工艺中污染物的重要分解者,重金属对活性污泥微生物具有一定毒性。为了研究和比较重金属对活性污泥微生物的毒性影响,采用发光细菌毒性、活性污泥脱氢酶毒性、硝化抑制毒性3种方法测定4种重金属(Hg、Cd、Zn、Pb)对活性污泥微生物的毒性,并对测定结果进行了比较。结果表明,4种重金属均可降低污泥系统COD_(Cr)的去除率,其中,Cd和Hg对COD_(Cr)去除率的影响最明显(43.2%-92.3%和52.4%-92.5%),而Pb和Zn对活性污泥COD_(Cr)去除率的影响较小。发光细菌毒性测定方法的灵敏度最高(达50%以上),测得的重金属半数有效浓度(EC_(50))最低(Hg 9.6 mg·L~(-1),Cd 0.3 mg·L~(-1),Zn 3.6 mg·L~(-1),Pb 13.9 mg·L~(-1)),4种重金属对发光细菌发光强度的抑制程度表现为Hg>Cd>Zn>Pb,发光细菌的发光强度抑制率与重金属的对数浓度呈极显著的线性相关关系(P<0.01),发光细菌发光强度随重金属对数浓度的增大而减小。活性污泥脱氢酶毒性和硝化抑制毒性的测定结果与发光细菌毒性测定结果相比,灵敏度相对较低,测得的重金属EC_(50)相对较高,活性污泥脱氢酶活性的抑制程度大小顺序为Cd>Hg>Zn>Pb,与测得的活性污泥硝化速率抑制程度大小顺序一致,但二者测得的EC_(50)有所差别。4种重金属与活性污泥脱氢酶活性的Logistic回归方程均达到极显著水平(P<0.01),活性污泥SVI值随重金属浓度的增加而升高,当重金属浓度较低时,其对活性污泥SVI的影响并不大。为了更准确地判定重金属对活性污泥微生物的毒性影响,应取不同的重金属毒性终点指示指标进行毒性组实验,而不能以发光细菌毒性的单一测定结果作为评判依据。
Microorganisms are important decomposers in process of pollutants in sewage, and heavy metals play an important role in the toxicity of activated sludge microorganisms. In order to explore the biotoxicity of heavy metals pollutants, Hg, Cd, Zn and Pb on micro-organism in activated sludge was detected by the three methods of detecting luminous bacteria toxicity, dehydrogenase activity of activated sludge and nitrification inhibition rate. The results showed that four kinds of heavy metal decreased the removal rate of COD_(Cr) of sludge system, and the variations of Cd and Hg on the COD_(Cr) removal rate were significant(43.2%-92.3% and 52.4%-92.5%), while the variations of Pb and Zn on the COD_(Cr) removal rate were lower. Luminescent bacteria toxicity method presented the highest sensitivity(over 50%) and the lowest EC_(50) value(Hg 9.6 mg·L~(-1), Cd 0.3 mg·L~(-1), Zn 3.6 mg·L~(-1), Pb 13.9 mg·L~(-1)); the bio-toxicity of 4 heavy metals followed the sequence of Hg>Cd>Zn>Pb. There was a significant linear correlation between the inhibition rate of luminescence intensity and the logarithm concertration of heavy metals(P<0.01). The other two methods had relatively low sensitivity and high EC_(50) value, and the order of heavy metal bio-toxicity was Cd>Hg>Zn>Pb. Logistic regression equations of dehydrogenase activity of the 4 heavy metals and activated sludge all reached extremely significant levels(P<0.01), and the SVI value of activated sludge increased with the increase of heavy metal concentration. When the heavy metal concentration was low, the SVI value of activated sludge was not significantly influenced. Finally, in order to determine the toxicity of heavy metal pollutants more accurately, at least one set of toxicity test should be targeted at activated sludge, and luminescent bacteria biotoxicity could not be the sole basis to determine the short-term impact on the waste water treatment capacity.
Microorganisms are important decomposers in process of pollutants in sewage, and heavy metals play an important role in the toxicity of activated sludge microorganisms. In order to explore the biotoxicity of heavy metals pollutants, Hg, Cd, Zn and Pb on micro-organism in activated sludge was detected by the three methods of detecting luminous bacteria toxicity, dehydrogenase activity of activated sludge and nitrification inhibition rate. The results showed that four kinds of heavy metal decreased the removal rate of COD_(Cr) of sludge system, and the variations of Cd and Hg on the COD_(Cr) removal rate were significant(43.2%-92.3% and 52.4%-92.5%), while the variations of Pb and Zn on the COD_(Cr) removal rate were lower. Luminescent bacteria toxicity method presented the highest sensitivity(over 50%) and the lowest EC_(50) value(Hg 9.6 mg·L~(-1), Cd 0.3 mg·L~(-1), Zn 3.6 mg·L~(-1), Pb 13.9 mg·L~(-1)); the bio-toxicity of 4 heavy metals followed the sequence of Hg>Cd>Zn>Pb. There was a significant linear correlation between the inhibition rate of luminescence intensity and the logarithm concertration of heavy metals(P<0.01). The other two methods had relatively low sensitivity and high EC_(50) value, and the order of heavy metal bio-toxicity was Cd>Hg>Zn>Pb. Logistic regression equations of dehydrogenase activity of the 4 heavy metals and activated sludge all reached extremely significant levels(P<0.01), and the SVI value of activated sludge increased with the increase of heavy metal concentration. When the heavy metal concentration was low, the SVI value of activated sludge was not significantly influenced. Finally, in order to determine the toxicity of heavy metal pollutants more accurately, at least one set of toxicity test should be targeted at activated sludge, and luminescent bacteria biotoxicity could not be the sole basis to determine the short-term impact on the waste water treatment capacity.
引文
FARIAS D R,HURD C L,ERIKSEN R S,et al.,2018.Macrophytes as bioindicators of heavy metal pollution in estuarine and coastal environments[J].Marine Pollution Bulletin,128:175-184.
FENG L U,CHEN M,CHEN L L,2018.Characteristics of heavy metal pollution in manganese residues of electrolytic manganese in Songtao,Guizhou and its toxic effects on plant growth[J].Science Technology&Engineering,5:261-270.
JACOB J M,KARTHIK C,SARATALEe R G,et al.,2018.Biological approaches to tackle heavy metal pollution:A survey of literature[J].Journal of Environmental Management,217:56-70.
MI?KOWIEC P,?APTAS,A,ZIEBA K,2015.Soil pollution with heavy metals in industrial and agricultural areas:a case study of Olkusz District[J].Journal of Elementology,20(2):353-362.
RODR?GUEZ MARTIN J A,GUTIAREZ C,TORRIJOS M,et al.,2018.Wood and bark of Pinus halepensis as archives of heavy metal pollution in the Mediterranean Region[J].Environmental Pollution,239:438-447.
TANG W Z,ZHANG C,ZHAO Y,et al.,2016.Pollution,toxicity,and ecological risk of heavy metals in surface river sediments of a large basin undergoing rapid economic development[J].Environmental Toxicology&Chemistry,36(5):23-31.
VACHOVáP,VACH M,NAJNAROVáE,2017.Using expansive grasses for monitoring heavy metal pollution in the vicinity of roads[J].Environmental Pollution,229:94-101.
WEI B G,YANG L S,2010.A review of heavy metal contaminations in urban soils,urban road dusts and agricultural soils from China[J].Microchemical Journal,94(2):99-107.
YANG Q Q,LI Z Y,LU X N,et al.,2018.A review of soil heavy metal pollution from industrial and agricultural regions in China:Pollution and risk assessment[J].Science of the Total Environment,642:690-700.
陈同斌,黄启飞,高定,等,2003.中国城市污泥的重金属含量及其变化趋势[J].环境科学学报,23(5):561-569.CHENG T B,HUNAG Q F,GAO D,et al.,2003 Concentrations and Variation of Heavy Metals in Municipal Sludge of China[J].China Water&Wastewater,23(5):561-569.
GORONSZY M C,朱明权,WUTSCHER K,1996.循环式活性污泥法(CAST)的应用及其发展[J].中国给水排水,12(6):4-9.GORONSZY M C,ZHU M Q,WUTSCHER K,1996.Application and development of cyclic activated sludge process(CAST)[J].China Water&Wastewater,12(6):4-9.
蒋成爱,吴启堂,吴顺辉,2001.活性污泥吸附重金属的研究进展[J].土壤与环境,10(4):331-334.JIANG C A,WU Q T,WU S H,2001.Advances in research of activated sludge absorbing metal ion[J].Soil and Environmental Science,10(4):331-334.
李光伟,刘和,张峰,等,2007.荧光定量PCR监测五氯酚对好氧颗粒污泥和活性污泥中氨氧化细菌数量的影响[J].微生物学报,47(1):136-140.LI G W,LIU H,ZHANG F,et al.,2007.Real time PCR quantification of ammonia-oxidizing bacteria in aerobic granular sludge and activated sludge influenced by pentachlorophenol[J].Acta Microbiologica Sinica,47(1):136-140.
李娟英,赵庆祥,王静,等,2009.重金属对活性污泥微生物毒性的比较研究[J].环境污染与防治,31(11):17-20.LI J Y,ZHAO Q X,WANG J,et al.,2009.Comparative study on the biotoxicity of heavy metals pollutants[J].Environmental Pollution and Control,31(11):17-20.
刘锐,黄霞,刘若鹏,等,2001.膜-生物反应器和传统活性污泥工艺的比较[J].环境科学,22(3):20-24.LIU R,HUANG X,LIU R P,et al.,2001.A comparison between a submerged membrane bioreactor and a conven-tional activated sludge process[J].Chinese Journal of Environmental Science,22(3):20-24.
刘新春,吴成强,张昱,等,2005.PCR-DGGE法用于活性污泥系统中微生物群落结构变化的解析[J].生态学报,25(4):842-847.LIU X C,WU C Q,ZHANG Y,et al.,2005.Application of polymerase chain reaction-denaturing gradient gel electro phoresis(PCR-DGGE)to the analysis of changes of microbial ecological communities in activated sludge systems[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,25(4):842-847.
卢培利,张代钧,张欣,等,2008.混合呼吸仪评估p H值和重金属对污泥活性的抑制[J].中国环境科学,28(5):422-426.LU P L,ZHANG D J,ZHANG X,2008.Evaluating the inhibition of pH and heavy metals on activated sludge using a hybrid respirometer[J].China Environmental Science,28(5):422-426.
吕锡武,2001.溶解氧及活性污泥浓度对同步硝化反硝化的影响[J].城市环境与城市生态,14(1):33-35.LV X W,2001.Effect of do concentration and mlss on simultaneous nitrifieation and denitrification[J].Urban Environment&Urban Ecology
王凯军,贾立敏,2001.城市污水生物处理新技术开发与应用[M].北京:化学工业出版社.WANG K J,JIA L M,2001.Development and application of new technologies for biological treatment of municipal sewage[M].Beijing:Chemical Industry Press.
谢冰,2002.分子生物学方法研究铜锌重金属离子对活性污泥微生物的影响[D].上海:东华大学.XIE B,2002.The effect of copper and zinc heavy metal ions on the microorganism of activated sludge was studied by molecular biology[D].Shanghai:Donghua University.
谢冰,奚旦立,陈季华,2003.活性污泥工艺对重金属的去除及微生物的抵抗机制[J].上海环境科学,22(4):283-288.XIE B,XI D L,CHEN J H,2003.Mechanisms of removal heavy metals and resistance to microorganisms by activated sludge process[J].Shanghai Environmental Science,22(4):283-288.
余杰,田宁宁,王凯军,等,2007.中国城市污水处理厂污泥处理、处置问题探讨分析[J].环境工程学报,1(1):82-86.YU J,TIAN N N,WANG K J,et al.,2007.Analysis and discussion of sludge disposal and treatment of sewage treatment plants in China[J].Chinese Journal of Environmental Engineering,1(1):82-86.
赵庆良,蔡萌萌,刘志刚,2006.气浮-活性污泥工艺处理制药废水[J].中国给水排水,22(1):77-79.ZHAO Q L,CAI M M,LIU Z G,2006.Pharmaceutical wastewater treatment with DAF-activated sludge processes[J].China Water&Wastewater,22(1):77-79.
周立祥,沈其荣,陈同斌,等,2000.重金属及养分元素在城市污泥主要组分中的分配及其化学形态[J].环境科学学报,20(3):269-274.ZHOU L X,SHEN Q R,CHEN T B,et al.,2000.Distribution and chemical form of heavy metals in the principal components of undigested sludge[J].Acta Scientiae Circumstantiae,20(3):269-274.
周立祥,王艮梅,2001.污水污泥中重金属的细菌淋滤效果研究[J].环境科学学报,21(4):504-506.ZHOU L X,WANG K M,2001.Bioleaching of heavy metals from sewage sludge[J].Acta Scientiae Circumstantiae,21(4):504-506.
竺建荣,刘纯新,1999.好氧颗粒活性污泥的培养及理化特性研究[J].环境科学,20(2):38-41.ZHU J R,LIU C X,1999.Cultivation and physic-chemical characteristics of granular activated sludge in alternation of anaerobic/aerobic process[J].Environmental Science,20(2):38-41.
FENG L U,CHEN M,CHEN L L,2018.Characteristics of heavy metal pollution in manganese residues of electrolytic manganese in Songtao,Guizhou and its toxic effects on plant growth[J].Science Technology&Engineering,5:261-270.
JACOB J M,KARTHIK C,SARATALEe R G,et al.,2018.Biological approaches to tackle heavy metal pollution:A survey of literature[J].Journal of Environmental Management,217:56-70.
MI?KOWIEC P,?APTAS,A,ZIEBA K,2015.Soil pollution with heavy metals in industrial and agricultural areas:a case study of Olkusz District[J].Journal of Elementology,20(2):353-362.
RODR?GUEZ MARTIN J A,GUTIAREZ C,TORRIJOS M,et al.,2018.Wood and bark of Pinus halepensis as archives of heavy metal pollution in the Mediterranean Region[J].Environmental Pollution,239:438-447.
TANG W Z,ZHANG C,ZHAO Y,et al.,2016.Pollution,toxicity,and ecological risk of heavy metals in surface river sediments of a large basin undergoing rapid economic development[J].Environmental Toxicology&Chemistry,36(5):23-31.
VACHOVáP,VACH M,NAJNAROVáE,2017.Using expansive grasses for monitoring heavy metal pollution in the vicinity of roads[J].Environmental Pollution,229:94-101.
WEI B G,YANG L S,2010.A review of heavy metal contaminations in urban soils,urban road dusts and agricultural soils from China[J].Microchemical Journal,94(2):99-107.
YANG Q Q,LI Z Y,LU X N,et al.,2018.A review of soil heavy metal pollution from industrial and agricultural regions in China:Pollution and risk assessment[J].Science of the Total Environment,642:690-700.
陈同斌,黄启飞,高定,等,2003.中国城市污泥的重金属含量及其变化趋势[J].环境科学学报,23(5):561-569.CHENG T B,HUNAG Q F,GAO D,et al.,2003 Concentrations and Variation of Heavy Metals in Municipal Sludge of China[J].China Water&Wastewater,23(5):561-569.
GORONSZY M C,朱明权,WUTSCHER K,1996.循环式活性污泥法(CAST)的应用及其发展[J].中国给水排水,12(6):4-9.GORONSZY M C,ZHU M Q,WUTSCHER K,1996.Application and development of cyclic activated sludge process(CAST)[J].China Water&Wastewater,12(6):4-9.
蒋成爱,吴启堂,吴顺辉,2001.活性污泥吸附重金属的研究进展[J].土壤与环境,10(4):331-334.JIANG C A,WU Q T,WU S H,2001.Advances in research of activated sludge absorbing metal ion[J].Soil and Environmental Science,10(4):331-334.
李光伟,刘和,张峰,等,2007.荧光定量PCR监测五氯酚对好氧颗粒污泥和活性污泥中氨氧化细菌数量的影响[J].微生物学报,47(1):136-140.LI G W,LIU H,ZHANG F,et al.,2007.Real time PCR quantification of ammonia-oxidizing bacteria in aerobic granular sludge and activated sludge influenced by pentachlorophenol[J].Acta Microbiologica Sinica,47(1):136-140.
李娟英,赵庆祥,王静,等,2009.重金属对活性污泥微生物毒性的比较研究[J].环境污染与防治,31(11):17-20.LI J Y,ZHAO Q X,WANG J,et al.,2009.Comparative study on the biotoxicity of heavy metals pollutants[J].Environmental Pollution and Control,31(11):17-20.
刘锐,黄霞,刘若鹏,等,2001.膜-生物反应器和传统活性污泥工艺的比较[J].环境科学,22(3):20-24.LIU R,HUANG X,LIU R P,et al.,2001.A comparison between a submerged membrane bioreactor and a conven-tional activated sludge process[J].Chinese Journal of Environmental Science,22(3):20-24.
刘新春,吴成强,张昱,等,2005.PCR-DGGE法用于活性污泥系统中微生物群落结构变化的解析[J].生态学报,25(4):842-847.LIU X C,WU C Q,ZHANG Y,et al.,2005.Application of polymerase chain reaction-denaturing gradient gel electro phoresis(PCR-DGGE)to the analysis of changes of microbial ecological communities in activated sludge systems[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,25(4):842-847.
卢培利,张代钧,张欣,等,2008.混合呼吸仪评估p H值和重金属对污泥活性的抑制[J].中国环境科学,28(5):422-426.LU P L,ZHANG D J,ZHANG X,2008.Evaluating the inhibition of pH and heavy metals on activated sludge using a hybrid respirometer[J].China Environmental Science,28(5):422-426.
吕锡武,2001.溶解氧及活性污泥浓度对同步硝化反硝化的影响[J].城市环境与城市生态,14(1):33-35.LV X W,2001.Effect of do concentration and mlss on simultaneous nitrifieation and denitrification[J].Urban Environment&Urban Ecology
王凯军,贾立敏,2001.城市污水生物处理新技术开发与应用[M].北京:化学工业出版社.WANG K J,JIA L M,2001.Development and application of new technologies for biological treatment of municipal sewage[M].Beijing:Chemical Industry Press.
谢冰,2002.分子生物学方法研究铜锌重金属离子对活性污泥微生物的影响[D].上海:东华大学.XIE B,2002.The effect of copper and zinc heavy metal ions on the microorganism of activated sludge was studied by molecular biology[D].Shanghai:Donghua University.
谢冰,奚旦立,陈季华,2003.活性污泥工艺对重金属的去除及微生物的抵抗机制[J].上海环境科学,22(4):283-288.XIE B,XI D L,CHEN J H,2003.Mechanisms of removal heavy metals and resistance to microorganisms by activated sludge process[J].Shanghai Environmental Science,22(4):283-288.
余杰,田宁宁,王凯军,等,2007.中国城市污水处理厂污泥处理、处置问题探讨分析[J].环境工程学报,1(1):82-86.YU J,TIAN N N,WANG K J,et al.,2007.Analysis and discussion of sludge disposal and treatment of sewage treatment plants in China[J].Chinese Journal of Environmental Engineering,1(1):82-86.
赵庆良,蔡萌萌,刘志刚,2006.气浮-活性污泥工艺处理制药废水[J].中国给水排水,22(1):77-79.ZHAO Q L,CAI M M,LIU Z G,2006.Pharmaceutical wastewater treatment with DAF-activated sludge processes[J].China Water&Wastewater,22(1):77-79.
周立祥,沈其荣,陈同斌,等,2000.重金属及养分元素在城市污泥主要组分中的分配及其化学形态[J].环境科学学报,20(3):269-274.ZHOU L X,SHEN Q R,CHEN T B,et al.,2000.Distribution and chemical form of heavy metals in the principal components of undigested sludge[J].Acta Scientiae Circumstantiae,20(3):269-274.
周立祥,王艮梅,2001.污水污泥中重金属的细菌淋滤效果研究[J].环境科学学报,21(4):504-506.ZHOU L X,WANG K M,2001.Bioleaching of heavy metals from sewage sludge[J].Acta Scientiae Circumstantiae,21(4):504-506.
竺建荣,刘纯新,1999.好氧颗粒活性污泥的培养及理化特性研究[J].环境科学,20(2):38-41.ZHU J R,LIU C X,1999.Cultivation and physic-chemical characteristics of granular activated sludge in alternation of anaerobic/aerobic process[J].Environmental Science,20(2):38-41.