我国表层土壤多环芳烃含量的空间分布及成因
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摘要
为全面了解我国表层土壤多环芳烃(PAHs)含量状况及空间分布,收集整理了1999—2018年发表的208篇有关全国各地表层土壤PAHs的文献,综合运用ArcGIS空间插值技术、地理探测器模型和统计学方法,定量分析了我国表层土壤PAHs含量、空间分布、主要来源及成因。结果表明:我国各地表土PAHs平均含量的空间分布具有明显的区域特征,从华北、东北、华东、中南、西北到西南地区依次递减,华北地区土壤∑16PAHs平均含量约为西南地区的2. 5倍;我国土壤PAHs含量总体上处于中低污染水平,中等污染、轻微污染和未污染土壤占比分别约为22. 6%、71. 1%和6. 3%。利用地理探测器对9种社会经济影响因素的定量分析表明,燃煤发电对PAHs含量的空间分布格局影响显著高于其他因子;主成分分析结果也表明燃煤是重要污染源之一。该研究对实现我国土壤PAHs的科学管控和防治具有一定参考价值。
In order to comprehensively understand the concentrations and spatial distribution of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in surface soils in China,208 literatures published from 1999 to 2018 on PAHs in the surface soils were collected for data extraction and in-depth analysis. ArcGIS spatial interpolation technique,geographic detector model and statistical method were used to quantitatively analyze the concentration,spatial distribution,main sources,and affecting factors of PAHs in the surface soil in China. The results show that the spatial distribution of PAHs in the surface soil has obvious spatial variation. The PAHs concentrations follow a significant decreasing trend of north China> northeast China>east China> mid-south China> northwest China> southwest China. The average concentration of 16 USEPA priority PAHs in north China is about 2. 5 times that of southwest China. The PAHs pollution level in the surface soils in China generally ranged from low to medium according to Maliszewska-Kordybach's classification standard. The moderately polluted,slightly polluted,and uncontaminated soil accounted for approximately 22. 6%,71. 1% and 6. 3%,respectively. Quantitative analysis of nine socio-economic factors by using geo-detector model shows coal-fired power generation is the most significant factor on PAHs spatial distribution compared with the other factors. Principal component analysis also indicates that the coal combustion is the important pollution source,in consistent with the result of geo-detector model. This study has certain reference value for the prevention and scientific control of PAHs pollution in the surface soil in China.
In order to comprehensively understand the concentrations and spatial distribution of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in surface soils in China,208 literatures published from 1999 to 2018 on PAHs in the surface soils were collected for data extraction and in-depth analysis. ArcGIS spatial interpolation technique,geographic detector model and statistical method were used to quantitatively analyze the concentration,spatial distribution,main sources,and affecting factors of PAHs in the surface soil in China. The results show that the spatial distribution of PAHs in the surface soil has obvious spatial variation. The PAHs concentrations follow a significant decreasing trend of north China> northeast China>east China> mid-south China> northwest China> southwest China. The average concentration of 16 USEPA priority PAHs in north China is about 2. 5 times that of southwest China. The PAHs pollution level in the surface soils in China generally ranged from low to medium according to Maliszewska-Kordybach's classification standard. The moderately polluted,slightly polluted,and uncontaminated soil accounted for approximately 22. 6%,71. 1% and 6. 3%,respectively. Quantitative analysis of nine socio-economic factors by using geo-detector model shows coal-fired power generation is the most significant factor on PAHs spatial distribution compared with the other factors. Principal component analysis also indicates that the coal combustion is the important pollution source,in consistent with the result of geo-detector model. This study has certain reference value for the prevention and scientific control of PAHs pollution in the surface soil in China.
引文
[1] LI Y X,DUAN X Y.Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Sediments of China Sea[J].Environmental Science and Pollution Research,2015,22(20):15432-15442.
[2] DUAN Y H,SHEN G F,TAO S,et al.Characteristics of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Agricultural Soils at a Typical Coke Production Base in Shanxi,China[J].Chemosphere,2015,127:64-69.
[3] THORSEN W A,COPE W G,DAMIAN S A.Bioavailability of PAHs:Effects of Soot Carbon and PAH Source[J].Environmental Science&Technology,2004,38(7):2029-2037.
[4]曹云者,柳晓娟,谢云峰,等.我国主要地区表层土壤中多环芳烃组成及含量特征分析[J].环境科学学报,2012,32(1):197-203.[CAO Yun-zhe,LIU Xiao-juan,XIE Yun-feng,et al.Patterns of PAHs Concentrations and Components in Surface Soils of Main Areas in China[J].Acta Scientiae Circumstantiae,2012,32(1):197-203.]
[5] ZHANG P,CHEN Y G.Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons Contamination in Surface Soil of China:A Review[J].Science of the Total Environment,2017,605/606:1011-1020.
[6]邓绍坡,吴运金,龙涛,等.我国表层土壤多环芳烃(PAHs)污染状况及来源浅析[J].生态与农村环境学报,2015,31(6):866-875.[DENG Shao-po,WU Yun-jin,LONG Tao,et al.PAHs Contamination in the Surface Soil of China and Its Sources[J].Journal of Ecology and Rural Environment,2015,31(6):866-875.]
[7]张玉.西藏土壤中PAHs的含量、分布及来源分析[D].太原:太原科技大学,2012.
[8]刘爱利,王培法,丁园圆.地统计学概论[M].北京:科学出版社,2012:53-64.
[9]王劲峰,徐成东.地理探测器:原理与展望[J].地理学报,2017,72(1):116-134.[WANG Jin-feng,XU Cheng-dong.Geodetector:Principle and Prospective[J].Acta Geographica Sinica,2017,72(1):116-134.]
[10]李俊刚,闫庆武,熊集兵,等.贵州省煤矿区植被指数变化及其影响因子分析[J].生态与农村环境学报,2016,32(3):374-378.[LI Jun-gang,YAN Qing-wu,XIONG Ji-bing,et al.Variation of Vegetation Index in Coal Mining Areas in Guizhou Province and Its Affecting Factors[J].Journal of Ecology and Rural Environment,2016,32(3):374-378.]
[11]杨忠华,刘方,赵泽英,等.基于GIS和地统计学的农田土壤养分空间变异性研究[J].贵州农业科学,2009,37(9):120-124.[YANG Zhong-hua,LIU Fang,ZHAO Ze-ying,et al.Spatial Variability of Farmland Soil Nutrients Based on GIS and Geo-Statistics[J].Guizhou Agricultural Sciences,2009,37(9):120-124.]
[12]李哈滨,王政权,王庆成.空间异质性定量研究理论与方法[J].应用生态学报,1998,9(6):93-99.[LI Ha-bin,WANG Zhengquan,WANG Qing-cheng.Theory and Methodology of Spatial Heterogeneity Quantification[J].Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,1998,9(6):93-99.]
[13] WILCKE W,KRAUSS M,SAFRONOV G,et al.Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons(PAHs)in Soils of the Moscow Region Concentrations,Temporal Trends,and Small-Scale Distribution[J].Journal of Environment Quality,2005,34(5):1581-1590.
[14] MARTIN K,WOLFGANG W. Polychlorinated Naphthalenes in Urban Soils:Analysis,Concentrations,and Relation to Other Persistent Organic Pollutants[J].Environmental Pollution,2003,122(1):75-89.
[15] WOLFGANG W.Global Patterns of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons(PAHs)in Soil[J].Geoderma,2007,141(3/4):157-166.
[16] MORILLO E,ROMERO A S,MAQUEDA C,et al.Soil Pollution by PAHs in Urban Soils:A Comparison of Three European Cities[J]. Journal of Environmental Monitoring,2007,9(9):1001-1008.
[17] NADAL M,SCHUHMACHER M,DOMINGO J L.Levels of Metals,PCBs,PCNs and PAHs in Soils of a Highly Industrialized Chemical/Petrochemical Area:Temporal Trend[J]. Chemosphere,2007,66(2):267-276.
[18] CACHADA A,PATO P,ROCHA-SANTOS T,et al. Levels,Sources and Potential Human Health Risks of Organic Pollutants in Urban Soils[J].Science of the Total Environment,2012,430:184-192.
[19] KUMAR B,VERMA V K,KUMAR S,et al.Probabilistic Health Risk Assessment of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons and Polychlorinated Biphenyls in Urban Soils From a Tropical City of India[J].Journal of Environmental Science and Health:Part A,2013,48(10):1253-1263.
[20] KWON H O,CHOI S D. Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons(PAHs)in Soils From a Multi-Industrial City,South Korea[J].Science of the Total Environment,2014,470/471:1494-1501.
[21]李娇,吴劲,蒋进元,等.近十年土壤污染物源解析研究综述[J].土壤通报,2018,49(1):232-242.[LI Jiao,WU Jin,JIANG Jin-yuan,et al.Review on Source Apportionment of Soil Pollutants in Recent Ten Years[J].Chinese Journal of Soil Science,2018,49(1):232-242.]
[22] MA X X,RAN Y,GONG J,et al.Concentrations and Inventories of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons and Organochlorine Pesticides in Watershed Soils in the Pearl River Delta,China[J].Environmental Monitoring Assessment,2008,145(1/2/3):453-464.
[23] LIANG J,MA G,FANG H,et al.Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon Concentrations in Urban Soils Representing Different Land Use Categories in Shanghai[J].Environmental Earth Sciences,2011,62(1):33-42.
[24]王学军,任丽然,戴永宁,等.天津市不同土地利用类型土壤中多环芳烃的含量特征[J].地理研究,2003,22(3):360-366.[WANG Xue-jun,REN Li-ran,DAI Yong-ning,et al.Contents of PAH Compounds in Different Types of Soils in Tianjin Area[J].Geographical Research,2003,22(3):360-366.]
[25] ZUO Q,DUAN Y H,YANG Y,et al.Source Apportionment of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Surface Soil in Tianjin,China[J].Environmental Pollution,2007,147(2):303-310.
[26] HARRISON R M,SMITH D J T,LUHANA L.Source Apportionment of Atmospheric Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons Collected From an Urban Location in Birmingham,U. K.[J].Fuel and Energy Abstracts,1996,30(3):825-832.
[27] SOCLO H H,GARRIGUES P,EWALD M.Origin of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons(PAHs)in Coastal Marine Sediments:Case Studies in Cotonou(Benin)and Aquitaine(France)Areas[J].Marine Pollution Bulletin,2000,40(5):387-396.
[2] DUAN Y H,SHEN G F,TAO S,et al.Characteristics of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Agricultural Soils at a Typical Coke Production Base in Shanxi,China[J].Chemosphere,2015,127:64-69.
[3] THORSEN W A,COPE W G,DAMIAN S A.Bioavailability of PAHs:Effects of Soot Carbon and PAH Source[J].Environmental Science&Technology,2004,38(7):2029-2037.
[4]曹云者,柳晓娟,谢云峰,等.我国主要地区表层土壤中多环芳烃组成及含量特征分析[J].环境科学学报,2012,32(1):197-203.[CAO Yun-zhe,LIU Xiao-juan,XIE Yun-feng,et al.Patterns of PAHs Concentrations and Components in Surface Soils of Main Areas in China[J].Acta Scientiae Circumstantiae,2012,32(1):197-203.]
[5] ZHANG P,CHEN Y G.Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons Contamination in Surface Soil of China:A Review[J].Science of the Total Environment,2017,605/606:1011-1020.
[6]邓绍坡,吴运金,龙涛,等.我国表层土壤多环芳烃(PAHs)污染状况及来源浅析[J].生态与农村环境学报,2015,31(6):866-875.[DENG Shao-po,WU Yun-jin,LONG Tao,et al.PAHs Contamination in the Surface Soil of China and Its Sources[J].Journal of Ecology and Rural Environment,2015,31(6):866-875.]
[7]张玉.西藏土壤中PAHs的含量、分布及来源分析[D].太原:太原科技大学,2012.
[8]刘爱利,王培法,丁园圆.地统计学概论[M].北京:科学出版社,2012:53-64.
[9]王劲峰,徐成东.地理探测器:原理与展望[J].地理学报,2017,72(1):116-134.[WANG Jin-feng,XU Cheng-dong.Geodetector:Principle and Prospective[J].Acta Geographica Sinica,2017,72(1):116-134.]
[10]李俊刚,闫庆武,熊集兵,等.贵州省煤矿区植被指数变化及其影响因子分析[J].生态与农村环境学报,2016,32(3):374-378.[LI Jun-gang,YAN Qing-wu,XIONG Ji-bing,et al.Variation of Vegetation Index in Coal Mining Areas in Guizhou Province and Its Affecting Factors[J].Journal of Ecology and Rural Environment,2016,32(3):374-378.]
[11]杨忠华,刘方,赵泽英,等.基于GIS和地统计学的农田土壤养分空间变异性研究[J].贵州农业科学,2009,37(9):120-124.[YANG Zhong-hua,LIU Fang,ZHAO Ze-ying,et al.Spatial Variability of Farmland Soil Nutrients Based on GIS and Geo-Statistics[J].Guizhou Agricultural Sciences,2009,37(9):120-124.]
[12]李哈滨,王政权,王庆成.空间异质性定量研究理论与方法[J].应用生态学报,1998,9(6):93-99.[LI Ha-bin,WANG Zhengquan,WANG Qing-cheng.Theory and Methodology of Spatial Heterogeneity Quantification[J].Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,1998,9(6):93-99.]
[13] WILCKE W,KRAUSS M,SAFRONOV G,et al.Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons(PAHs)in Soils of the Moscow Region Concentrations,Temporal Trends,and Small-Scale Distribution[J].Journal of Environment Quality,2005,34(5):1581-1590.
[14] MARTIN K,WOLFGANG W. Polychlorinated Naphthalenes in Urban Soils:Analysis,Concentrations,and Relation to Other Persistent Organic Pollutants[J].Environmental Pollution,2003,122(1):75-89.
[15] WOLFGANG W.Global Patterns of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons(PAHs)in Soil[J].Geoderma,2007,141(3/4):157-166.
[16] MORILLO E,ROMERO A S,MAQUEDA C,et al.Soil Pollution by PAHs in Urban Soils:A Comparison of Three European Cities[J]. Journal of Environmental Monitoring,2007,9(9):1001-1008.
[17] NADAL M,SCHUHMACHER M,DOMINGO J L.Levels of Metals,PCBs,PCNs and PAHs in Soils of a Highly Industrialized Chemical/Petrochemical Area:Temporal Trend[J]. Chemosphere,2007,66(2):267-276.
[18] CACHADA A,PATO P,ROCHA-SANTOS T,et al. Levels,Sources and Potential Human Health Risks of Organic Pollutants in Urban Soils[J].Science of the Total Environment,2012,430:184-192.
[19] KUMAR B,VERMA V K,KUMAR S,et al.Probabilistic Health Risk Assessment of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons and Polychlorinated Biphenyls in Urban Soils From a Tropical City of India[J].Journal of Environmental Science and Health:Part A,2013,48(10):1253-1263.
[20] KWON H O,CHOI S D. Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons(PAHs)in Soils From a Multi-Industrial City,South Korea[J].Science of the Total Environment,2014,470/471:1494-1501.
[21]李娇,吴劲,蒋进元,等.近十年土壤污染物源解析研究综述[J].土壤通报,2018,49(1):232-242.[LI Jiao,WU Jin,JIANG Jin-yuan,et al.Review on Source Apportionment of Soil Pollutants in Recent Ten Years[J].Chinese Journal of Soil Science,2018,49(1):232-242.]
[22] MA X X,RAN Y,GONG J,et al.Concentrations and Inventories of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons and Organochlorine Pesticides in Watershed Soils in the Pearl River Delta,China[J].Environmental Monitoring Assessment,2008,145(1/2/3):453-464.
[23] LIANG J,MA G,FANG H,et al.Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon Concentrations in Urban Soils Representing Different Land Use Categories in Shanghai[J].Environmental Earth Sciences,2011,62(1):33-42.
[24]王学军,任丽然,戴永宁,等.天津市不同土地利用类型土壤中多环芳烃的含量特征[J].地理研究,2003,22(3):360-366.[WANG Xue-jun,REN Li-ran,DAI Yong-ning,et al.Contents of PAH Compounds in Different Types of Soils in Tianjin Area[J].Geographical Research,2003,22(3):360-366.]
[25] ZUO Q,DUAN Y H,YANG Y,et al.Source Apportionment of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Surface Soil in Tianjin,China[J].Environmental Pollution,2007,147(2):303-310.
[26] HARRISON R M,SMITH D J T,LUHANA L.Source Apportionment of Atmospheric Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons Collected From an Urban Location in Birmingham,U. K.[J].Fuel and Energy Abstracts,1996,30(3):825-832.
[27] SOCLO H H,GARRIGUES P,EWALD M.Origin of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons(PAHs)in Coastal Marine Sediments:Case Studies in Cotonou(Benin)and Aquitaine(France)Areas[J].Marine Pollution Bulletin,2000,40(5):387-396.
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